生物漫游指南

欢迎做客生物漫游指南六一特别企划！这期我们将潜入比奇堡，用生命科学的视角重新看看我们的童年回忆（也不一定就是童年）——《海绵宝宝》。 你好奇过吗？真实的深海海绵不仅会像人类一样“打喷嚏”，居然还能长出倒刺捕食吃肉 ？总被调侃不太聪明的派大星，其实根本找不到常识里的“头”？章鱼哥的单簧管为什么永远吹得那么难听？难道因为是他的脑子太多了？拥有“雨刷器眼睛”的蟹老板到底是哪种螃蟹？屡战屡败的痞老板，又凭什么被视作支撑整个真实海洋生态的最高统治者？ 从脑洞大开的海洋奇物志，到比基尼环礁的核爆往事，再到珊瑚礁白化后逐渐失去声音的生态警示。带上你的好奇心，和我们一起重返比奇堡，探索超乎想象的自然奥秘吧！ 加入听友群请加小导游：bio_kiwi 本期评论区抽奖赠送，海绵宝宝的路人鱼盲盒，这里面甚至有只穿白大褂的： 时间点： 00:27 欢迎来到比奇堡：海绵宝宝的生物多样性 05:38 海绵宝宝之父：从海洋生物老师到动画导演 12:19 绝版漫画《潮间带》与海绵宝宝的原型前身 18:32 真实海绵：没有组织器官的天然自动滤水仪 23:29 海绵的奇妙行为：不靠肌肉也能打喷嚏排污 26:59 吃肉的海绵：深海长满倒刺的竖琴海绵陷阱 30:16 小蜗的原型：用非牛顿流体粘液走路的海蛞蝓 36:29 海蛞蝓：偷吃毒素来武装自己的活体军火库 41:48 抓水母的触电感：加速度五百多万G的刺细胞 46:49 派大星的头在哪？研究发现海星全身都是头 50:35 为什么海星是五个角？竟是因为超级左撇子 53:52 海星的克苏鲁进食：吐出胃袋进行体外消化 56:06 派大星的视力：长在五个角末端的感光眼点 01:00:41 章鱼的奇异身体构造：三颗心脏与蓝色的血液 01:02:17 章鱼的分布式智能：每条腕足都能独立思考 01:04:56 单簧管吹得难听的真相：章鱼其实没有耳朵 01:08:53 瞬间变色的色盲大师：章鱼如何实现完美伪装 01:14:30 蟹老板原型大揭秘：拥有雨刷器眼睛的招潮蟹 01:20:09 统治海洋的痞老板：食物链底端的桡足类动物 01:26:35 痞老板的逃生绝技：瞬间启动的超音速级弹跳 01:28:11 珊迪的海底玻璃屋：现实中的水下常驻实验室 01:33:06 比奇堡的原型往事：经历核试验的比基尼环礁 01:38:54 珊瑚白化危机：失去虫黄藻后崩塌的共生体系 01:42:18 珊瑚礁的声音图景：鼓虾与鱼类组成的交响曲 01:48:21 声学复育：播放健康珊瑚礁声音吸引鱼群回归 提及的相关图片： 海绵宝宝的前身——漫画《潮间带》： 漫画《潮间带》的第一页： 最像海绵宝宝的真实海绵动物： 各种各样的海绵动物： 动画OP里四分五裂的海绵宝宝： 长相特异还会吃肉的竖琴海绵： 腹足类动物的运动方式： 颜色各异的裸鳃类海蛞蝓： 关于海星体轴形成方式的几种假说（C），以及脊椎动物的体轴（B）： 海星体轴基因表达的实验结果： 海星、海胆和海百合只表达头部的基因： 海星把胃吐出来的样子（小宇宙更新后无法传gif图，另外找了张静态图）： 章鱼变色前后（同上，传不了动图，截图给大家看了）： 沙蟹（招潮蟹的一种）与蟹老板： 沙蟹眼睛不同的眉毛数量： 桡足类动物（剑水蚤）与痞老板： 德国进化生物学家Ernst Haeckel笔下的“痞老板”： 海底实验室Aquarius Reef Base： 核实验后比基尼环礁海域的珊瑚： 本期出现BGM： 海绵宝宝片头曲 海绵宝宝片尾曲 海绵宝宝动画剧集片段 给阿妈的电影插曲：来去打工 部分参考资料： 维基百科相关词条 漫画潮间带Intertidal Zone的全文扫描：https://archive.org/details/the-intertidal-zone-stephen-hillenburg/page/n1/mode/2up Kornder N A, Esser Y, Stoupin D, et al. Sponges sneeze mucus to shed particulate waste from their seawater inlet pores[J]. Current Biology, 2022, 32(17): 3855-3861. e3. Wilson H V. On some phenomena of coalescence and regeneration in sponges[J]. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 1907, 23(4): 161-174. Denny M. The role of gastropod pedal mucus in locomotion[J]. Nature, 1980, 285(5761). Fontana A, Gimenez F, Marin A, et al. Transfer of secondary metabolites from the sponges Dysidea fragilis and Pleraplysilla spinifera to the mantle dermal formations (MDFs) of the mudibranch Hypserlodoris webbi[J]. Experientia, 1994, 50(5): 510-516. Derby C D. Escape by inking and secreting: marine molluscs avoid predators through a rich array of chemicals and mechanisms[J]. The Biological Bulletin, 2007, 213(3): 274-289. Nüchter T, Benoit M, Engel U, et al. Nanosecond-scale kinetics of nematocyst discharge[J]. Current Biology, 2006, 16(9): R316-R318. Formery L, Peluso P, Kohnle I, et al. Molecular evidence of anteroposterior patterning in adult echinoderms[J]. Nature, 2023, 623(7987): 555-561. 劳伦斯先生对于比奇堡的来源采访：https://www.nickalive.net/2024/12/longtime-spongebob-squarepants-writer.html Yen J, Lenz P H, Gassie D V, et al. Mechanoreception in marine copepods: electrophysiological studies on the first antennae[J]. Journal of Plankton Research, 1992, 14(4): 495-512. Field C B, Behrenfeld M J, Randerson J T, et al. Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components[J]. science, 1998, 281(5374): 237-240.

你是不是也经常被人说“一眼看上去班味很重”？每天早起打卡、疯狂通勤、外卖对付，洗把脸镜子里只有一张写满憔悴和黑眼圈的“垮脸”。这期节目，我们从让皮肤又干又粗糙的压力激素皮质醇，再到久坐引发的“死屁股综合征”；从外卖超加工食品对肠道微生物的降维打击，到熬夜如何悄悄修改你的表观遗传年龄……更好玩的是，班味居然不是人类的专利！职场高压、疯狂接客的清洁鱼也会靠机会主义“摸鱼宰客”；而大自然甚至用“懒蚂蚁”的生存智慧告诉我们：为了不集体燃尽，社会必须养闲人！ 既然最完美的解药“辞职”难以实现，那就跟我们一起深呼吸，从细胞和微观能量学的角度，找回那个不被磨损的自己吧！ 加听友群请加小导游：bio_kiwi 本期提到的节目：https://www.xiaoyuzhoufm.com/episode/677c138ecda04ef4c1d842b0 时间点： 01:41 节目开场：从生命科学角度聊聊何为“班味” 03:39 语言学视角：班味进化的三个阶段 05:32 科学定义“累”：从轻度疲劳到全面燃尽 10:06 职业倦怠（Burnout）：它其实是一种职业疾病 13:05 视觉上的班味：为什么熬夜后脸会垮掉？ 17:57 压力与长痘：皮肤其实是内分泌免疫器官 21:23 炎症衰老：面相看起来更老的人死得更早？ 25:53 如何消除班味？多去公园做做“人类丰容” 28:28 被工作反复拨动的“压力激素”皮质醇 35:04 闻得到的班味：汗液如何传递焦虑情绪？ 38:11 办公室里的“人味”：脑雾背后的空气双盲实验 44:12 久坐的代价：你听说过“死屁股综合征”吗？ 49:00 爱运动的沙发土豆：健身房救不了久坐危害 52:46 窒息的通勤：距离越远，越肥越抑郁？ 57:28 外卖的暴击：超加工食品如何破坏肠道？ 01:02:49 熬夜的遗传代价：夜班正加速你的表观年龄 01:06:59 终极科学概念：用“稳态负荷”完美定义班味 01:13:29 跨物种班味：居家摸鱼和自发转岗的工蜂 01:19:09 懒蚂蚁与弹性池：企业为什么必须养闲人？ 01:23:37 裂唇鱼的职场：疯狂接客的服务业与机会主义欺骗 01:28:00 能量学模型：别随遇而安，尽力摆脱班味 节目提及的图片： 每天身体的皮质醇浓度曲线： 裂唇鱼： 片尾曲：感觉身体被掏空 - 上海彩虹合唱团 部分提及参考资料： Mauss, D., Li, J., Schmidt, B., Angerer, P., & Jarczok, M. N. (2015). Measuring allostatic load in the workforce: a systematic review. Industrial Health, 53(1), 5–20. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4331190/ World Health Organization. (2019-05-28). Burn-out an "occupational phenomenon": International Classification of Diseases. WHO News. https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases Edú-Valsania, S., Laguía, A., & Moriano, J. A. (2022). Burnout: A review of theory and measurement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031780 Porr, C., Olson, K., & Hegadoren, K. (2010). Tiredness, fatigue, and exhaustion in the context of a major depressive disorder. Qualitative Health Research, 20(10), 1315–1326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732310370841 Bower, J. E. (2014). Cancer-related fatigue — mechanisms, risk factors, and treatments. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 11(10), 597–609. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.127 Sundelin, T., Lekander, M., Sorjonen, K., & Axelsson, J. (2017). Negative effects of restricted sleep on facial appearance and social appeal. Royal Society Open Science, 4(5), 160918. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160918 Lin, T.-K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2018). Psychological stress deteriorates skin barrier function by activating 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and the HPA axis. Scientific Reports, 8, 6760. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24653-z Walter, A., Stoll, V., Mahmut, M. K., Croy, I., Mutic, S., & Mujica-Parodi, L. R. (2025). Enhanced sensitivity to odors due to chemosignals associated with anxiety. Communications Chemistry, 8, 88. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-025-01512-3 Wang, N., Ernle, L., Bekö, G., Wargocki, P., & Williams, J. (2024). Volatile organic compounds emitted by humans indoors — A review on the measurement, test conditions, and analysis techniques. Building and Environment, 258, 111503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111503 Tang, X., Misztal, P. K., Nazaroff, W. W., & Goldstein, A. H. (2022). Emission rates of volatile organic compounds from humans. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(8), 4838–4848. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08764 Gilbert, J. A., & Hartmann, E. M. (2024). The indoors microbiome and human health. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 22(11), 742–755. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-024-01077-3 Allen, J. G., MacNaughton, P., Satish, U., Santanam, S., Vallarino, J., & Spengler, J. D. (2016). Associations of cognitive function scores with carbon dioxide, ventilation, and volatile organic compound exposures in office workers: A controlled exposure study of green and conventional office environments. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(6), 805–812. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510037 Gao, W., Sanna, M., Chen, Y.-H., Tsai, M.-K., & Wen, C. P. (2024). Occupational sitting time, leisure physical activity, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. JAMA Network Open, 7(1), e2350680. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.50680 Loh, R., Stamatakis, E., Folkerts, D., Allgrove, J. E., & Moir, H. J. (2020). Effects of interrupting prolonged sitting on postprandial glycemia and insulin responses: A network meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(6), 553–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.12.006 Dunstan, D. W., Kingwell, B. A., Larsen, R., Healy, G. N., Cerin, E., Hamilton, M. T., … Owen, N. (2012). Breaking up prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Diabetes Care, 35(5), 976–983. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1931 Eddy, P., Heckenberg, R., Wertheim, E. H., Kent, S., & Wright, B. J. (2023). Work-related psychosocial factors and inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 173, 111470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111470 Järvelin-Pasanen, S., Sinikallio, S., & Tarvainen, M. P. (2022). Objective assessment of mental stress in individuals with different levels of effort reward imbalance or overcommitment using heart rate variability: A systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 11(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-022-01925-4 Janssens, H., Clays, E., Fiers, T., Verstraete, A. G., De Bacquer, D., & Braeckman, L. (2021). The potential of using hair cortisol to measure chronic stress in occupational healthcare; a scoping review. Journal of Occupational Health, 63(1), e12189. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12189 White, A. J., Kresovich, J. K., Xu, Z., Sandler, D. P., & Taylor, J. A. (2019). Shift work, DNA methylation and epigenetic age. International Journal of Epidemiology, 48(5), 1536–1544. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz027 Bobba-Alves, N., Sturm, G., Lin, J., Ware, S. A., Karan, K. R., Monzel, A. S., … Picard, M. (2023). Cellular allostatic load is linked to increased energy expenditure and accelerated biological aging. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 155, 106322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106322 Fields, C. J., Mallott, E. K., Pearson, J., Burnham, E. L., & Amato, K. R. (2024). Biological, environmental, and psychological stress and the human gut microbiome in healthy adults. Scientific Reports, 14, 27735. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77473-9 Foster, J. A., Rinaman, L., & Cryan, J. F. (2017). Stress & the gut-brain axis: Regulation by the microbiome. Neurobiology of Stress, 7, 124–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.001 Pega, F., Náfrádi, B., Momen, N. C., Ujita, Y., Streicher, K. N., Prüss-Üstün, A. M., … Woodruff, T. J. (2021). Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury. Environment International, 154, 106595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595 WHO. (2021-05-17). Long working hours increasing deaths from heart disease and stroke: WHO, ILO. WHO News. https://www.who.int/news/item/17-05-2021-long-working-hours-increasing-deaths-from-heart-disease-and-stroke-who-ilo Klimas, N. G., Broderick, G., & Fletcher, M. A. (2012). Biomarkers for chronic fatigue. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26(8), 1202–1210. Adamowicz, J. L., Vélez-Bermúdez, M., & Thomas, E. B. K. (2022). Fatigue severity and avoidance among individuals with chronic disease: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 159, 110951. Thong, M. S. Y., van Noorden, C. J. F., Steindorf, K., & Arndt, V. (2020). Cancer-related fatigue: Causes and current treatment options. Current Treatment Options in Oncology, 21, 17.

为什么 4 吨重的大象，叫起来像只豚鼠？为什么 8 公斤的考拉，能发出大象级别的低音炮？为什么一头韩国动物园的大象，能把"你好"说得字正腔圆？为什么雄鼠求偶要唱歌，而且对象越漂亮、歌越复杂？为什么你和鹦鹉能说话，靠的是同一个基因？为什么有人愿意悬赏 1000 万美元，就为了让 AI 学会跟海豚聊天？为什么伐木一年后，森林的声音消失了 80%——但你的眼睛察觉不到？这一期我们读一本叫《小老鼠会唱歌，大象会吱吱叫》的小书，从一只猎豹学小鸟叫开始，聊聊我们正在听见、正在错过、正在淹没的动物世界。 希望大家听完这期节目，能在喧嚣的生活里，重新学会侧耳倾听大自然的奇妙回响。 本期提及的播客： 听起来不错-座头鲸之歌 https://www.xiaoyuzhoufm.com/episode/68aa9ad5293471fed427a7fe 感谢西双版纳亚洲象研究中心的老师提供的野生亚洲象的声音 时间点： 00:00:48 从《小老鼠会唱歌，大象会吱吱叫》聊起 00:04:55 猎豹学鸟叫进行声学伪装 00:07:35 大象的惊人模仿力：还原重卡引擎声 00:11:07 离谱又神奇：韩国大象竟然会讲韩语 00:13:49 考拉低音炮：打破体型认知的低吼声 00:16:41 鱼类打击乐：扣扣鱼的领地保卫战 00:19:06 动物界情歌王子：小老鼠唱歌有句法 00:22:08 发声原理揭秘与长颈鹿深夜的嗡嗡声 00:24:54 大象发声揭秘：鼻子对讲，嘴巴唠嗑 00:28:43 亚洲象吸腮帮子发出高频汪汪声 00:37:38 回声定位：海豚瓜状体与蝙蝠鼻翼 00:43:05 跨物种语言密码：相似神经与基因 00:51:23 AI入局动物声学：跟海豚双向交流 00:56:15 抹香鲸摩斯密码：破译语音字母表 01:02:09 熊猫与鳄鱼幼崽惊人相似的求救声 01:06:08 母性本能：鹿妈妈无差别靠近求救声 01:08:46 心机卷尾鸟模仿警报声骗同伴食物 01:12:13 大象的高级社交：用声音呼唤名字 01:13:24 座头鲸之歌与惊人的齐普夫定律 01:19:30 隐形生态杀手：交通噪音干扰动物 01:24:22 911意外发现：航运停摆让鲸鱼减压 01:26:41 声学生态位：渐渐寂静的自然回响 提及的图片： 韩国动物园的亚洲象“高斯克”是怎么发出韩语的： 亚洲象“吱吱叫”是怎么发出来的： 考拉有两个声带（亮蓝色和亮红色）： 海豚发声器官瓜状体（melon）与回声定位过程： 用鼻叶发声的叶口蝠： 可以和海豚“交流”的设备CHAT： 参考文献： 《小老鼠会唱歌，大象会吱吱叫》【奥地利】安吉拉·斯托格 Smirnova D S, Volodin I A, Demina T S, et al. Acoustic structure and contextual use of calls by captive male and female cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(6): e0158546. Poole J H, Tyack P L, Stoeger-Horwath A S, et al. Elephants are capable of vocal learning[J]. Nature, 2005, 434(7032): 455-456. Holy T E, Guo Z. Ultrasonic songs of male mice[J]. PLoS biology, 2005, 3(12): e386. Chabout J, Sarkar A, Dunson D B, et al. Male mice song syntax depends on social contexts and influences female preferences[J]. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 2015, 9: 76. Arriaga G, Zhou E P, Jarvis E D. Of mice, birds, and men: the mouse ultrasonic song system has some features similar to humans and song-learning birds[J]. 2012. Charlton B D, Frey R, McKinnon A J, et al. Koalas use a novel vocal organ to produce unusually low-pitched mating calls[J]. Current Biology, 2013, 23(23): R1035-R1036. Flower T P, Gribble M, Ridley A R. Deception by flexible alarm mimicry in an African bird[J]. Science, 2014, 344(6183): 513-516. Stoeger A S, Mietchen D, Oh S, et al. An Asian elephant imitates human speech[J]. Current Biology, 2012, 22(22): 2144-2148. Beeck V C, Heilmann G, Kerscher M, et al. A novel theory of Asian elephant high-frequency squeak production[J]. BMC biology, 2021, 19(1): 121. Garland E C, Goldizen A W, Rekdahl M L, et al. Dynamic horizontal cultural transmission of humpback whale song at the ocean basin scale[J]. Current biology, 2011, 21(8): 687-691. Arnon I, Kirby S, Allen J A, et al. Whale song shows language-like statistical structure[J]. Science, 2025, 387(6734): 649-653. Sharma P, Gero S, Payne R, et al. Contextual and combinatorial structure in sperm whale vocalisations[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15(1): 3617.

今天这期节目，我们和排排坐吃果果一起聊聊关于水果和动物以及人类之间的关系：你有没有想过，草莓和蓝莓吃起来甜甜的，pH值却低到接近柠檬？鸟类之所以能抢先吃到还没熟透的果子，是因为它们根本感受不到酸——更离谱的是，它们连甜味都尝不出来，吃糖感受到的居然是一嘴鲜味？辣椒的辣也不是随机进化的：辣椒素专门让哺乳动物觉得痛，鸟却完全无感，堪称自然界最精准的"定向防御"。为什么欧洲人能生嚼羽衣甘蓝沙拉，而很多中国人觉得苦到难以下咽？答案藏在1931年一场实验室意外里。 榴莲的臭味能飘到800米之外，大象、老虎却趋之若鹜；牛油果差点因为它的专属传播者大地懒灭绝而从地球消失；无花果和榕小蜂之间那段"钻进去就出不来"的共生故事，简直是一部微型悲壮史诗。菠萝扎嘴是物理加化学的双重攻击，泡盐水到底有没有用？欢迎做客生物漫游指南，今天我们就来聊聊水果里的生物学故事。 想加听友群，请加小导游：bio_kiwi 时间点： 03:17 扩散综合征：水果其实是给动物的快递费 09:03 鸟其实特别能吃酸 13:00 而鸟尝不出甜味，吃糖像在吃味精 16:28 辣椒素：专门拒绝哺乳动物的快递 19:22 什么是定向防御假说 20:30 苦瓜其实是个甜瓜？ 24:35 1931年实验室意外与苦味盲基因 29:46 水果为什么成熟就变红 34:46 鸟能看见紫外线下五彩斑斓的黑 38:59 榴莲的臭味密码 41:05 大象是怎么吃上榴莲的？ 49:32 彩虹糖捏鼻吃，你能分得清口味吗 56:07 醉猴假说：黑猩猩日饮三瓶啤酒 01:01:07 无花果与榕小蜂的悲壮共生 01:13:04 菠萝扎嘴：物理+魔法双重暴击 01:27:43 牛油果差点因大地懒灭绝而消失 提及的图片： 榕小蜂与无花果的共生： 人类与鸟类的视觉差异： 把包菜嫁接到萝卜上的萝包： 片尾曲： Strawberry Fields Forever - The Beatles 部分参考文献： 奶树部分： Valenta K, Nevo O. The dispersal syndrome hypothesis: how animals shaped fruit traits, and how they did not[J]. Functional Ecology, 2020, 34(6): 1158-1169. Zhang H, Luo L, Liang Q, et al. Molecular evolution of sour tolerance in birds[J]. Science, 2025, 388(6753): 1330-1336. Molbo D, Machado C A, Sevenster J G, et al. Cryptic species of fig-pollinating wasps: implications for the evolution of the fig–wasp mutualism, sex allocation, and precision of adaptation[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2003, 100(10): 5867-5872. Yang L Y, Machado C A, Dang X D, et al. The incidence and pattern of copollinator diversification in dioecious and monoecious figs[J]. Evolution, 2015, 69(2): 294-304. Teh B T, Lim K, Yong C H, et al. The draft genome of tropical fruit durian (Durio zibethinus)[J]. Nature genetics, 2017, 49(11): 1633-1641. Aziz S A, Clements G R, McConkey K R, et al. Pollination by the locally endangered island flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) enhances fruit production of the economically important durian (Durio zibethinus)[J]. Ecology and evolution, 2017, 7(21): 8670-8684. Nevo O, Valenta K, Razafimandimby D, et al. Frugivores and the evolution of fruit colour[J]. Biology Letters, 2018, 14(9). Simon R, Holderied M W, Koch C U, et al. Floral acoustics: conspicuous echoes of a dish-shaped leaf attract bat pollinators[J]. Science, 2011, 333(6042): 631-633. Kim U, Jorgenson E, Coon H, et al. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide[J]. Science, 2003, 299(5610): 1221-1225. 蝌蚪部分： Klee H J, Tieman D M. The genetics of fruit flavour preferences[J]. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2018, 19(6): 347-356. Espley R V, Brendolise C, Chagne D, et al. Multiple repeats of a promoter segment causes transcription factor autoregulation in red apples[J]. The Plant Cell, 2009, 21(1): 168-183. Lemmon Z H, Reem N T, Dalrymple J, et al. Rapid improvement of domestication traits in an orphan crop by genome editing[J]. Nature plants, 2018, 4(10): 766-770. Maurer H R. Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use[J]. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS, 2001, 58(9): 1234-1245.