英音听力｜BBC & 经济学人等 - 节目列表

Does stress really cause grey hair? We've all heard the saying, this is giving me grey hair, but is there any truth to it? Actually, yes. Several scientific studies confirm that stress can speed up the process of hair turning white. One such study, published in the journal Nature in 2020, involved Harvard scientists who used mice to explore how stress affects hair pigmentation. What did they find? They discovered that melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives our hair its colour, are affected by stress. Normally, as we age, melanocytes gradually stop producing melanin, leading to grey hair. But under stress, research has shown that the nervous system releases hormones that overstimulates these cells. This means that the melanocytes use up their melanin reserves prematurely, and once they're depleted, the hair turns grey or white. Is there any way to reverse this? Interestingly, there might be. A 2021 study from Columbia University, published in eLife, suggests that the process could be reversible, at least under certain conditions. The study was small, involving just 14 volunteers aged 35 and older. The researchers monitored their hair using high-resolution scanners and asked them to keep a stress diary over the course of a year. So what did they find? They noticed subtle changes in hair colour, sometimes too faint for the naked eye to detect, but seemed to be linked to life events. In one surprising instance, a participant's grey hairs actually turned brown again after taking a holiday. This suggests that grey or white hair may in some cases regain its original colour. So what's the takeaway? While this is an exciting find, it doesn't mean we found a cure for grey hair. The study suggests that managing stress through proper diet, sleep and techniques like yoga or meditation might help delay premature greying. But once hair turns white at a certain age, that change is generally irreversible. Also, keep in mind that other factors play a role in hair whitening such as genetics, hormonal imbalance, autoimmune diseases or even psychological trauma. So the causes of grey hair are often a mix of different influences. There you have it. 词汇表 this is giving me grey hair 这让我愁白了头，这真让我头疼 pigmentation [ˌpɪɡmenˈteɪʃn] n. 色素沉着，着色 melanocyte [ˈmelənəsaɪt] n. 黑素细胞 melanin [ˈmelənɪn] n. 黑色素 pigment [ˈpɪɡmənt] n. 色素，颜料 hormone [ˈhɔːməʊn] n. 激素，荷尔蒙 overstimulate [ˌəʊvəˈstɪmjuleɪt] vt. 过度刺激 reversible [rɪˈvɜːsəbl] adj. 可逆的，可恢复原状的，可反转的 high-resolution scanners [haɪ ˌrezəˈluːʃn ˈskænəz] 高分辨率扫描仪 faint [feɪnt] adj. 微弱的，模糊的，不明显的 yoga [ˈjəʊɡə] n. 瑜伽 meditation [ˌmedɪˈteɪʃn] n. 冥想，沉思 premature greying [ˈpremətʃə(r) ˈɡreɪɪŋ] 过早白发，早白 genetics [dʒəˈnetɪks] n. 遗传学，遗传特征 hormonal imbalance [hɔːˈməʊnl ɪmˈbæləns] 激素失衡，内分泌失调 autoimmune diseases [ˌɔːtəʊɪˈmjuːn dɪˈziːzɪz] 自身免疫性疾病 🪴翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进入【打卡交流群】

Gen Z's love of the past Today's youth are reinventing what it means to be cool. A surprising number of Gen Zers are actively looking to the past. They are choosing to romanticise old-school tech relics like CDs, wired headphones, and weighty digital cameras. This love for all things vintage extends into their wardrobes with a massive resurgence of Y2K (year 2000) fashion. Friday nights are increasingly filled with board games and classic card games. So why exactly is the most digitally advanced generation trying so hard to rewind? The answer lies in a desire to slow down and find comfort. Growing up as digital natives has its perks, but Profectus Magazine reveals that around 80% of Gen Z adults worry their generation is far too dependent on technology, while three-quarters feel social media is affecting their mental health. Swapping music streaming for physical CDs or endless social media scrolling for a tactile board game allows them to unplug and step away from the digital noise. This analogue revival could actually be good for everyone. Research by psychologist Dr. Clay Routledge shows that engaging with nostalgic media and traditions can dramatically boost positive moods, reduce anxiety and help people cope with daily stress. It suggests that nostalgia can act as a stabilising, hopeful force, helping a young generation build social confidence. Yet, all of this begs a fascinating question – can a generation truly yearn for a life they never actually lived? Studies published in Profectus Magazine show that nearly 70% of Gen Z adults experience a unique kind of historical nostalgia for eras that predated their own birth. GWI, a global market research company, reports that young people are looking back at the past through rose-tinted glasses, viewing it as a time of genuine human interaction. Though there have been mixed reactions from millennials, ultimately, Gen Z's obsession with the past suggests that no matter how advanced our gadgets get, human beings may always desire a simpler way of living. For a generation that grew up entirely online, going vintage isn't just a fashion statement, it's a total vibe. 词汇表 reinvent [ˌriːɪnˈvent] vt. 重新创造，重新发明 Gen Zer [ˈdʒen ˈziːə(r)] Z世代（出生于1990年代末至2010年代初的人） romanticise [rəʊˈmæntɪsaɪz] vt. 使浪漫化；使理想化 tech relics [tek ˈrelɪks] 科技旧物，技术老古董 wired headphones [ˈwaɪəd ˈhedfəʊnz] 有线耳机 vintage [ˈvɪntɪdʒ] adj. 复古的，古旧的，经典的 wardrobe [ˈwɔːdrəʊb] n. 衣柜，全部服装，着装 resurgence [rɪˈsɜːdʒəns] n. 复兴，复苏，再次流行 Y2K 千禧年（Year 2000的缩写） rewind [ˌriːˈwaɪnd] vt. 倒回，倒带，回到过去，回溯 perk [pɜːk] n. 特殊待遇，好处 tactile [ˈtæktaɪl] adj. 触觉的，可触摸的 unplug [ʌnˈplʌɡ] vt. 拔掉插头，断开连接，脱离电子设备 analogue revival [ˈænəlɒɡ rɪˈvaɪvəl] 模拟复古风潮（指非数字化的旧式媒介与产品回归） nostalgic [nɒˈstældʒɪk] adj. 怀旧的，引起怀念的 nostalgia [nɒˈstældʒə] n. 怀旧，对过去的眷恋 yearn for [jɜːn] 渴望，向往 predate [ˌpriːˈdeɪt] vt. 早于，先于 rose-tinted glasses [ˌrəʊz ˈtɪntɪd ˈɡlɑːsɪz] 玫瑰色眼镜（比喻乐观、理想化地看待事物） millennial [mɪˈleniəl] n. 千禧一代（约1980年代至1990年代中期出生的人） gadget [ˈɡædʒɪt] n. 小设备，小器具（尤指电子装置） vibe [vaɪb] n. 氛围，感觉，整体情调，生活态度 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

How do climate scientists make predictions? Phil Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Phil. Pippa And I'm Pippa. Phil This summer is becoming one of the hottest ever with heatwaves across Europe. Here in the UK, a new record for the highest June temperature was set at a sweltering 37.7°C. It seems that year after year, temperatures are going up. In 2015, the COP21 summit agreed to limit global warming to 1.5°C, but since then research shows temperatures exceeding that, leading to warnings of catastrophic damage to Earth's life support systems. In this episode, we'll be discussing how hot the planet could get. Pippa But first, I have a question for you, Phil. Scientists monitor climate change using the Earth's energy imbalance – the difference between the solar energy entering the Earth's atmosphere and the radiation going back out into space. But which unit do scientists use for this? Is it: a) Fahrenheit, b) Watts per square metre, or c) Joules? Phil Ooh, I know Joules is something to do with energy, so I'm going to go with c). Pippa Well, we'll find out the answer at the end of the programme, although careful listeners might hear the answer sooner. Phil Ooh! Pippa Yes, exciting! So, how do scientists calculate the effects of climate change in the first place? The answer is with models. Huge amounts of physical and chemical data are fed into supercomputers, which then paint pictures of possible futures on Earth. But, as NASA climate scientist Kate Marvel explained to BBC World Service programme The Climate Question, nothing is certain. Kate Marvel Climate models don't make predictions – they make projections. Predictions are saying this is what will happen and a projection is conditional. A projection is: "If we do this, then this will happen." Phil Climate models don't make predictions. Those are statements about what's likely to happen. Instead, they make projections about different possible futures, and these depend on many things. In other words, climate models are conditional, meaning that they depend on other factors. The main factor in climate change, of course, is human activity, especially greenhouse gas emissions. Pippa Another influence on climate models is clouds. We usually associate hot summers with cloudless blue skies, but in fact clouds play a big part in the climate, as Kate Marvel explained to the BBC World Service. Kate Marvel So, the thing about clouds is that they have this dual effect. They both cool the planet by blocking sunlight, and they warm the planet because they have their own greenhouse effect. Right now, the unit that scientists use to measure the energy imbalance of the planet – how much it's out of whack – is Watts, like in a light bulb, per square metre. Phil Kate starts by saying, "The thing about clouds is." She uses the expression the thing about to introduce the most important detail about something. Here, that detail is that clouds both cool the planet by blocking sunlight but also warm it by trapping heat. Pippa So, climate models monitor clouds to accurately measure how much the Earth is out of whack. If something is out of whack, it's out of balance and not working properly. Phil Hmm. Climate models sound very complicated to me, Pippa. For one thing, how can you monitor clouds which are constantly moving and changing? Pippa Yeah. And how much information from around the world would the supercomputers need to make accurate projections? It's a concern that BBC presenter Graihagh Jackson raised with Kate Marvel for BBC World Service programme The Climate Question. Graihagh Jackson Surely we need to know the trajectory we're heading in, in order to adapt. Kate Marvel Oh absolutely. You know, I am very pro-science. I am very pro-doing science because no climate change is unfortunately not on the table. Phil Kate is very pro-science. If you're pro-something, it means you're in favour of it. Models are complex, but they're necessary because unfortunately no climate change at all is not on the table, and that's an idiom, meaning it's not an option. Pippa If all this sounds a bit depressing. Kate's final message is more hopeful. Climate models prove beyond doubt that the problem of global warming is created by humans, so we know beyond doubt that the solution is also in our hands. Phil Now, Pippa, careful listeners might already know but go ahead and reveal the correct answer to your question. Pippa Yes. I asked you, "Which unit do scientists use to measure the Earth's energy imbalance?" And the answer was Watts per square metre. And I didn't know that, Phil. Right, it's time to recap the vocabulary we heard during this programme. A prediction is a statement about what you think will happen in the future. Phil The adjective conditional means depending on other factors. Pippa You can use the informal expression the thing about to introduce the most important feature or detail of something. Phil The phrase out of whack means out of balance and not working properly. Pippa If you're pro-something, you're in favour of it. Phil And if something is not on the table, it's not an option. It's not available to us. Pippa That's the end of this episode of 6 Minute English. Bye for now. Phil Bye! 词汇表 prediction [prɪˈdɪkʃn] n. 预测，预言（对未来的直接判断） conditional [kənˈdɪʃənl] adj. 有条件的，视情况而定的 the thing about (is) …的关键在于，关于…最重要的一点是 out of whack [wæk] 失衡的，出故障的，不正常的 pro-something [prəʊ] adj. 支持某事物的，赞成某事物的 not on the table 不在考虑范围内，不予讨论，搁置不谈 heatwave [ˈhiːtweɪv] n. 热浪，酷热期 sweltering [ˈsweltərɪŋ] adj. 酷热的，闷热的，热得难受的 COP21 summit [ˈsʌmɪt] 第21届联合国气候变化大会，COP21峰会 catastrophic [ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk] adj. 灾难性的，毁灭性的 Fahrenheit [ˈfærənhaɪt] n. 华氏度（温度单位） Watts [wɒts] n. 瓦特（功率单位） Joules [dʒuːlz] n. 焦耳（能量单位） supercomputer [ˈsuːpəkəmpjuːtə(r)] n. 超级计算机 projection [prəˈdʒekʃn] n. 推演，推测（有条件的客观推算） dual effect [ˈdjuːəl] 双重效应，双重影响 trajectory [trəˈdʒektəri] n. 轨迹，轨道，发展路径 📝 翻译及pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

What does it mean to create new viruses with AI? Host: A development in AI is being called a significant turning point after it was used to create a genetic code of new viruses, ones that don't already exist in nature. The hope is that the work carried out at Stanford University in the US could revolutionise medicine leading to new treatments and drugs. But some experts have warned the technology could be used to create new infections and cause harm. Over the past few weeks, there have been multiple reports of AI programs going rogue, engaging in hacking and even blackmail. Our health and science correspondent, James Gallagher, has been looking at this new development and spoke to my colleague, Valerie Sanderson. James: They've basically taken artificial intelligence tools and used it to design viruses completely from scratch. And then they've started making those in the laboratory to see if they actually worked. And they took 300 of these AI designs and 16 of them turned into viruses that were fully functional in the laboratory. They were designed to attack and feed off species of bacteria and they show that on 16 occasions the AI was successful in designing these kinds of bacteria. So let's just get in really early, Valerie, and just make it clear that these are not viruses that are going to go around infecting people or anything like that. There are a particular group of viruses that infect bacteria. Valerie: But how much of a breakthrough is this? James: So, we already know that generative AI tools have done things like help design new vaccines and helped design new antibiotics for treating drug-resistant infections. But this really feels like quite a significant step up, because now instead of just designing one single compound, one little protein, this is actually the whole genome, the entire genetic code of a virus that is being developed completely from scratch and producing something that is actually viable at the end of it. That is a big step up. Now, it is worth noting that this is still a very long way from what you might want to call creating life. But this is still doing something that so far nature has not done. This is creating viruses that don't exist in the natural world. It is quite a breakthrough. Valerie: What could this be used for? James: Well, if you think about the big picture, first of all, not necessarily just the viruses, but what this really shows you is the power of using generative AI to harness the power of biology that goes above and beyond what's actually available in the natural world. So that could be designing new immunotherapies, antibodies that can go into the body to treat immune diseases. It could be new ways of targeting genetic diseases in the body. It could be, like in this example, developing viruses that eat bacteria. So maybe you could design ones that could attack bacterial infection. And there is a huge amount of work going on to find those viruses naturally in the wild. Or maybe you could just design them in the laboratory in the first place. So there is hope and optimism that if these tools are used and harnessed responsibly, they could actually deliver significant benefits in medicine. 词汇表 genetic code [dʒəˈnetɪk] 遗传密码，基因密码 virus [ˈvaɪərəs] n. 病毒 revolutionise [ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz] vt. 彻底变革，使发生革命性变化 go rogue [rəʊɡ] 失控，叛变，行为异常 hacking [ˈhækɪŋ] n. 黑客攻击，侵入计算机系统 blackmail [ˈblækmeɪl] n. 勒索，敲诈 from scratch [skrætʃ] 从头开始，从零开始 feed off 以…为食，从…获取营养 bacteria [bækˈtɪəriə] n. 细菌（bacterium的复数） vaccine [ˈvæksiːn] n. 疫苗 antibiotic [ˌæntɪbaɪˈɒtɪk] n. 抗生素，抗菌素 drug-resistant infections [drʌɡ rɪˈzɪstənt ɪnˈfekʃənz] 耐药性感染 genome [ˈdʒiːnəʊm] n. 基因组，染色体组 viable [ˈvaɪəbl] adj. 可行的，能存活的，有活性的 harness [ˈhɑːnɪs] vt. 利用，驾驭（力量或资源） immunotherapy [ˌɪmjʊnəʊˈθerəpi] n. 免疫疗法，免疫治疗 antibody [ˈæntɪbɒdi] n. 抗体 🌟翻译，pdf及更多文本内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可加入【打卡交流群】

Smarter ways to learn from failure Many of us were told from an early age that, be it at school or in life, "you learn from your mistakes". But is this actually true? The short answer is 'yes' – failure can be a teachable moment. But learning from our mistakes is, in reality, very hard because we don't like to fail. It doesn't feel good, so we react to failure in impulsive and emotional ways, like giving up on a task prematurely, telling ourselves we don't care whether we succeed, or finding fault with the task itself. This is self-protective, according to Hallgeir Sjåstad, a professor of psychology and leadership at the Norwegian School of Economics. "Most of us want to think of ourselves as competent and capable", he says, so when we fail "it poses a serious threat to our self-image". Fortunately, there is research to suggest that there are some strategies to help us overcome the emotional barriers around failure. One of them is to adopt a third-person perspective. Instead of asking "Why did I fail?", we could ask "Why did Sam fail?", for example. Multiple studies by psychologist Ethan Kross at the University of Michigan show that adopting a third-person perspective helps to soften our negative emotional reactions, allowing us to look at failure more objectively. A second strategy involves offering advice to others who may be in the same position as us. This strategy led to better levels of motivation and academic success in the test groups – involving both adults and children – that were asked to give advice based on their own failures. Professors Eskreis-Winkler, Fishbach and Duckworth found that the satisfaction of helping others "forces people to engage with their experience and what they have learned". The writer Samuel Beckett once said: "fail again, fail better". But it now seems that we should be saying: "fail again, fail smarter". Failure is an inevitable part of life, but by learning to overcome the emotional barriers around it, we may find the road to success is a little easier to navigate. 词汇表 teachable moment [ˈtiːtʃəbl] 可教时刻，教育契机，汲取教训的时刻 impulsive [ɪmˈpʌlsɪv] adj. 冲动的，易冲动的 prematurely [ˈpremətʃə(r)li] adv. 过早地，草率地 find fault with 挑剔，找茬 self-protective [ˌself prəˈtektɪv] adj. 自我保护的 Norwegian [nɔː(r)ˈwiːdʒən] adj. 挪威的；n. 挪威人 competent [ˈkɒmpɪtənt] adj. 能干的，能胜任的 capable [ˈkeɪpəbl] adj. 有能力的，有才能的 pose a threat to 对…构成威胁 self-image [ˌself ˈɪmɪdʒ] n. 自我形象，自我认知 emotional barriers [ˈbæriəz] 情绪障碍，情感障碍 third-person perspective 第三人称视角 soften [ˈsɒfən] v. 使缓和，使变软，变温和 objectively [əbˈdʒektɪvli] adv. 客观地，不带偏见地 engage with 深入参与，与…互动/打交道，直面 inevitable [ɪnˈevɪtəbl] adj. 不可避免的，必然的 navigate [ˈnævɪɡeɪt] v. 导航，找到方向，应对，处理 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

The Enhanced Games Neil Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil. Pippa And I'm Pippa. Sharing your Netflix password, lying about your age or not paying the bus fare are a few examples of cheating in daily life. But there's one place where cheating is usually considered wrong, and that's sport. Neil Cheating in sport through the use of performance-enhancing drugs, informally called doping, is normally considered wrong. Just ask American cycling legend Lance Armstrong, who was thrown out of the sport for using banned substances. But earlier this year, a sporting event took place which turned the debate about drugs in sport upside down. Here's Asma Khalid from BBC World Service's The Global Story to explain: Asma Khalid This weekend, elite athletes from around the world are descending on Las Vegas, Nevada, for the first-of-its-kind sporting competition known as The Enhanced Games. It's kind of like the Olympics, but only for swimming, sprinting and weightlifting. The aim is to break world records. In fact, some of these competitors are former Olympians – medallists battling it out for money and glory. But there's one big difference... Pippa The big difference is that The Enhanced Games allow athletes to use performance-enhancing drugs that are banned in professional sports. In these games, nicknamed The Doping Olympics, steroids, growth hormones and stimulants are all OK. You're a big sports fan, Neil. Would you enjoy watching a sport where the athletes have taken drugs? Neil No, I wouldn't. I really don't think that's fair. I think we need to know that all the athletes start and compete from the same level. Pippa Yeah, I guess that makes sense. I don't really watch that many sports so I guess I wouldn't notice the difference, but if you're really into sport you care about the rules, right? Neil Yes, absolutely. And in this episode we'll dive into the controversial world of The Enhanced Games, learning some useful new words and phrases along the way. And remember, you'll find all the vocabulary, plus a quiz and a worksheet, on our website, bbclearningenglish.com. Pippa But now I have a question for you, Neil. You mentioned the famous sporting cheat Lance Armstrong, but how many times did Lance Armstrong win the famous race, the Tour de France, before he was finally caught out? Was it: a) five, b) six, or c) seven? Neil Ooh... Well, it was a lot, so I think I'll go for c) seven. Pippa Well, we'll find out the answer at the end of the programme. Now, it's no exaggeration to say that The Enhanced Games are controversial. After all, organisations like the World Anti-Doping Agency have spent decades fighting performance-enhancing drugs in sport. Here's BBC sports editor Dan Roan on World Service programme The Global Story. Dan Roan I think it's fair to say it's one of the most divisive and controversial events that the world of sport has seen for a long time. It's an event where performance-enhancing drugs, banned elsewhere in mainstream sport of course, are actually allowed to be taken by the competitors under medical supervision. Neil Dan Roan says, "It's fair to say The Enhanced Games are controversial." He uses the phrase it's fair to say to introduce a statement that he considers to be balanced and reasonable – that the games are controversial. Pippa Dan also describes the games as divisive – an adjective that means causing a lot of disagreement between people. Much of this disagreement is about the use of performance-enhancing drugs themselves. The Games' organisers point out that all drugs are approved by the US Food and Drug Agency and taken openly under medical supervision, which they say makes them safer than when they are taken secretly at competitions elsewhere. But there are many critics too, as Dan Roan outlined to BBC World Service's The Global Story. Dan Roan But the critics, of course, say that this crosses an ethical line, that it sets a dreadful example because it risks normalising doping. It could harm the integrity, therefore, of sport, and it could be dangerous to the health of those taking part. Neil For the Games' critics, doping crosses an ethical line. The phrase to cross the line means to start behaving in a way that's not socially acceptable. These critics say the Games set a bad example, meaning that they encourage others to behave badly as well. Why is that, Pippa? Pippa Well, it's because critics argue the games normalise the use of performance drugs in sport. If you normalise something, you treat it as normal or acceptable when previously it wasn't. But with arguments strongly held on both sides, the debate is far from over. So Neil, have you changed your opinion after hearing both sides of the story? Neil No, I haven't. I think it's just not fair, and I think if you're not fair in sport, what's the point? Pippa Well, let's hear the answer to my quiz question, Neil. I asked you how many times Lance Armstrong won the Tour de France, and it was c) seven times, consecutively between 1999 and 2005. Of course, we now know that there were performance-enhancing drugs involved. Neil OK. So, now it's time to recap the vocabulary we've learned, starting with doping – using banned drugs to perform better in sporting competitions. Pippa You can use the phrase it's fair to say to introduce a statement you consider to be balanced, reasonable or true. Neil If something is divisive, it causes disagreement between people. Pippa The idiom cross the line means to start behaving in an unacceptable way. Neil If you set a bad example, you behave in a way that encourages others to behave badly. Pippa And finally, to normalise something means to treat it as normal or acceptable when previously it wasn't. 词汇表 doping [ˈdəʊpɪŋ] n. 使用兴奋剂，服用违禁药物 it's fair to say 可以公平地说，说得公道 divisive [dɪˈvaɪsɪv] adj. 引起分歧的，造成不和的 cross the line 逾越底线，越界 set a bad example 树立坏榜样，做了不好的示范 normalise [ˈnɔːməlaɪz] vt. 使常态化，使正常化 performance-enhancing drugs 兴奋剂，提高成绩的药物 banned substances [bænd ˈsʌbstənsɪz] 违禁物质，禁用药物 elite athletes [eɪˈliːt ˈæθliːts] 顶尖运动员，精英运动员 descend on [dɪˈsend] 蜂拥而至，大批抵达，齐聚 first-of-its-kind adj. 前所未有的，首创的 The Enhanced Games 增强运动会（允许运动员使用兴奋剂的体育赛事，被戏称为“兴奋剂奥运会”） sprint [sprɪnt] vi. 短跑，冲刺 weightlifting ['weɪtlɪftɪŋ] n. 举重 medallist [ˈmedəlɪst] n. 奖牌得主 steroid [ˈsterɔɪd] n. 类固醇 growth hormone [ˈhɔːməʊn] 生长激素 stimulant [ˈstɪmjələnt] n. 兴奋剂，刺激物 catch out 揭发，识破，发现（不当行为） exaggeration [ɪɡˌzædʒəˈreɪʃn] n. 夸张，夸大 medical supervision [ˌsuːpəˈvɪʒn] 医疗监督 integrity [ɪnˈteɡrəti] n. 公正性，诚信，完整性 consecutively [kənˈsekjətɪvli] adv. 连续地，接连地 📝 翻译及pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

Is 'trauma dumping' hurting your friendships? It's common for good friends to tell each other about pretty much everything going on in their lives. Within healthy friendships. It a way of bonding and supporting one another, especially when one of the friends is struggling. But sometimes this goes drastically overboard, and someone shares something really personal and traumatic without prior warning or getting permission. That kind of unsolicited oversharing has been labeled trauma dumping. Bear in mind trauma dumping is not a clinical term. It caught on online after a woman, apparently a therapist, posted a video on TikTok, deriding one of her patients, she used the caption when a client wants to trauma dump first session. Wait a minute. Aren't therapists supposed to be there to listen to your problems? Indeed, many commenters expressed shock at the video. A number of people said it made them feel discouraged and anxious about going to therapy. But there's a difference between seeing a therapist and relying on your friend to listen to heavy information when they might not be equipped to deal with it. Of course, friends are there to listen, but it shouldn't be one-way traffic. Furthermore, it doesn't leave any space for the other friend to talk about their own emotions. Certified psychiatrist Dr. Ish Major described trauma dumping during an appearance on American talk show The Doctors in early 2022. It's emotional terrorism. I'm holding you hostage. I took you hostage. I didn't have your permission, and I don't care because I'm hurting, and you need to deal with it. What are the negative consequences of trauma dumping? There's a mix of emotion for the personal people on the receiving end. Of course, they want to help their friend, but you're often powerless to do so and feel drained by shouldering the burden. Trauma dumping isn't usually geared towards problem solving either. It's more about the temporary relief that comes with discharging emotions, but the most likely long-term result is that you end up driving away people who matter to you when they get fed up. And don't forget that the person you're oversharing too may have their own baggage, you might end up triggering their own unresolved traumas. What's the best way to deal with trauma dumping? If you're on the receiving end, It's important to protect yourself and judge the situation. If it feels like it's out of your scope, it probably is. You might want to steer them towards getting professional help, gently make them aware that you're probably not the best person to offer help with that particular trauma. Meanwhile, if you're the one who wants to share something very personal, give your friend a heads-up before doing so. Let's listen to some tips on that from Dr. Courtney Tracy, also known as the trauma doctor on YouTube. You could say things like, hey, I'm going through a really tough time right now and I was hoping that I could vent to you. You could also say, there's some things going on in my life right now that I would love to talk to someone about, but they're really heavy. Do you have time to talk to me about that today or maybe in the next couple days? That way you'll always be mindful of trauma dumping on your friends and avoid awkward situations. There you have it. 词汇表 bonding [ˈbɒndɪŋ] n. 纽带，情感联结，亲密关系的建立 drastically [ˈdræstɪkli] adv. 彻底地，急剧地，剧烈地 go overboard [ˌəʊvəˈbɔːd] 走极端，过度，过分 traumatic [trɔːˈmætɪk] adj. 创伤性的，痛苦难忘的 prior warning [ˌpraɪə] 事先警告，预先提醒 unsolicited [ˌʌnsəˈlɪsɪtɪd] adj. 未经请求的，主动提供的 oversharing [ˌəʊvəˈʃeərɪŋ] n. 过度分享 trauma dumping [ˈtrɔːmə ˈdʌmpɪŋ] 创伤倾倒（指未经同意强行向他人倾诉创伤经历） deride [dɪˈraɪd] vt. 嘲笑，嘲弄，愚弄 caption [ˈkæpʃn] n. （视频的）说明，标题，字幕 commenter [ˈkɒmentə(r)] n. 评论者，留言者 discouraged [dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒd] adj. 气馁的，灰心的 one-way traffic 单向交流，单向输出 certified psychiatrist [ˈsɜːtɪfaɪd saɪˈkaɪətrɪst] 认证精神科医生 emotional terrorism [ˈterərɪzəm] 情感恐怖主义 hold / take someone hostage [ˈhɒstɪdʒ] 将某人扣为人质，挟持某人 receiving end 接收方，承受的一方 feel drained by [dreɪnd] 因…感到精疲力竭 shoulder the burden 承担负担，肩负压力 be geared towards [ɡɪəd] 以…为导向，针对，面向 discharge [dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ] vt./vi. 宣泄，排出，释放（情绪） get fed up 感到厌烦，受够了 baggage [ˈbæɡɪdʒ] n. （心理）包袱，负担 unresolved [ˌʌnrɪˈzɒlvd] adj. 未解决的，未化解的 out of one's scope [skaʊp] 超出某人的能力范围 steer someone towards [stɪə] 引导他们走向/朝向 heads-up [ˈhedz ʌp] n. 事先提醒，预先通知，打招呼 vent [vent] vt. 倾诉，吐露，发泄（情绪、感情等） 🪴翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进入【打卡交流群】

How to cope with disappointment We've all been there. Ending up with a worse exam result than you had hoped for or expected, a friend cancelling a plan you were really looking forward to, or your favourite sports team losing a game. Disappointment is an unhappy feeling when there is a gap between your expectations and reality, when something you desired failed to materialise. It's a normal and natural reaction, but what to do? Is it best to forget about it and move on, or allow yourself to feel the feels? We often can't control what happens in life, but we can control how we respond when things don't go our way. Dr Radha Modgil, a UK family doctor and campaigner for wellbeing, says that we should take time to process the disappointment. "We can often feel the need to move on straight away or ignore our feelings, but if we take time to process them and talk them through, we can move forward in a healthier way," she says. Next, she advises us to see the opportunities. Things may not have worked out this time, but when one door closes, a different, more exciting door may have opened, in a way that may one day make you grateful for the initial disappointment. The wider the gap between expectations and reality, the greater the disappointment. Make sure your goals are realistic, not idealistic, says Dr Annette Clancy, an organisational consultant who researches emotions in the workplace. Think about what a realistic result would be, rather than the perfect one. When waiting for something significant like a job offer or test result, her advice is to not get ahead of yourself. When we anticipate a positive result, we often start imagining a future that doesn't yet exist, and if that future doesn't materialise, we then have to grieve its loss, which can be upsetting. Try not to take it personally. Disappointment might make you think, "I'm not good enough," and lead you to blame yourself, affecting your self-esteem. It may cause you to blame others, making you angry that they did not recognise your value. Dr Annette Clancy says both reactions miss the point. Instead, see disappointment as a signal that our expectations and reality are not aligned. Understanding this, she says, can be an important way to develop resilience. 词汇表 be there 有过这样的经历，经历过（某种情况） gap [ɡæp] n. 差距，缺口，落差 materialise [məˈtɪəriəlaɪz] vi. 实现，发生，成为现实 feel the feels 充分感受情绪，直面自己的感受 go one's way 按某人的意愿发展，对某人有利，合某人的心意 campaigner [kæmˈpeɪnə(r)] n. 倡导者，活动家，运动参与者 talk something through 详细讨论，把某事彻底谈开，倾诉 idealistic [aɪˌdɪəˈlɪstɪk] adj. 理想主义的，空想的 get ahead of oneself 想得太远，操之过急，过早设想未来 anticipate [ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt] vt. 预期，期望，预料 grieve [ɡriːv] vi./vt. 悲伤，哀悼，使悲痛 upsetting [ʌpˈsetɪŋ] adj. 令人心烦的，令人沮丧的 take something personally 往心里去，认为某事针对自己的 self-esteem [ˌself ɪˈstiːm] n. 自尊，自尊心 miss the point 没抓住要点，偏离重点 aligned [əˈlaɪnd] adj. 对齐的，一致的，相符的 resilience [rɪˈzɪliəns] n. 韧性，恢复力，适应力 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Your two options in love after a bad childhood Let's imagine you had a bad childhood. You may hardly remember it; it almost doesn't matter. The easiest way to assess what once went on is to reflect on how you feel about yourself now. The clearest sign of having had a miserable start is a deep self-hatred. You think you're ugly. You can't bear to look in mirrors. You never want to upset anyone and suspect everyone hates you. You feel unacceptable and weird and just – in multiple, non-specific ways – diseased and 'not right'. Behind such feelings, there will have been the usual villains: a critical and unloving mother or father, some violence and unpredictability, huge preference for a sibling. There are only so many ways these sorts of wounds form. But the real legacy comes in love. Here, after the normal awful adolescence (eating disorders, cutting, alienation, drink, etc), you have two options. Firstly, to fall in love with cruel, distant, possibly violent, intermittent unavailable people. You can fall in love with people who are married to someone else, or who don't call you, who make you feel inadequate and unseen, and constantly alarmed and unsure. You can love people who think you're unloveable. Or else, you can love people who really like you, who think you're attractive and sweet and clever. And you can feel powerfully ill around them. You can become an expert in identifying what is wrong with them: they're not clever enough, they're weird, they've got no options. You criticise their taste in shoes, the shape of their mouth, a comment they made at a party. You become as critical of them as your parents were once critical of you. How could someone who liked you be anything other than a loser? You end up pushing them away – maybe not directly, but by going slightly cold or flirting with strangers. You know well enough how to detonate trust conclusively. This rigmarole can go on for most of your life. Unavailable, cruel people. And sickeningly available ones. And in the in-between times, devastating loneliness. It's been going on forever; you can be sure this sort of thing went on in Renaissance Florence and Ming-Dynasty Beijing. Is there any way out? There is – perhaps, just – a third option. To understand what's going on and to share it with someone who is kind and perceptive (and who might have problems of their own – and a good therapist). To meet someone who threatens to make us feel sick with their sweetness, then to explain to them what we understand of our problem. Rather than pretending that we are healthy and can bear their kindness without difficulty, we may be able to tell them: 'I want so much to be normal, I want so much to tolerate kindness. But I have an illness. My past means I can't accept love; I can't digest it; I turn against it and the person giving it to me. But I don't want to be like this anymore. I'm tired of sabotaging relationships and turning away good people. Please help me to bear the anxiety of being cared for. Please help me to absorb the love I crave. Please forgive me for being unwell …' If the person doesn't immediately run away, if they can see the decency behind the shame and the tenderness behind the neurosis, if they can partly understand our problem from the inside, we will be making momentous progress. We won't be healed yet, but at least we will know how ill we are – and will have found a way to hint at the scale of our terrors of kindness. 词汇表 self-hatred [ˌself ˈheɪtrɪd] n. 自我厌恶 non-specific [ˌnɒn spəˈsɪfɪk] adj. 非特定的，不明确的 diseased [dɪˈziːzd] adj. 患病的，病态的 villain [ˈvɪlən] n. 反派角色，坏人，恶棍 unloving [ʌnˈlʌvɪŋ] adj. 无情的，缺乏关爱的 unpredictability [ˌʌnprɪˌdɪktəˈbɪləti] n. 不可预测性，难以捉摸 legacy [ˈleɡəsi] n. 遗留问题，后遗症 eating disorders [dɪsˌɔːdəz] 饮食失调，进食障碍 alienation [ˌeɪliəˈneɪʃn] n. 疏离，疏远 intermittent unavailable [ˌɪntəˈmɪtənt ˌʌnəˈveɪləbl] 若即若离的，忽远忽近的 flirt with [flɜːt] 与…调情，戏弄 detonate [ˈdetəneɪt] vt. 引爆，使爆炸，摧毁 conclusively [kənˈkluːsɪvli] adv. 结论性地，最终地，彻底地 rigmarole [ˈrɪɡmərəʊl] n. 折腾，繁琐的程序，冗长的废话 sickeningly [ˈsɪkənɪŋli] adv. 令人作呕地，令人厌烦地 in-between adj. 中间的，介于两者之间的 devastating [ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ] adj. 毁灭性的，令人震惊的 Renaissance Florence [rɪˈneɪsns ˈflɒrəns] 文艺复兴时期的佛罗伦萨 perceptive [pəˈseptɪv] adj. 有洞察力的，敏锐的 turn against 对抗，背叛，转而反对 sabotage [ˈsæbətɑːʒ] vt. 蓄意破坏，妨碍 decency [ˈdiːsnsi] n. 体面，正派 tenderness [ˈtendənəs] n. 温柔，柔情 neurosis [njʊˈrəʊsɪs] n. 神经症，神经衰弱症 momentous [məʊˈmentəs] adj. 重大的，关键的 hint at [hɪnt] 暗示，透露，示意 🏫翻译，视频和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进入【打卡交流群】

Is cycling the future of city travel? Neil Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil. Becca And I'm Becca. Neil Cycling is a popular activity in Britain. Becca Yes. This year, sales of bicycles, or bikes as they're usually called, are up in Britain. Many people choose cycling because it's good for their health and the environment. And electric bikes are making cycling accessible to more people, including older people. Neil In this episode, we'll visit two countries: one with a long history of cycling and another where it's just getting started. Becca But first, Neil, I have a question about a country that's world famous for its bikes: the Netherlands, also often referred to as Holland. The Netherlands' cycle network spreads over 95,000 miles, and there are more bikes in the country than its 18 million citizens. So, roughly speaking, how many bikes are there in the Netherlands? Is it: a) 20 million, b) 24 million, or c) 34 million? Neil Well, I'm going to say c) 34 million. Becca Well, we'll reveal the correct answer later in the programme. Staying in the Netherlands, let's hear from Meredith Glaser, CEO of Amsterdam's Urban Cycling Institute. Here, Meredith tells BBC World Service programme The Inquiry more about Dutch people's love of cycling. Meredith Glaser The bicycle is deeply ingrained into Dutch culture. But the rise of cycling started in the industrial era, when bicycle manufacturing took off. And it went from a toy for rich people to an everyday tool for transportation, and this was a really important milestone for cycling in the Netherlands. Neil Cycling is deeply ingrained into Dutch culture. Deeply ingrained are two words that go together commonly, and it means something that's firmly established within a person or culture, and unlikely to change. Becca During the 1890s, bike manufacturing took off in the Netherlands. Take off is a phrasal verb meaning to suddenly become popular or successful. Certain brands became symbols of a new, comfortable style of bike. New factories made bikes cheaper to buy. This was a milestone for cycling in the Netherlands. A milestone is an important event in someone's life or in the development of something. Neil Our second destination is better known for cars than bicycles: the United Arab Emirates or UAE. UAE is hoping cycling could be a greener way for visitors to explore tourist attractions in cities like Dubai and Abu Dhabi. Transport consultant Martin Tillman, who lives in the Gulf region, explained more to BBC World Service programme The Inquiry. Martin Tillman We also have quality of life and liveability. All the cities in the Gulf are very competitive, and they would love to be ranked very high in those global rankings, and cycling is seen as part of that quality-of-life solution. Becca Gulf cities like Dubai want a reputation as places with a good quality of life. The phrase quality of life refers to someone's level of enjoyment, comfort and health when living in a particular place. It's a measure of a person's overall wellbeing. Neil Gulf cities are also interested in liveability – the degree to which somewhere is a pleasant place to live. Cycling is good for mental as well as physical health, and Dubai's town planners are hoping the 600km of cycle tracks already built will make the city more attractive to live in. Becca Of course, there are big differences between the Netherlands and UAE – the temperature for one, which in Dubai regularly hits 45ºC. Martin told BBC World Service's The Inquiry that Dubai is studying countries like the Netherlands not to copy them, but to discover what works. Martin Tillman It's certainly not a copy and paste of what is good in Holland or Denmark, but the key is that we're looking for the principles. Neil Cycling in UAE isn't a copy and paste of cycling in Holland. Martin uses the phrase a copy and paste to mean an exact copy of something, which is moved and put somewhere else. Dubai can't simply copy the Netherlands, and a range of measures, including water stations and shaded rest areas, have been created for cycling in the heat. Becca Cycling isn't the perfect solution for everyone, everywhere. But in some places, it can be a popular and green alternative. Neil Yes, just look at the Netherlands. And that reminds me of your question, Becca. Becca Ah yes. I asked you roughly how many bikes are there in the Netherlands? Neil I said 34 million. Was I right? Becca There are certainly a lot of bikes in the Netherlands. However, there are only roughly 24 million bikes. Neil Only?! That's still quite a lot! Becca Right, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned, starting with deeply ingrained – a combination of words meaning well established and unlikely to change. Neil If something takes off, it suddenly becomes popular or successful. Becca A milestone is an important event in the development of something or someone. Neil Quality of life describes a person's wellbeing in terms of their level of enjoyment, comfort, and health. Becca The noun liveability means the degree to which a place is pleasant to live in. Neil And finally, a copy and paste is an exact copy of something, which is then moved and put somewhere else. Once again, our six minutes are up. Goodbye for now. Becca Bye! 词汇表 be deeply ingrained (into) [ɪnˈɡreɪnd] 深深植根于，根深蒂固于 take off 开始腾飞，飞速发展，流行起来，突然成功 milestone [ˈmaɪlstəʊn] n. 里程碑，重大事件 quality of life 生活质量，生活品质 liveability [ˌlɪvəˈbɪləti] n. 宜居性，适宜居住的程度 copy and paste [ˈpeɪst] 复制粘贴，原封不动地照搬 Netherlands / Holland [ˈneðələndz][ˈhɒlənd] n. 荷兰 the United Arab Emirates (UAE) [juˌnaɪtɪd ˈærəb ˈemɪrəts] 阿拉伯联合酋长国（阿联酋） the Gulf region [ɡʌlf] 海湾地区 cycle tracks [ˈsaɪkl træks] 自行车道，骑行道 water stations 饮水站，供水站 shaded rest areas [ˈʃeɪdɪd] 遮荫休息区，阴凉休息区 📝 翻译及pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

Can procrastination make you more productive? Procrastination is often seen as the enemy of productivity. Images of lazy people with feet up on desks or wasting time to dodge work spring to mind at the very mention of the word. And there are many things which indicate that procrastination is a problem which needs addressing. But could there be some benefits to it too? We live in a high-octane world – always on the go, racing from one task to another. And at times, duties, be it work or personal, can feel relentless – with our nose constantly to the grindstone. Sometimes we just need to switch off, chill out and reboot. A little procrastination can help detach us from the pressures of modern life. According to psychotherapist F Diane Barth, watch.ing TV, taking a long bath or listening to music can help us to ease off. And it's possible that procrastination has become more prevalent during the pandemic. With many countries going through lockdowns, some of us have suddenly found ourselves with more time – not having the hours of commutes, or options of social activities we once took for granted. Being at home, many of us quickly discovered that it is impossible to be productive 24-7. That extra relaxation can help us to be more productive or creative in the long run, allowing us to clear our minds and focus better. The issue is that many of us see that time not working as lost time. And we almost develop a sense of guilt related to not making the most of every moment. German sociologist and economist Max Weber says that we've almost got to the point of believing that the busier we are, the better, and that there is a sense of morality connected with time usage. It seems important to remember that taking a little time away from yourself is not just slacking off. So, while being productive is important, it seems that some amount of downtime and procrastination can help us to relax and become more focussed. The next time you feel really stressed, why not try wasting a little time? You might just like it. 词汇表 procrastination [prəˌkræstɪˈneɪʃn] n. 拖延，拖延症 feet up 翘脚，指休息放松 dodge [dɒdʒ] v. 躲避，逃避 spring to mind 突然想到，跃入脑海 high-octane [ˈɒkteɪn] adj. 高强度的，充满活力的 on the go 忙个不停，四处奔波 relentless [rɪˈlentləs] adj. 不间断的，持续的 nose to the grindstone [ˈɡraɪndstəʊn] 埋头苦干，辛勤工作 switch off 关闭，放空，不再关注 chill out 放松，冷静下来 reboot [ˌriːˈbuːt] v. 重新启动，休整 detach [dɪˈtætʃ] vt. 使分离，脱离，摆脱 ease off 减轻，缓和，放松 prevalent [ˈprevələnt] adj. 盛行的，普遍的 lockdown [ˈlɒkdaʊn] n. 封锁，禁闭 commute [kəˈmjuːt] n. 通勤，上下班往返 sociologist [ˌsəʊsiˈɒlədʒɪst] n. 社会学家 morality [məˈræləti] n. 道德，道德观 slacking off [ˈslækɪŋ] 偷懒，懈怠 downtime [ˈdaʊntaɪm] n. 停工期，休息时间，空闲时间 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

What does it take to be a class passer? Everybody loves a rags to riches story, but the reality is social mobility is far from easy. Class passers are those who manage to successfully improve their status and navigate their new life as part of a higher socioeconomic group. To understand class passing, let's first discuss the idea of social classes. Within our societies, people are divided according to factors like their family background, education, wealth, occupation and income. Most commonly, these categories are described as the lower, middle and upper classes. A person's life path and opportunities are often defined by their social background. For example, just 26% of forest school pupils in the UK went on to higher education in 2017. Compared to 44% among their better-off peers. Is there a surefire way to climb the social ladder? Or do I just need to hope for a lucky break? Social climbing doesn't just happen overnight for most people. There are a number of routes, like higher education, work, marriage, or moving abroad, for example. However, in some cases, people join the world of the rich and famous in a sudden fashion. Think of actors and sports stars who often emerge from obscurity to be thrust into the limelight, public figures like Oprah Winfrey, Donald Tr.ump, and Britney Spears have been referred to as class passers because they claim different socioeconomic classes as their own. Class passers often talk about their embarrassment or shame at not fully fitting into their new class. This is known as class neurosis. And it can have a deep psychological impact. They may struggle to learn certain codes or unspoken conventions which convince others they belong, like how to hold cutlery, where to go on holiday, or what kind of clothes to wear. At the same time, they may also be seen as traitors by their original class. Shouldn't class passers be proud to have made it? Well, that's the optimistic way of looking at things—seeing society as a meritocracy. In the United States, much of the population still believes in the American dream, which suggests there are no limits to what anyone can achieve if they work hard and put their minds to it. While class passers are sometimes cited as proof of this, in reality, they are the exception rather than the rule. Research has shown that in addition to starting out at a disadvantage, more people are less confident in their ability to succeed. On the other hand, their wealthier counterparts are more likely to feel entitled and self-confident. This helps to maintain the status quo, making it a self-fulfilling prophecy. Social mobility has been slowing since the 1990s, and equality is actually on the rise. It's feared that the COVID-19 pandemic could further widen the gap between rich and poor. There you have it. 词汇表 a rags to riches story [ræɡz] 白手起家的故事，从贫穷到富有的故事 social mobility [məʊˈbɪləti] 社会流动性，社会阶层流动 class passer 阶层跨越者（成功提升社会地位并融入更高阶层的人） navigate [ˈnævɪɡeɪt] vt. 驾驭，成功应对，顺利处理 socioeconomic [ˌsəʊsiəʊiːkəˈnɒmɪk] adj. 社会经济的 class passing 阶层跨越 better-off adj. 境况较好的，更富裕的 surefire way [ˈʃʊəfaɪə(r)] 万全之策，可靠的方法，绝对有效的方法 lucky break 好运，意外的机遇 in a sudden fashion 突然地，以突然的方式 obscurity [əbˈskjʊərəti] n. 默默无闻，无名 be thrust into the limelight [θrʌst][ˈlaɪmlaɪt] 被推到聚光灯下，成为公众焦点 class neurosis [njʊˈrəʊsɪs] 阶层神经症（因无法完全融入新阶层而产生的焦虑或羞耻感） code [kəʊd] n. 行为规范，规矩 unspoken conventions 不成文的惯例，默认的规矩 cutlery [ˈkʌtləri] n. 餐具（刀、叉、勺等） traitor [ˈtreɪtə(r)] n. 背叛者，叛徒 meritocracy [ˌmerɪˈtɒkrəsi] n. 精英统治，精英管理制度 counterpart [ˈkaʊntəpɑːt] n. 对应的人或物，地位对等者 entitled [ɪnˈtaɪtld] adj. 有资格的，自以为应得的，有优越感的 self-fulfilling prophecy [ˈprɒfəsi] 自我实现的预言（因相信某种结果而导致其成真） 🪴翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进入【打卡交流群】