Climate change: Are there too many people? We're talking about the environment in this programme, specifically climate change. Now, Sam, what do you think is the biggest cause of climate change? --An obvious answer would be that climate change is the result of carbon emissions caused by humans. It's about people's carbon footprint – the measurement of how much carbon dioxide is produced by someone's everyday activities. That makes sense. But recently some scientists, especially in the west, have been focusing on another issue: the increasing number of people in the world, something known as overpopulation. In this programme, we'll be discussing the controversial link between overpopulation and climate change. And as usual we'll be learning some new vocabulary, as well. Sounds good, Neil, but first I have a question for you. Over the last 100 years, within one lifetime, the world's population has soared. At the start of the 20th century, it was around one-and-a-half billion, but how many people are there in the world today? Is it: a) seven billion, b) eight billion or c) nine billion? --I'll say around eight billion people live on the planet today. --OK, Neil, I'll reveal the answer later in the programme. Since climate change is caused by human activities, it seems common sense that fewer people would mean lower carbon emissions. But in fact the connection isn't so simple. Not everyone emits carbon equally, and people in the western world produce far more than people in sub-Saharan Africa or Asia. Arvind Ravikumar is professor of climate policy at the University of Texas. He's made the surprising calculation that an extra two billion people born in low-consuming countries, would actually add very little to global carbon emissions. Here, Kate Lamble and Neal Razzell, presenters of BBC World Service programme, The Climate Question, discuss Professor Ravikumar's findings. What he's saying is kind of astonishing, right? Two billion people is, to say the least, a lot. It's the combined population of Europe and Africa. He's crunched the numbers and found that an extra two billion low-income people as defined by the World Bank, these are people without cars, without electricity often, would see global emissions rise by just 1.5%. Add two billion high-income earners - that's people with cars and power and all the mod cons, and Arvind reckons emissions would rise by more than 60%. So when it comes to climate change and population, where you were born matters. Professor Ravikumar made his discovery after crunching the numbers, an idiom meaning performing many mathematical calculations involving large amounts of data. He concluded that whereas two billion low-income people would increase carbon levels very little, two billion high-income people would increase it a lot. That's because high-income populations have mod cons, which is short for 'modern conveniences': technology and machines like cars, fridges and air-conditioning that make life easier and more pleasant. According to this view, the real problem is not overpopulation but overconsumption. Affluence – that's having lots of money and owning many things, has become a big factor in climate change, and that's true in poorer countries as well as richer ones. Listen to Rajesh Joshi, reporter for BBC World Service's, The Climate Question, interviewing a rich Indian housewife, Priti Dhagan, in her luxurious home in New Delhi. I need everything that I buy. You cannot be judgmental about anybody's needs, and I derive a lot of happiness out of being very, very drawn towards consumer things, and I love it. And I'm not apologetic about it. --So if I tell you that poor people have a smaller carbon footprint as compared to their richer counterparts, do you feel apologetic about it? --So the brain says yes, we should be apologetic about it, but the heart does not agree. Yes, poor can't afford lots of stuff so their carbon imprint is small, but here my heart wins over my brain because it gives me happiness. Priti does not feel apologetic about her shopping – she doesn't think that she should feel sorry. Shopping makes her happy and she lets her heart rule her head – an idiom meaning that you do something based on emotions rather than reason. Priti is being very honest. She is consuming and looking for happiness in a way that people in the west have been doing for decades. It seems overconsumption is a bigger cause of climate change than raw population numbers. Speaking of which, what was the answer to your question, Sam? --Ah yes, I asked about the current global population. You guessed it was around eight billion people which was… the correct answer! According to the United Nations, the world's population reached eight billion on November 15, 2022. 🌟 字数限制，完整文本，翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

4 productivity tips to achieve more with less Getting things done isn't working all day at 100 miles an hour. Looking for ways to do less and get more done sounds a bit counterintuitive, but it actually makes a lot of sense. And the following tips can definitely help you. Suppose you've got a really important presentation to do. It's the kind of task productivity expert Professor Cal Newport says needs 'deep work'. Deep work is your concentration sweet spot, where you can achieve most. 把事情做好不是整天以每小时100英里的速度工作。寻找少做多得的方法听起来有点违反直觉，但实际上很有道理。下面的建议绝对能帮到你。假设你有一个非常重要的报告要做。就是那种如工作效率专家卡尔·纽波特教授说的需要“深度工作”的工作。深度工作需要你达到注意力集中的最佳状态，以取得最大成效。 1. Shut out the shallow. 排除浅层工作。 Smaller tasks like answering emails are 'shallow work'. Try to be more conscious of what your shallow tasks are, and give yourself permission to block them out for a while so you can focus on the important tasks that require 'deep work'. Lots of successful people have cut out the shallow to work more productively. Bill Gates went to a remote cottage. Others, like Maya Angelou, shut themselves away to write. 像回复邮件这样的小任务就是“浅层工作”。试着更清醒地认识到你的浅层任务是什么，并允许自己暂时屏蔽掉它们，这样你就能专注于需要 “深度工作”的重要任务。很多成功人士都会摒弃浅层的工作，从而提高工作效率。比尔·盖茨会去一个偏远的小木屋。其他人，比如玛雅·安吉洛，会把自己关起来写作。 2. Call it a day. 今天到此为止。 For good productivity, be strict about when your working day is over, and when you get to the end of your planned work session, ease yourself into a more relaxed state and try Cal Newport's shutdown ritual. Look through your unfinished work. Write a short plan of how you'll tackle it tomorrow. Then close that textbook or laptop and say something out loud like 'Shutdown complete!' It might sound silly, but it signals the end of your working thoughts for the day. After that? Have some fun. Give your mind the rest it's earned. 为了提高工作效率，请严格遵守一天工作结束的时间，当你计划好的工作时段结束时，让自己进入更放松的状态，并尝试卡尔·纽波特的关机仪式。仔细查看你未完成的工作。写一个简短的计划，说明你明天将如何处理它。然后合上课本或笔记本电脑，大声说出“关机完成！”这可能听起来很傻，但它标志着你一天的工作思考结束。之后呢？找点乐子。让你的大脑得到它应得的休息。 3. Find your top level goal. 找到你的顶级目标。 Businessman Warren Buffett's technique for getting people to focus on their most important goals was simple: Write down in order the top 20 things you want to do in life, and then draw a line under number five. Until you've done those first five, forget everything else. For a more structured approach, organise your priorities by making a pyramid of goals, designed by psychologist Professor Angela Duckworth. Find the big thing that we could call your life's purpose, like inspiring others, or helping people in society. Put that at the top. 商人沃伦·巴菲特让人们专注于最重要的目标的技巧很简单：按顺序写下你一生中最想做的20件事，然后在第5件事下面划一条线。在你完成前5个之前，忘掉其他的事情。心理学家安吉拉·杜克沃斯教授设计了一种更有条理的方法，通过建立目标金字塔来组织你的优先事项。找到我们称之为人生目标的大事，比如激励他人，或者帮助社会中的人。把它置于顶层。 On the next level you'll have mid-level goals like passing an exam. The goals below it should all feed into your top-level. They'll be smaller, more practical things — perhaps writing an email, or doing some research. If they don't help with achieving your top goal, then get rid of them! You could make a similar pyramid with a more specific task at the top — like that big presentation. Remember all the other to-dos should feed in. 在下一层，你会有中等级别的目标，比如通过考试。下面的目标都应该服务于你的顶级目标。它们会更小、更实际——也许是写一封电子邮件，或者做一些研究。如果它们实现你的顶级目标没有帮助，那么就去除掉它们！你可以用一个更具体的任务在顶层制作一个类似的金字塔——比如那个重要的报告。记住，所有其他待办事项都应该服务于它。 4. Make your breaks smarter. 让你的休息时间更高效。 Let's get back to the big presentation. It'll take a few hours to get it done properly, but in order to keep those stress levels at bay, try the Pomodoro technique named after a tomato-shaped kitchen timer. Time-management guru Francesco Cirillo says that for every 25 minutes of intense concentration, you should take five off to do nothing at all. The theory? Tackling a big task in focused chunks with regular breaks gives the brain time to recover and keeps your productivity high. 让我们回到那个重要的报告。要把它完成好需要几个小时，但为了控制压力水平，不妨试试番茄工作法，它以一个番茄形状的厨房计时器得名。时间管理大师弗朗切斯科·西里洛说，每集中精力工作25分钟，就应该休息5分钟，什么也不做。理论依据是什么？分块集中精力处理一项大任务，并定期休息，这样大脑就有恢复的时间，并保持较高的工作效率。 In the five-minute breaks, don't jump on your phone! Move around, stare out of a window. A recent study showed that regular five-minute walk breaks improve people's mood, and even make them feel less tired and hungry at work. And finally, if you really need to concentrate, find some pictures of kittens and puppies first. That's right. Research in Japan suggests that looking at cute baby animals brings out the natural caregiver in us, and improves our ability to focus on the details. Turns out productivity can be cute, too. 在5分钟的休息时间里，不要拿起手机！四处走动走动，或者凝视窗外。最近的一项研究表明，有规律的5分钟散步休息能改善人们的情绪，甚至让他们在工作时感觉不那么疲惫和饥饿。最后，如果你真的需要集中精力，可以先找一些小猫小狗的图片。这就对了。日本的研究表明，看着可爱的小动物能激发我们天生的照顾者天性，提高我们专注于细节的能力。原来，工作效率也可以很可爱。 🌟 视频版和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Daisies that keep facing the sun BBC Earth｜Seasonal Worlds｜The Green Planet The first warm days of spring encourage some plants to flower and get ahead of the competition, creating beautiful displays throughout the seasonal world. From the spectacular cherry blossoms of Japan to the goldfield flowers of California. 初春温暖的天气促使一些植物竞相开花，在季节性的世界里创造出美丽的景象。从日本壮观的樱花，到加州的金原菊花。 But spring flowering is risky. If they flower too early, it may not be warm enough for pollinating insects to be active. But the common daisy gives them every opportunity. 但是春天开花是有风险的。如果它们开花太早，这样的温度可能不足以让授粉昆虫活跃起来。但是普通的雏菊给了授粉昆虫每一个机会。 The warmer the flowers are, the more attractive they are, and they have a remarkable strategy in order to maximise this. They were closed up tightly throughout the night as a protection against the elements. But once they feel the warmth and the light of the sun, they spring into action. It's a behaviour called heliotropism. They turn to keep facing the sun, absorbing as much heat as they can. 花朵越温暖，就越有吸引力，为了最大化这一点，雏菊有一个非凡的策略。它们的花朵整夜紧闭，以抵御恶劣的天气。但是一旦它们感受到温暖和阳光，它们便会立即行动起来。这种行为被称为向日性。它们转动以面向太阳，尽可能多地吸收热量。 This is a thermal camera, and it will tell me the difference between the surrounding temperature and the temperature in the centre of a daisy flower. The surroundings: 12 degrees. In the centre of a flower: 21. 这是一个热像仪，它会告诉我周围的温度和雏菊花心的温度之间的差异。周围环境是12度。而花心是21度。 Pollinators such as bees and wasps prefer the warmed-up flowers because they can get a share of the heat for themselves. As a consequence, they can collect more nectar from more flowers, pollinating as they go. And the daisies, with the help of their pollinators, are able to have a particularly long flowering season. 蜜蜂和黄蜂等传粉者更喜欢温暖的花朵，因为它们可以为自己获得一份热量。因此，它们可以从更多的花朵上采集更多的花蜜，边采边授粉。在传粉昆虫的帮助下，雏菊有着特别长的花期。 词汇表 cherry blossom ['tʃerɪ][ˈblɒs(ə)m] 樱花 goldfield ['gəʊldfi:ld] （加州）金原菊属植物（以其在春季盛开时覆盖山坡和草地的金黄色花海而闻名） pollinating insect [ˈpɒləneɪt] 授粉昆虫，传粉昆虫 pollinator ['pɒlɪneɪtə] 传粉者，传粉昆虫 daisy ['deɪzɪ] 雏菊 maximise ['mæksɪmaɪz] 使最大化，充分利用 the elements（恶劣的）天气 spring into action 立即采取行动，突然活跃起来 heliotropism [ˌhi:lɪ'ɒtrəʊpɪzəm] 向日性，趋日性（指某些植物调整自身方向面向太阳，以最大化地吸收阳光） thermal camera [ˈθɜː(r)m(ə)l] 热成像仪，红外热成像仪（一种能够检测并记录物体表面温度分布的设备） wasp [wɒsp] 胡蜂，黄蜂，马蜂 warmed-up 升温的，温暖的 get a share of 获取（利益），分一杯羹 nectar [ˈnektə(r)] 花蜜，甘露 flowering season 花期，开花季节 🌟 视频版和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

From the Sky News Center at 11. Donald Trump has been elected US President for a second time. The Republican candidate declared victory earlier and the numbers now sit in a way that it would be impossible for Kamala Harris to overtake him. Our correspondent David Levins in Washington says he'll return to the White House on the back of an extraordinary set of results. The Republicans have taken back the Senate. It looks like they're going to retain the House. There are vacancies on the Supreme Court, so Donald Trump is going to wield power that is beyond his wildest expectations. Though his Democrat rival didn't concede defeat, her campaign co-chair Cedric Richmond told a rally of supporters in Washington to go home once results from some of the key battleground states came in. She will be back here tomorrow to address not only the H.U. family, not only to address her supporters, but to address the nation. So thank you. We believe in you. That's the last we've heard from her camp. Mr. Trump, though, took to the stage in Florida in the early hours to promise a golden age for America. July's assassination attempt came up. Many people have told me that God spared my life for a reason. And that reason was to save our country and to restore America to greatness. World leaders wasted no time in offering their congratulations, including Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer. Some opposition parties here are a little more hostile, though. The Lib Dems say it's a dark, dark day, while the Greens have called Mr Trump a dangerous bigot, bully and liar. 翻译和更多英语听力见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”可加入【打卡交流群】

From the Sky News Center at 8. Donald Trump has claimed victory in the U.S. presidential election. I want to thank the American people for the extraordinary honor of being elected your 47th president and your 45th president. Counting still underway, though it seems almost certain he'll be back in the White House because of the states he's done well in. Pennsylvania, for example, carries the highest number of electoral college votes, taking him closer than his rival Kamala Harris to the magic number of 270. He's just four short. It's 3 a.m. on the East Coast, (U.S.! U.S.! U.S.!) where Mr. Trump addressed crowds of supporters. We're going to help our country heal. We're going to help our country heal. We have a country that needs help. Along with running mate J.D. Vance. I think that we just witnessed the greatest political comeback in the history of the United States of America. We're going to lead the greatest economic comeback in American history under Donald Trump's leadership. Though Democrats aren't happy in Michigan. I'm actually very nervous. I'm very surprised. Definitely anxious. We'll be in for a rude awakening under Trump's leadership. He was a disaster the first four years. He's completely unhinged. Meanwhile, the FBI says emails sent from Russia were to blame for bomb threats at a number of voting places. None were deemed credible, though. 翻译和更多英语听力见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”可加入【打卡交流群】

Business Bartleby 商业版块 巴托比专栏 Anger and management 愤怒与管理 The pros and cons of losing your temper at work. 职场发火的利弊 Awareness days are meant to remind people of important causes and desirable behaviour. Among other things, February sees the International Day of Human Fraternity, World Day of Social Justice and—everyone’s favourite until it became a bit too commercialised—World Pulses Day. International Day of Happiness falls in March; you have to wait until November for World Kindness Day. 宣传日是为了提醒人们记得重要的事业和理想的行为。2月里有很多这样的日子，比如国际人类博爱日、世界社会公正日，以及大家原本最喜欢的世界豆类日——可惜它已经有点过于商业化了。国际幸福日在3月；世界友善日则要等到11月。 Anger is far too objectionable to be celebrated with a special day of its own. There is an anger-awareness week in Britain, but the emphasis is on controlling tempers, not giving in to them. Yet in the workplace, as elsewhere, anger is more ambiguous than it seems. 发脾气实在令人不快，不配拥有一个专属节日。英国有“愤怒情绪意识周”，但强调的是控制脾气，而不是乱发脾气。然而在职场上，就和在其他地方一样，发脾气并不是表面看起来那么简单。 Its destructive side is obvious. Furious people are not much fun to work with, and less fun to work for. A short-fused boss is likely to instil fear among employees and to discourage people from speaking up. Anger can also engender poor performance. Anyone who has ever been riled by a rude email or uncivil colleagues knows how in such circumstances suddenly nothing else matters. Every spare bit of cognitive power is redirected to thinking of devastating put-downs from which the offender will never recover; other tasks can wait. In one paper on the effects of rudeness on medical professionals, Arieh Riskin of Bnai Zion Medical Centre in Haifa and his co-authors describe a training exercise in which teams of Israeli physicians and nurses treated a mannequin of a baby. The teams were joined by someone billed as a visiting expert from America, who offered studiously neutral comments to some groups and made unprompted and disparaging remarks about the quality of medical care in Israel to others. The teams that had suffered rudeness performed significantly worse. Being angry all the time is bad news for individuals and organisations alike. But so is being tremendously satisfied by everything all the time. Jeffrey Pfeffer, a professor at Stanford University who teaches a course on how to acquire power, reckons that displaying anger is an important skill for those who want to rise up the corporate ladder. It is associated with decisiveness and competence (though angry women are more likely to evoke negative emotions among other people than angry men do). Doctors who get angry if they are challenged about their medical advice are not judged to be less competent; if they show shame, patients take a dimmer view. Anger can have a galvanising effect in specific circumstances. A study by Barry Staw of the University of California, Berkeley, and his co-authors analysed half-time team talks by college and high-school basketball coaches in America, and found that expressions of negative emotions such as anger and disappointment were associated with better second-half outcomes—up to a point. When coaches reached the bulging-eyeballs stage, rage started to have the opposite effect. There are similar nuances in negotiations. A paper by Hajo Adam of Rice University and Jeanne Brett of Northwestern University found that as people got more upset, they were more likely to extract concessions. But being too angry was seen as inappropriate. And although displays of anger can work in one-off negotiations, they also invite retaliation in subsequent interactions. Anger has different effects on different types of people. Agreeableness is one of the “Big Five” personality traits recognised by most psychologists. Agreeable sorts value co-operation and courtesy; disagreeable ones are more cynical and more comfortable with conflict. In an experiment by Gerben Van Kleef of the University of Amsterdam and his co-authors, teams comprised of agreeable and disagreeable people were given feedback on their performance by an actor. The words were the same each time, but in some instances the actor looked and sounded happy and in others they looked and sounded angry. An angry evaluation spurred the more disagreeable teams to do better than a happy (or poker-faced) one; the reverse applied to the more agreeable teams. By now the problem should be obvious. Anger involves a loss of control. But to be effective in the workplace, it needs to be carefully modulated. That means volcanic people need to find ways to rein themselves in before they spew invective everywhere. It also means that equable people need to learn to let fly occasionally. If there is room in the calendar for International Jazz Day, then there is certainly a case for World Calibrated Displays of Anger Day. 🌟 字数限制，完整翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

From the Sky News Center at 5. Six teenagers have been arrested on suspicion of attempted murder after a 13-year-old girl was found suffering from stab wounds in East Yorkshire early yesterday. The victim was discovered next to the age 63 in Hessel. Four boys and two girls aged between 14 and 17 remain in custody. Weather warnings are in place across eastern Spain for heavy rain just days after a flash flood killed more than 200 people. The cleanup operation in the Valencia region continues after homes, businesses and roads were destroyed. Diego Aparición is from an emergency committee. The main priority is to find missing people and to access to the most isolated areas. Now it's needed to clean the street, infrastructure, to access to the quarter that has been blocked. Weather warnings cover the Balearic Islands, Barcelona and Valencia. The new leader of the Conservative Party will be announced later this morning, after Rishi Sunak stood down following the general election defeat. Robert Jemrik and Kenny Badenoch are the final two left standing, after several rounds of voting by MPs and party members. Israel's military claims it has killed senior Hamas official Izz al Din Kassab in Gaza. It says he was one of the militant group's last high-ranking chiefs there. In Lebanon, Israel has been bombing southern Beirut for the first time in four days. The IDF says it was hitting a weapons factory and a Hezbollah command centre. Hachem Fadala is an excavator driver there. The area here was hit by nine heavy airstrikes around 2: 30 or 3 o'clock. There were about nine heavy strikes, but praise be to God, we are on the ground. Consumer watchdog Which says Aldi was the cheapest supermarket last month, with an average shop coming in at just under £112. Waitrose was the most expensive at just over £142. And sacked Manchester United manager Eric Ten Haag says he'll cherish his achievements at Old Trafford for the rest of his life. Ruben Amorim has been confirmed as his permanent replacement. That's the la 翻译和更多英语听力见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”可加入【打卡交流群】

Why we've stopped answering the phone Suddenly a sound rings out, stopping you in your tracks. Panicking, you search for where it could be coming from. It's your phone, and if you're like a quarter of 18 to 34-year-olds in a recent British study, you probably won't answer it. The same study found that 70% of people in this age group prefer text messages to phone calls. Why do so many people hate phone calls? 突然间，一个声音响起，让你停下了脚步。你惊慌失措地寻找声音的来源。原来是你的手机，如果你和最近一项英国研究中18至34岁人群中的四分之一一样，你可能不会接听。同样的研究发现，这个年龄段的70%的人更喜欢发短信而不是打电话。为什么这么多人讨厌打电话呢？ While previous generations grew up using landlines to talk to their friends, smartphone-equipped younger people have grown up accustomed to using text messages, group chats and voice notes for social conversations. What these media have in common is that they are asynchronous – they don't need to happen in real time. When you can craft a reply free of interruption, you have greater control over your contributions to a conversation. It also means that you can reply when it's best for you. Synchronous communication, like phone calls or face-to-face conversations, can lead people to feel a loss of control and the corresponding anxiety. Coupled to this is that fact that many young people report associating phone calls, particularly those without prior warning, with bad news. 当老一辈人还习惯于使用固定电话与朋友交流时，拥有智能手机的年轻人已经习惯了通过短信、群聊和语音消息来进行社交对话。这些交流方式的共同点在于它们都是异步的——不需要实时进行。当你可以在不受打扰的情况下构思回复时，你就能更好地控制对话中的发言。这也意味着你可以在最适合你的时候回复。而电话通话或面对面交谈这样的同步沟通方式，可能会让人们感到失去了控制，从而产生相应的焦虑。此外，许多年轻人报告说，他们将电话通话，尤其是那些没有事先预警的通话，与坏消息联系在一起。 This means that new social codes are being established. Many people will now text someone to see if they're available to take a phone call. If someone doesn't feel able to sum something up in a few short messages, they might leave a long voice note. Could it be that not wanting to intrude on someone with a sudden phone call is just a question of good manners and respecting someone's boundaries? 这意味着新的社交准则正在建立。许多人现在会先发短信询问对方是否方便接电话。如果有人觉得不能用几条简短的消息概括某事，他们可能会留下一条长语音留言。不想突然打电话打扰别人，会不会只是一个礼貌和尊重他人界限的问题呢？ Maybe, but this doesn't mean that anxiety around communication has been eliminated. Texting may be asynchronous, but many people report tensions from being 'left on read' – when you know someone has read your message, but they don't, or won't, reply. Many would agree with British writer Daisy Buchanan, who reminds us how picking up the phone to talk to someone can be far more effective at relieving tension than a series of awkward messages. So, are these new social codes better at respecting boundaries, or are they just creating a whole new set of potential anxieties? 也许吧，但这并不意味着沟通焦虑已经消除。短信可能是异步的，但许多人都报告说，“待读”——当你知道有人读了你的信息，但他们没有或不愿回复——会让人感到紧张。很多人都同意英国作家黛西·布坎南的观点，她提醒我们，拿起电话与人交谈远比一连串尴尬的信息更能缓解紧张。那么，这些新的社交准则是更好地尊重了界限，还是在制造一套全新的潜在焦虑呢？ 词汇表 ring out 突然响起，响亮地发出 stop you in your track 让你停下了脚步（立即停止你正在做的事情，经常是因为你感到惊讶） panicking ['pænɪkɪŋ] 惊慌失措的，恐慌的 text message 文字消息，短信 phone calls 打电话，通电话 landline [ˈlæn(d)ˌlaɪn] 固定电话，座机 smartphone-equipped [ɪ'kwɪpt] 拥有智能手机的 be accustomed to [ə'kʌstəmd] 习惯于，适应于 group chat 群聊 voice note 语音留言，语音消息 asynchronous [eɪ'sɪŋkrənəs] 非即时的，异步的 in real time 实时地，及时的 craft a reply [krɑːft] 构思回复 interruption [ˌɪntəˈrʌpʃən] 打断，干扰 synchronous ['sɪŋkrənəs] 即时的，同步的 face-to-face conversation 面对面的交谈 corresponding [ˌkɒrɪˈspɒndɪŋ] 相应的，相关的 be coupled to 加上，结合 prior warning [ˈpraɪə(r)] 预先警告 social code 社交规则 text 给…发短信 available [ə'veɪləb(ə)l] 有空的，可取得联系的 sum up [sʌm] 总结，概括 intrude on [ɪnˈtruːd] 打扰，侵犯 respect boundaries 尊重他人的界限 eliminate [ɪˈlɪmɪˌneɪt] 消除，消灭，根除 left on read 已读不回，发出的消息显示已读但没有收到回复 pick up the phone 接听电话 relieve tension [rɪˈliːv] 缓解紧张 a whole new set of 一套全新的 🌟 更多英语听力和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Why Do We Keep Repeating the Same Mistakes? One of the strangest and most tantalising ideas in psychotherapy is that of the 'repetition compulsion.' This tells us that, as a result of certain traumas that have not been properly understood and unpicked, we will be inclined to keep putting ourselves back into, and in effect, repeating, difficult situations from the past that run counter to our emotional needs in the present. 心理治疗中最为奇怪和引人入胜的概念之一是“重复强迫”。这告诉我们，由于某些未能得到适当理解和解开的创伤，我们倾向于不断让自己回到（实际上是在重复）过去那些与现在情感需求相悖的困境之中。 So, for example, we may be tempted to keep falling in love with people who make us suffer by being distant or cold, muddled or chaotic. Or we might constantly wind up in jobs where we try to please a tricky boss, but then we're rejected by them and eventually dismissed. 因此，举例来说，我们可能会禁不住反复爱上那些因疏远或冷漠、混乱或无序而让我们痛苦的人。又或者，或者，我们可能会不断落入这样的工作：我们试图取悦刁钻的上司，但却遭到他们的拒绝，最终被解雇。 But there's a nuance here. We are not generally simply hunting out an awful situation and then attempting to repeat the whole of it. What we are doing is trying to find a story familiar enough for us to be drawn to it, and then what we are attempting to do is to give it a different ending. 但这里有一个细微的差别。一般来说，我们并不是简单地寻找一个可怕的情境，然后试图重复它的全部。我们要做的是找到一个熟悉到足以吸引我们的故事，然后我们要做的是给它一个不同的结局。 So, for example, we might want to find someone who is as distant as our mother. But this time, we want to take her to therapy; we want to have long dialogues with her, help her to see her wounds and act as her protector and her guide. Or we want to find the same sort of angry man as our father was, but this time, rather than cowering under the sofa, we want a chance to be able to get to the root of their rage, to appease it and then ensure that they would treat us well. 因此，举例来说，我们可能想找一个和母亲一样疏远的人。但这一次，我们想带她去接受治疗；我们想与她进行长时间的对话，帮助她看清自己的伤口，充当她的保护者和向导。或者，我们想找一个和父亲一样的愤怒的人，但这一次，我们不想再蜷缩在沙发下，而是希望有机会能够找到他们愤怒的根源，安抚他们的愤怒，然后确保他们会善待我们。 We are seeking, in adulthood, for a second chance to rectify a traumatic dynamic that our unavoidable childhood weaknesses meant that we were never originally able to fix. What does it mean to give a story a better ending? It means bringing all the resources of adulthood to bear on the difficulties of an emotionally compromised childhood. 我们在成年后寻求第二次机会，去矫正童年时期因不可避免的弱点而起初无法修复的创伤性关系。给故事一个更好的结局意味着什么？这意味着运用成年期的所有资源去应对情感受损的童年所面临的困难。 This idea of story completion lends us a more hopeful angle to the concept of repeating the past. We aren't merely driven by an urge to suffer; we're being motivated by something much more creative: a desire to identify something in the here and now that is a bit broken like it used to be – and then we have a wish to repair it with our adult strengths in the hope of being able to move on and finally find freedom. 这种故事圆满的想法给我们提供了一个更有希望的视角来看待重复过去的概念。我们不仅仅是被一种受苦的冲动所驱使，我们还被一种更有创造力的东西所激励：我们渴望在此时此地发现一些像过去一样有点残缺的东西——然后我们希望用我们成人的力量来修复它，希望能够继续前进，最终找到自由。 词汇表 tantalising [ˈtæntəˌlaɪzɪŋ] 引人入胜的；诱人的 psychotherapy [ˌsaɪkəʊˈθerəpi] 心理治疗，精神治疗 repetition compulsion [ˌrepəˈtɪʃ(ə)n][kəm'pʌlʃ(ə)n] 重复强迫，强迫性复现症（指个体无意识中重复过去的创伤性事件或行为，通常忽视负面后果 ） trauma [ˈtrɔːmə]（精神的）创伤，痛苦经历 unpick [ʌn'pɪk] 解开，深入剖析；拆掉（缝线） be inclined to [ɪn'klaɪnd] 倾向于；想要 run counter to [ˈkaʊntə(r)] 违反，与…背道而驰 distant 疏远的，冷淡的 muddled ['mʌd(ə)ld] 混乱的；糊涂的 chaotic [keɪˈɒtɪk] 混乱的，无秩序的 wind up [waɪnd]（使自己）陷入，落得 tricky boss ['trɪki] 难以取悦或难以对付的上司 reject [ˈriːdʒekt] 拒绝，排斥，拒收 dismiss [dɪs'mɪs] 解雇，开除，驳回 hunt out 搜寻，找出 attempt to [ə'tempt] 试图，尝试做 be drawn to [drɔːn] 被吸引 cower under the sofa [ˈkaʊə(r)] 蜷缩在沙发下 rage [reɪdʒ] 愤怒，狂怒，狂暴 appease [əˈpiːz] 安抚，平息，缓和 rectify a traumatic dynamic [ˈrektɪfaɪ][trɔːˈmætɪk][daɪ'næmɪk] 矫正创伤性关系 unavoidable weakness [ˌʌnəˈvɔɪdəb(ə)l][ˈwiːknəs]不可避免的弱点 emotionally compromised [ˈkɒmprəmaɪzd] 情感受损的 story completion [kəmˈpliːʃ(ə)n] 故事的圆满 lend an angle 提供一个视角 repair [rɪˈpeə(r)] 修复，弥补（关系） 🌟视频版和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进入【打卡交流群】

Divorce: Why does it happen? In the words of a famous 1960s pop song, 'breaking up is hard to do'. Divorce, when a married couple who no longer want to be together separate, can be one of life's toughest experiences. During the 1990s, divorce rates in Europe and America were the highest in the world, with almost half of all marriages ending in divorce. But since then, the trend has reversed and divorce rates in the West have slowed. Meanwhile, however, the number of couples divorcing in other parts of the world is on the rise. In this programme we'll be hearing how divorce is talked about in different countries. And, as usual, we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary. But first, I have a question for you, Georgie. In Britain, one day of the year in particular is known by divorce lawyers and relationship counsellors as 'Divorce Day', but which day is it? a) Christmas Day? b) the first Monday of the new year? or, c) Midsummer's Day, the 24th of June? --Hmm, I think 'Divorce Day' is the first Monday of the year. --OK, Georgie. We'll find out if that's the correct answer later in the programme. Getting married very young, and differences between partners' backgrounds or interests are two common causes for couples to grow apart. Today, Marina Adshade is a professor at the University of British Columbia who studies the economics of sex and relationships, but her life has a very different beginning, as she told BBC World Service programme, The Global Story: I married really young, I had no education, I married somebody who is older than me, who had a lot of education and our relationship worked well for a while. And then in my late 20s I decided to go back to school, I no longer wanted to be a stay-at-home mother which was what I was doing in my 20s, and that change in our situation for us just became completely unresolvable. And I think this is true for a lot of marriages because people's situation changes over their lives, maybe they want children then maybe they change their minds. Marina started her married life as a stay-at-home mum – a woman who stays home to take care of the children and manage the household. Marina married an older man, and although their relationship started well, over time they developed different ideas about what they wanted from life. Marina and her husband changed their minds - they changed an earlier decision they had made. Growing apart is one of the most frequently given reasons for divorce, and eventually Marina and her husband's problems became unresolvable – not able to be fixed or satisfactorily ended. Marina's experience is typical of someone who finds themself trapped in a marriage that no longer works. Yet unfortunately, due to economic or emotional reasons, many people stay trapped. So, what can be done? Now, some countries are looking to the authorities, rather than the couple themselves, for a solution. Here, Lucy Hockings, presenter of BBC World Service's The Global Story and divorce counsellor, Joanna Gosling, discuss a new strategy being used in China: There was an interesting thing they did in China where they introduced this cooling-off period. So, the government enforced this. Does that work when the government intervenes in a situation like this and makes people behave or do things in a certain way? If nothing changes in the dynamic between two people, being told that they've got to cool off and wait a bit longer, I don't think is going to make them suddenly realise that they want to be together. It might be an idea for states to invest in communication programmes for these couples 'cause that's invariably why relationships fall apart. In response to rising divorce rates, in 2021 the Chinese government introduced a 30-day cooling-off period for couples wanting to separate. A cooling-off period is a period of time in which two groups who are arguing can try to improve the situation before taking further action. However, it's unusual for governments to intervene - to become involved - in people's private lives this way. Joanna doubts a cooling-off period will work, especially as the main reason for relationships failing is non-communication. She says a lack of communication is invariably - or always - the reason for divorce. On the plus side, by communicating openly, maybe with the professional help of a relationship counsellor, saving a marriage is possible. I think it's time you reveal the answer to your question, Phil. You asked about 'Divorce Day' in Britain, and I guessed it was the first Monday of the new year. --Good guess Georgie, because that's the correct answer! 'Divorce Day' is the first Monday of the year. 🌟 字数限制，完整文本，以及翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Is it time to reassess our relationship with nature? | BBC Ideas Earth, us… But, hang on, aren't we part of the Earth? We're organic creatures, made of the same molecules as everything else on our planet - one interconnected ecosystem that keeps us all alive. But are we superior? Different? Or special? Why do we so often feel, well, separate from the Earth? In fact, not everyone does. 地球，我们……但等等，我们不也是地球的一部分吗？我们是有机生物，由与地球上其他一切相同的分子构成——一个相互联系的生态系统，让我们都活着。但我们是优越的吗？不同的吗？还是特别的？为什么我们常常觉得自己与地球是分离的？事实上，并不是每个人都有这种感觉。 Throughout human history lots of cultures have viewed their relationship to the Earth in other ways. Many still do. Animism - the belief that spirit infuses objects, nature and the whole of existence - is a fundamental principle of many indigenous societies. In Taoism, cosmic energy - or life force - is everywhere and is constantly seeking harmony and balance between all things. Ancient Andean civilisations placed the spirit of Pachamama, or Mother Earth, at the very centre of their worldview. And, today, for many indigenous people of the world, like the U'wa tribe in Colombia, the Earth is not just the dust from which human beings are made, it's the spirit of their people and ancestors. It's their history. It is life itself. 纵观人类历史，许多文化都以其他方式看待它们与地球的关系。许多人至今仍如此。万物有灵论——认为精神贯穿于物体、自然和整个存在——是许多土著社会的基本原则。在道教中，宇宙能量——或者说生命力——无处不在，并且不断寻求万物之间的和谐与平衡。古老的安第斯文明将帕查玛玛或地球母亲的精神置于其世界观的中心。今天，对世界上许多土著人来说，比如哥伦比亚的乌瓦部落，地球不仅仅是人类的尘土，还是他们的人民和祖先的精神。它是他们的历史。它就是生命本身。 This isn't always an easy idea for people in today's Western societies to grasp. The Druids of Ancient Britain did grasp it - focusing their spiritual practices on a reverence and connection with nature. But when Christianity spread through Europe, animism was condemned as pagan and savage. European colonialism enforced these views around the globe, in places like the Americas and Australia - crushing the indigenous peoples and their nature wisdom. 对于当今西方社会的人们来说，这并不总是一个容易理解的想法。古代英国的德鲁伊教徒确实领会了这一点——他们将精神修行集中在对自然的尊敬和联系上。但是当基督教传遍欧洲时，万物有灵论被谴责为异教和野蛮。欧洲殖民主义在全球范围内强制推行这些观点，在美洲和澳大利亚等地，压制了土著人民及其自然智慧。 Since the birth of agriculture, humans had been manipulating the world around them, harnessing, dividing and selling its natural resources. But under colonization, the Earth became a place to be conquered, dominated, farmed, fished, plundered and mined, on a vast scale. Was there any scientific thinking behind our ever-increasing control over the natural world? 17th Century Europe thought so. 自农业诞生以来，人类一直在操纵周围的世界，利用、分割和出售其自然资源。但在殖民统治下，地球变成了一个被大规模征服、支配、耕种、捕鱼、掠夺和开采的地方。在我们对自然世界日益增长的控制背后，是否有任何科学思考？17 世纪的欧洲是这么认为的。 In fact thought was all the rage then, as French philosopher Rene Descartes, and other others, like Sir Isaac Newton, helped to kick off the Enlightenment - an era that prized reasoning, science and order. A new view of the world emerged - with human beings as the thinking, rational, masters, and nature as our unthinking, unfeeling servant. Standing apart from her, humans investigated nature's ultimate questions, dissecting her into smaller and smaller pieces. This brought us great power. And with great power, comes... You know the rest. The Anthropocene Age had begun - an epoch defined by one dominant species. Us. 事实上，思想在当时风靡一时，法国哲学家勒内·笛卡尔和艾萨克·牛顿爵士等人帮助开启了启蒙运动——一个崇尚推理、科学和秩序的时代。一种新的世界观出现了——人类是有思想、理性的主人，而大自然则是我们没有思想、没有感情的仆人。人类站在大自然之外，研究大自然的终极问题，将大自然切割成越来越小的碎片。这为我们带来了强大的力量。而伴随着强大力量而来的......其余的你都知道。人类世时代已经开始——一个由一个优势物种定义的时代。我们。 On a planet that is billions of years old, in just 500 years, much of the human race has come to see itself as the rulers and center of all life. Today, we are still trying to bend the planet's environment, processes and biodiversity to our will. Our vast, sprawling cities have pushed nature out of sight and out of mind. The world is attempting to meet the urgent challenge of climate change. But can anything fundamentally change while we still see ourselves as somehow separate from Earth? 在这个有着数十亿年历史的星球上，短短500年间，大部分人类已将自己视为所有生命的主宰和中心。今天，我们仍在试图让地球的环境、进程和生物多样性屈从于我们的意志。我们庞大的、蔓延的城市将大自然挤出了人们的视线和脑海。全世界都在努力应对气候变化这一紧迫挑战。但是，如果我们仍然把自己与地球割裂开来，还能从根本上改变什么吗？ There are signs of hope. Other voices are starting to be heard once again. Influenced by a resurgent indigenous view of Pachamama, Bolivia and Ecuador have passed laws granting all nature equal rights with humans. And in New Zealand, a Maori tribe has successfully fought to have their river - and ancestor - given the same legal rights as a person. In an interconnected world, can we humans find ways to truly reconnect to all life on the planet? A new era might start with one single idea. There is no Earth and us. We are one. 有希望的迹象。人们开始再次听到其他的声音。受复兴的帕查玛玛土著观点的影响，玻利维亚和厄瓜多尔通过了法律，赋予所有自然界与人类平等的权利。在新西兰，一个毛利部落成功地为他们的河流和祖先争取到了与人类同等的法律权利。在这个相互联系的世界里，我们人类能否找到真正与地球上所有生命重新建立联系的方法？一个新时代或许可以从一个想法开始。没有地球和我们。我们是一体的。 🌟 视频版和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Business Bartleby 商业 巴托比专栏 Stranger things 关于陌生人 How to make networking marginally less awful for introverts. 如何让内向者在社交时稍微不那么难受 Corporate life throws up some stressful moments. Bringing bad news to your boss; facing an interview panel; making a big presentation. But few things are worse than networking if you are an introvert. 职场生活中总有一些令人坐立不安的时刻。向老板报告坏消息；面对一排面试官；在大会上做报告。但如果你是一个内向的人，没有什么比社交建人脉更糟糕了。 You arrive at an event to find that everyone there apparently knows each other already. And then you look more closely and spot the fellow-sufferers. They are the people who are actually reading the conference blurb. They look at email on their phones with greater intensity than ever happens at the office. They endlessly circulate the room, like bits of plastic in the ocean waiting to be snagged on something. They take a seat in the main hall while the sound engineers are still testing the microphones. 你参加一个活动，到场后发现每个人好像都已互相认识。定睛看看，你认出了和自己同病相怜的人。居然有人认真在看会议简介。他们在手机上起劲地查看邮件，在办公室时可从没这样过。他们不停在会场里兜圈，就像大海里漂流的塑料碎片，期待着被什么拦下来。当音响师还在调试话筒时，他们就已经在主会场找位置坐了下来。 Fortunately, there is advice out there on how to break the ice with strangers. Unfortunately, it's abysmal. One sage counsels making contact in queues, because it is easier to talk to the person in front of you and behind you. You are meant to ambush people on the escalator, in the toilets and in the queue to get your name tag. In the line for coffee, open the door to jobs and sales by saying six incomprehensible words: "Juicing up for the big keynote?" 幸运的是，你可以找到一些关于与陌生人聊天破冰的建议。不幸的是，这些建议都糟透了。一个大聪明建议在排队时与人搭话，因为排队时会更容易与站在前面和后面的人攀谈。所以你要在自动扶梯上、厕所里和排队领取胸牌时突袭别人。在排队拿咖啡时，只要说出令人费解的六字真言便可以打开通往新工作和销售单之门：“开会前提提神？” On it goes. Don't be afraid to laugh, because nothing drains the tension from a room like someone who cannot stop chuckling. Bring personal information into the conversation, lest people think you are at a conference on treasury-management software only for commercial gain. Use the other person's name twice, to appear truly engaged. And take notes on conversations afterwards so you can follow up with them. Add these ingredients together, and you have the recipe for success: "Juicing up for the big keynote?" "What?" "Juicing up for the big keynote?" "I don't know what that means." [Scan name badge] "Keith, is it?" "Er, yes." [Laughing] “I'm having a baby, Keith.” "Keith?" [Take out notepad] If this is how to network, no wonder people go to the main hall early. Making contacts on a site like LinkedIn is a lot less stressful. There is no eye contact, after all, and the rules of the road are agreed. And all those connection requests do appear to help with careers. A paper published last year by Karthik Rajkumar of LinkedIn and co-authors from academia found empirical evidence for the insight that underpins all kinds of networking—that, because they bring you new information, more infrequent and distant relationships (or "weak ties") are more useful than close contacts. The researchers randomly changed the "People You May Know" recommendations algorithm that LinkedIn shows its users, so that the prevalence of weaker and stronger connections varied among people on the site. The experiment showed that weaker ties (where a pair of users had only one mutual friend, say) were more likely to lead to job applications and job moves than those where people had 25 mutual friends or more. This sounds like nirvana for introverts: start spamming everyone with connection requests, close the office door and wait for job offers. But it is not that easy. Even weak ties need tending. Even online, interacting with people is easier if you find it energising; a survey-based study of LinkedIn, by Joanna Davis of Augustana College and her co-authors, found that extroversion was a predictor of networking ability. There isn't a genuinely painless way for introverts to network. Still, methods to do it exist that are wiser than standing in a queue and hoping the guy who doesn't know how to get coffee out of the machine is your ticket to career success. The real secret is to save your energy for the people who are most likely to be interesting to you. In the online realm, for instance, Dr Rajkumar's study does not find that the weaker the tie, the better. The sweet spot in networking on LinkedIn is someone with moderately weak ties to you: connecting with a person with ten mutual friends markedly increases the probability of changing jobs compared with someone with just one shared friend. In other words, networking pays off if you can identify people who can bring you new information but are close enough to your world that this information is useful. In the offline world, a tool like ChatGPT should make it easier to find useful prospects in a list of event attendees. But you still need to overcome all your instincts and approach them. 🌟 字数限制，完整翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】