鸟瘾综合征 - 节目列表

麻雀蹦、喜鹊走，不同的鸟在地上是怎么活动的？多数的小鸟爱蹦跶，十来克的麻雀下肢短，如果要是想交替迈步，就得提高步频，实在太费劲了。蹦着走能把腿当成弹簧，靠肌腱储能弹起，一次跳好几个身长，抓虫子、躲猫都比别人快一步儿。灰喜鹊常年在树冠上蹦哒，下地以后，也懒得再学新技能，就沿用他们树上练的本事吧。 大块头的鸟就得溜达了。像是喜鹊、乌鸦，他们的体重摆在那儿，硬蹦的话，落地冲击力能伤到关节，代谢也烧得慌，交替迈步的时候总会有一脚沾地，省力又护骨头。今天的节目就是说说到底是蹦跶还是溜达。 BGM： 许冠杰 - 浪子心声 参考文献： Xu, X., Zhou, Z., Dudley, R., et al. (2014). An integrative approach to understanding bird origins. Science, 346(6215), 1253293. Wang, M., & Zhou, Z. (2023). Low morphological disparity and decelerated rate of limb size evolution close to the origin of birds. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 7. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02091-z Macaulay, S., Hoehfurtner, T., Cross, S. R. R., Marek, R. D., Hutchinson, J. R., Schachner, E. R., Maher, A. E., & Bates, K. T. (2023). Decoupling body shape and mass distribution in birds and their dinosaurian ancestors. Nature Communications, 14, 1575. 刘迪, 周忠和, 张玉光. (2012). 中国中生代鸟类的体重估计及其演化趋势. 古脊椎动物学报, 50(1), 39–52. 张玉光, 田晓阳, 李志恒. (2008). 中国中生代鸟类后肢骨骼的长度比例特征及栖息习性的分析. 古脊椎动物学报, 46(4), 317–329. 步态、足型与运动形态 Provini, P., & Höfling, E. (2020). To hop or not to hop? The answer is in the bird trees. Systematic Biology, 69(5), 962–972. Carril, J., De Mendoza, R. S., Degrange, F. J., Barbeito, C. G., & Tambussi, C. P. (2024). Evolution of avian foot morphology through anatomical network analysis. Nature Communications, 15, 9888. Hayes, G., & Alexander, R. McN. (1983). The hopping gaits of crows (Corvidae) and other bipeds. Journal of Zoology, 200(2), 205–213. Andrada, E., Haase, D., Sutedja, Y., et al. (2015). Mixed gaits in small avian terrestrial locomotion. Scientific Reports, 5, 13636. Daley, M. A., & Birn-Jeffery, A. (2018). Scaling of avian bipedal locomotion reveals independent effects of body mass and leg posture on gait. Journal of Experimental Biology, 221(10), jeb152538. 运动能量学与生物力学 Bautista, M., Tinbergen, J., & Kacelnik, A. (2001). To walk or to fly? How birds choose among foraging modes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(3), 1089–1094. Griffin, T. M., & Kram, R. (2000). Penguin waddling is not wasteful. Nature, 408, 929. Gutmann, A. K., Lee, D. V., & McGowan, C. P. (2013). Collision-based mechanics of bipedal hopping. Biology Letters, 9(4), 20130418. Biewener, A. A., McGowan, C., Card, G. M., & Baudinette, R. V. (2004). Dynamics of leg muscle function in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) during level versus incline hopping. Journal of Experimental Biology, 207(2), 211–223. Watson, R. R., Rubenson, J., et al. (2011). Gait-specific energetics contributes to economical walking and running in emus and ostriches. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278. Wilkinson, H., Thavarajah, N., & Codd, J. R. (2015). The metabolic cost of walking on an incline in the Peacock (Pavo cristatus). PeerJ, 3, e987. Alexander, R. M. (2003). Principles of Animal Locomotion. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 专著 郑光美 (主编). (2012). 鸟类学（第2版）. 北京: 北京师范大学出版社. 珍妮弗·阿克曼. (2020). 鸟类的行为（The Bird Way）. 南京: 译林出版社.

飞行是鸟类最耗能的运动，他们维持胸肌和骨骼需要付出高昂的代谢代价。可是还有超过60种的鸟类主动放弃了飞行，成为“走地鸟”。是因为他们退化了么？还是他们有更精明的算计呢？ 在放弃了飞行能力之后，他们的基础代谢率大幅下降，节省下来的能量可以被投入到繁殖方面上。比如新西兰的几维鸟，他们蛋的重量能达到体重的25%，是现生鸟类里卵占比最大的物种。 岛屿是“走地鸟”的天选之地。在远离大陆的孤岛上没有哺乳动物或者其他的捕食者，飞行逃生和长途觅食的需求就消失了，他们原来沉重的飞行器官反倒是成了累赘。有研究显示，随着捕食压力降低，鸟类普遍出现了胸肌缩小、后肢变长的趋势，这是他们走向不飞性的过渡阶段。 还有一些鸟就演化出了“蹭饭”的绝活儿。像是牛背鹭，就会紧跟着大型食草动物的步伐，利用它们惊扰藏匿猎物的习性高效实现觅食。在我国陕西洋县，有研究发现，跟着牛群的牛背鹭的啄食率会提升一倍，移动成本反而降低了75%。随着环境变化，它们甚至学会了跟着拖拉机或者干脆入驻垃圾填埋场。 最复杂的合作是来自于黑喉响蜜鴷。它们在知道了蜂巢位置以后就会引导人类过来。咱们人类用烟驱蜂、用斧劈巢，留下的蜂蜡就是他们的收获。 进取不必拘泥于一种形式，找到适合自己的节奏，才是最好的生存之道。 BGM： 片头：Jams Blunt - You're Beautiful 片尾：椿乐队 - 晚风（先行版） 参考文献 * Field Museum of Natural History. (2025). When Birds Lose the Ability to Fly, Their Bodies Change Faster Than Their Feathers. Evolution. * Kiat, Y., & O'Connor, J. (2024). History of flight in dinosaurs and secondary flightlessness in birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). * Wright, N. A., Steadman, D. W., & Witt, C. C. (2016). Predictable evolutionary trends in tinamous and other ratites under insularity and reduced predation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 113(22), 6214-6219. * Cooper, A., Mitchell, K. J., & Wood, J. R. (2014). Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite evolution. Science. 10.1126/science.1251981 * Spottiswoode, C. N., Begg, K. S., & Begg, C. M. (2011). Mutualism and murder: the evolutionary logic of honeyguides and why it matters. Biology Letters. * Isack, H. A., & Reyer, H. U. (1989). Honeyguides and hominids: co-evolution of a mutualistic relationship. Science, 243(4896), 1343-1346. * American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). (2024). Cultural coevolution between humans and honeyguides. Science News. * van der Wal, J. E. M., Afan, A. I., Anyawire, M., Begg, C., Begg, K., & Spottiswoode, C. N. (2026). Greater Honeyguides Sometimes Guide Humans to Animals Other Than Bees, but Likely Not as Punishment. Journal of Zoology, PMC12037988. * Spottiswoode, C. N., & Wood, B. M. (2023). Culturally transmitted helper-selection dialects in a wild bird-human mutualism. Science, 382(6675), 1152-1156. * Pérez-Tris, J., Bensch, S., Carbonell, R., Helbig, A. J., & Tellería, J. L. (2004). Repeated rapid evolution of avian migration routes. BioScience, 57, 165. * Sjöberg, S., Alerstam, T., Alves, J. A., Andersson, A., Bäckman, J., & Hedenström, A. (2026). Winter thermoregulation costs drive annual energy expenditure trade-offs across avian migration strategies. bioRxiv. * Macias Torres, P. (2025). Flight energetics in migratory birds: a perspective on small passerines. Lund University Dissertation. * Pulido, F. (2007). The genetics and evolution of avian migration. BioScience. PMC10297951. * Somveille, M., Rodrigues, A. S., & Manica, A. (2018). Energy efficiency shapes patterns of seasonal redistribution of migratory species. Nature Ecology & Evolution. * Harshman, J., Braun, E. L., Fitch, D. P., & Cracraft, J. (2008). Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(36), 13462-13467. * Robertson, H. A., & Colbourne, R. M. (2024). Reinvesting energy from flight into reproduction: the egg of the Kiwi (Apteryx). Curious Species Journal. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2025). Eight birds that cannot fly and their remarkable longevity and behavioral characteristics. Britannica List. * Mukherjee, A. (2000). Adaptiveness of Cattle Egret's foraging. Zoos' Print Journal, 15(10), 332-333. * Lombardini, F., et al. (2001). Ecological interactions of Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) with livestock in dry pastures of Maremma Regional Park, Italy. Avocetta, 25, 17-21. * Seedikkoya, K., Azeez, P. A., & Shukkur, E. A. (2005). Foraging ecology and association of Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) in Kerala, India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. * DABCS. (2024). Foraging activities, success and efficiency of cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) across different habitats in Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Journal of Biological and Food Science Research, 2(4), 45-50. * Tarwater, C. R., & Brawn, J. D. (2011). Obligate army ant-following birds in fragmenting forests of Panama. Amazon Conservation Association Report. * Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. (2026). Symbiotic relationships between Thamnophilidae birds and Eciton burchellii army ants. STRI Science Portal. * Howard, L., & Tarwater, C. R. (2025). Spatial distribution of birds, ants, and prey at swarm fronts in Panama. University of Wyoming Research News. * Willson, S. K. (2004). Obligate Army-Ant-Following Birds: A Study of Ecology, Spatial Movement Patterns, and Behavior in Amazonian Peru. Ornithological Monographs, 55, 1-67. * Berthold, P. (1999). Theory of partial migration and the evolutionary transition from resident to migratory habits. Proceedings of the International Ornithological Congress. * Berthold, P., Mohr, G., & Querner, U. (1994). Quantitative genetics of migratory behaviour in the Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 257(1350), 311-315. * Pulido, F., & Berthold, P. (1998). Evolutionary quantitative genetics of migratory behaviour in the Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla). Biology and Conservation of Fauna, 102, 206-211. * Pulido, F., Berthold, P., & van Noordwijk, A. J. (1996). Frequency of migrants and migratory activity are genetically correlated in a bird population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(25), 14602-14607. * Peterson, M. P., et al. (2023). Association of Adcyap1 and CLOCK gene polymorphisms with the migratory phenotype in avian species. Journal of Avian Biology, PMC10297951. * Gu, Z., Zhan, X., Bruford, M. W., et al. (2021). Climate change facilitates the formation and maintenance of peregrine falcon migration routes. Nature, 591, 259-264. * Dalton, D. L., & Le Clercq, L. S. I. (2024). Time trees and Clock genes: a Systematic Review and Comparative Analysis of contemporary Avian Migration Genetics. Teesside University Research Portal. * Gu, Z., Zhan, X., et al. (2021). Whole genome sequencing of Falco peregrinus reveals ADCY8 associated with migratory distance. Nature News. * van der Wal, J. E. M., Begg, C. M., Begg, K. S., & Spottiswoode, C. N. (2023). Do honey badgers and greater honeyguide birds cooperate to access bees' nests? Ecological evidence and honey-hunter accounts. Journal of Zoology, 321, Article 1. * Kuang et al. 2025. Why do Cattle Egrets forage with cattle? An analysis from an anti-predation perspective. Behavioural Processes 228.10 5202. DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105202

我们从平常的简单观察和从诗词歌赋里了解到的，鸟儿就是成双成对，忠贞不二的。其实啊，鸟界的“爱情”，本质上是一场场关于能量、基因和生存的精密计算。 咱们别再羡慕朱鹮的“白头偕老”了。当年就剩下了7只的朱鹮能绝地求生，能靠深情解决么？那就是因为高昂的育儿成本逼出来的“双亲合作KPI”。一旦单飞了，娃就得凉凉。在人工繁育基地里，为了防止近亲繁殖导致的一些问题，工作人员还得强行给它们“办离婚”，按DNA档案重新“包办婚姻”。 至于咱们传统文化里的“爱情鸟”鸳鸯，就更颠覆咱们认知了。什么双宿双飞，白头偕老，雄鸟在雌鸟下蛋后就立马“离家出走”，雌鸟也不省心，也是个厚黑的主儿，有时候也会发生巢寄生的行为。 还有中华攀雀，一个钢镚儿沉的小鸟，在繁殖期要面对着“囚徒困境”。为了能多生一窝，爹妈随时准备跑路，导致16%的巢直接变成“双弃巢”。在鸟类世界里，没有海誓山盟，只有“演化博弈”和“适合度最大化”。听完这期，估计你可能无法直视公园里的那些秀“恩爱”的鸟了。 参考文献： * Tsai, W. L. E., et al. (2022). Genome assembly and evolutionary analysis of the Mandarin Duck Aix galericulata reveal strong genome conservation among ducks. Genome Biology and Evolution, 14(6), evac083. DOI：10.1093/gbe/evac083 * Hoi, H., Schleicher, B., & Valera, F. (1994). Female mate choice and nest desertion in penduline tits, Remiz pendulinus: the importance of nest quality. Animal Behaviour, 48(4), 743–746. DOI：10.1006/anbe.1994.1299 * Valera, F., Hoi, H., & Kristin, A. (1997). Male mate guarding in penduline tits: costs, outcomes and future decisions. Animal Behaviour, 54(4), 917–926. DOI：10.1006/anbe.1997.0497 * Pogany, A., et al. (2002). The effect of the availability of females on desertions by males in the Eurasian penduline tit. Behaviour, 139(9), 1147–1163. * 江航东, 等 (2010). 中华攀雀繁殖生物学研究. 动物学研究. [具体卷期信息请在中国知网核实] * Hoi, H., & Valera, F. (2004). Nest design and intraspecific competition in penduline tits. Journal of Field Ornithology, 75(1), 98–103. * James, H. F., et al. (2003). Pseudopodoces humilis, a misclassified terrestrial tit (Paridae) of the Tibetan Plateau. Ibis, 145(2), 185–202. DOI：10.1046/j.1474-919X.2003.00170.x * Liu, Y., et al. (2023). No evidence for heritability of extra-pair mating behavior in a cooperatively breeding bird (Pseudopodoces humilis). ResearchGate preprint / Behavioral Ecology. DOI: 10.1038/s41437-025-00796-4 * Lu, X., et al. (2011). Nest site selection, cavity insulation and breeding performance in a ground-nesting passerine, the Tibetan ground tit Pseudopodoces humilis. Ibis, 153(3), 679–684. DOI：10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01140.x * Yang, H. Y., et al. (2023). Migration ecology and protection of stopover sites of the Whimbrels along China's coastal wetlands. Avian Research, 14, 100086. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100086 * Piersma, T., & Baker, A. J. (2000). Life history characteristics and the conservation of migratory shorebirds. In Gosling, M., & Sutherland, W. (Eds.), Behaviour and Conservation (pp. 105–124). Cambridge University Press. * Szekely, T., et al. (1999). Breeding systems and parental behaviour in shorebirds: insights from the Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus. Journal of Ornithology, 140(suppl), 61. * Stenzel, L. E., et al. (1994). Long-distance mate fidelity and annual breeding effort in Snowy Plovers. The Auk, 111(2), 332–342. DOI: 10.2307/4088598 * Culina, A., et al. (2021). No evidence for immediate fitness benefits of within-season divorces in socially monogamous birds. PLOS ONE, 16(4), e0249890. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249890 * Murray, N. J., et al. (2014). Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(5), 267–272. DOI: 10.1890/130260 BGM： 片头： My Lover's Gone - Dido | No Angel 1999 片尾：Thank You - Dido | No Angel 1999 朱鹮：陈绍龙 鸳鸯：Анна Голубева 中华攀雀和毛茸茸的小窝：图片来源于网络

我们进入人类世的喧嚣，已经成了鸟类的“沉默危机”。从工业革命起，人源噪音（交通占43%、城市占24%）重塑了自然声景。有科学家在新墨西哥州的实验显示：噪音区鸟类物种减少了三分之一，但留下的黑颏北蜂鸟反而因为天敌西丛鸦撤离，繁殖成功率上升了。 噪音像筛子一样，选出了不同的受众，重组生态。为了应对噪音，鸟类就只能各显神通了，或者是提高音量，但是可能增加被捕食风险；或者是改变频率，大山雀将鸣叫频率从低频调至高频，避开汽车噪音；在澳大利亚的灰胸绣眼鸟甚至演化出基因层面的叫声改变；还有的鸟干脆提前黎明合唱躲开早高峰。 噪音还会引发连锁反应：西丛鸦避噪致单叶松种子传播中断，幼苗数量骤降76%；而蜂鸟增多让红花授粉率提升5倍，生态失衡显现。中国研究更发现噪音与光污染协同，导致鸟类繁殖周期紊乱。 值得庆幸的是，解决方案已在实践：欧盟划定自然“安静区”；江湛铁路建成全球首例高铁全封闭声屏障，用吸声板和橡胶减震，让鹭鸟栖息地噪音控制在50分贝以下，雀鸟反而增加了几千只。保护鸟鸣，就是守护我们自身的心理健康和生态未来。 怕闹腾的西丛鸦 重金属爱好者 - 家朱雀 硬核摇滚乐迷 - 黑颏北蜂鸟 参考文献： * Noise Pollution Changes Avian Communities and Species Interactions | DOI：10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.052 * Trait-mediated effects of anthropogenic noise on bird behaviour and fitness | DOI：10.1098/rspb.2025.2521 * Effects of nature experience on mental well-being and physiological stress parameters in an experimental bird walk setting -the role of bird song | DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2025.105456 * Exploring the relationship between bird diversity and anxiety and mood disorder hospitalisation rates | DOI:10.1002/geo2.127 * What is the evidence for the impacts of airborne anthropogenic noise on wildlife? A systematic map update | DOI10.1186/s13750-025-00368-3 * Noise pollution alters ecological services: enhanced pollination and disrupted seed dispersal | DOI:10.1098/rspb.2012.0230 * Long-term noise pollution affects seedling recruitment and community composition, with negative effects persisting after removal | DOI:10.1098/rspb.2020.2906 * Strategies of song adaptation to urban noise in the house finch: Syllable pitch plasticity or differential syllable use? | DOI:10.1163/156853909X423104 * Impact of noise pollution on avian behaviour | DOI:10.22271/j.ento.2025.v13.i5b.9612 * Policy Brief: Preventing the harmful effects of anthropogenic noise on biodiversity | produced as part of the Horizon Europe PLAN-B project (Grant Agreement No. 101135308) in collaboration with its sister project AquaPLAN (Grant Agreement No. 101135471). 所有图片来源于网络 背景音乐：光 - 艾热孜巴

我们现在的年轻人会按照自己的喜好改造房间，有个词，叫适我化。鸟类在筑巢的时候其实也会“适我化改造”。从简简单单的几根树枝到非洲沙漠里的集体公寓，它们的巢穴从来不是为了美观，就是为了对环境精准应答。 城市里就地取材的珠颈斑鸠，极简到凑合的鸻鹬类，巢只够固定一枚蛋的凤头雨燕，会搭如意伸缩巢的长尾山雀，“凿墙打洞”的啄木鸟。他们有各自的生活，自己的空间，和独特的巢。 对鸟类来说，巢是他们身体的延伸，是写给生存的答案。这个繁殖季，您要是在野外遇到鸟巢，请保持距离，因为那是它们今年最重要的工程。 随随便便的珠颈斑鸠 鸻鹬类的地面巢里的两颗蛋 攀雀在自己的小窝里，满满滴安全感 长尾山雀的神奇魔法家 群织雀的大公寓 大塚雉的.....孵化器 参考文献： * (2021). Secondhand homes: The multilayered influence of woodpeckers as ecosystem engineers. Ecology and Evolution, 11(16), 11425–11439. (10 📊). * Lowney, A. M., & Thomson, R. L. (2022). Ecological engineering across a spatial gradient: Sociable weaver colonies facilitate animal associations with increasing environmental harshness. Journal of Animal Ecology, 91(7), 1385–1399. (18 📊). * Orwin, K. H., Wardle, D. A., Towns, D. R., St. John, M. G., Bellingham, P. J., Jones, C., Fitzgerald, B. M., Parrish, R. G., & Lyver, P. O. (2016). Burrowing seabird effects on invertebrate communities in soil and litter are dominated by ecosystem engineering rather than nutrient addition. Oecologia, 180(1), 217–230. (27 📊). * Seymour, R. S., & Bradford, D. F. (1992). Temperature Regulation in the Incubation Mounds of the Australian Brush-Turkey. The Condor, 94(1), 134–150. (26 📊). 背景音乐 谭咏麟 - 讲不出再见 商务合作及听友群请＋V：hotpeaker

你知道吗，我们哺乳动物引以为傲的哺乳能力，其实鸽子也有。鸽子能分泌“鸽乳”来养刚出生的娃。别觉得奇怪，虽然鸽乳不是由乳腺产生的，可是那也是营养值拉满的“幼鸟口粮” 鸽乳的营养高度浓缩，干重中约60%是蛋白质，还富含脂肪、生长因子和免疫球蛋白。不仅能给雏鸽提供生长所必需的营养，还能传递被动免疫、帮助小鸽子建立肠道菌群并且调节免疫系统的发育，在功能上和我们哺乳动物的乳汁有趋同演化特征。 还有一个和哺乳动物不同的地方，鸽子是爸妈全能“产奶”。他们这种双亲合作的育雏策略能大幅提高了后代存活率，是鸽子适应多样环境的关键。 有意思的漫画 别抢啊，我这还没吐出来呢.... 放飞 雪儿阿米 勋章属于雪儿阿米 听友群请您加V：hotpeaker

杜鹃以他们独特的“巢寄生”方式进行繁衍，把蛋生在其他鸟类的巢里，由宿主抚养。而且他们的幼鸟也会把养父母的雏鸟给推出到巢外，他们的这个行为虽然引人反感，可是确实是自然选择的生存策略。 除了“不负责任”的繁殖方式以外，杜鹃还是杰出的“森林卫士”。它们擅长捕食很多鸟类避之不及的有毒毛毛虫，比如松毛虫。因为他们砂囊内壁的特殊，能裹住毒毛并且定期脱落更新，一天可消灭上千只害虫，对控制林业虫害至关重要。 在东西方的文化里，杜鹃的形象也非常复杂，他们既是催耕的“布谷鸟”，也会带着负面的寓意。我们只从生态的视角看，它们既是“投机”的寄生者，也是尽职的捕虫能手。这就提醒我们，自然界是不能以简单的“好坏”来评判，每一个物种都在他们各自的生态位上扮演着复杂角色。 金鹃 毛毛毛虫 树荨麻 胶叶镂空虫 嘴里叼着的...毛毛虫 我们的听友群：hotpeaker 参考文献： * Garcia Espluga, B., & Garcia-Readigos, M. A. (2020). Invasive box-tree moth Cydalima perspectalis, a new food resource for Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius. Revista Catalana d'Ornitologia, 36, 70-73. * Morelli, F., Benedetti, Y., & Møller, A. P. (2020). Diet specialization and brood parasitism in cuckoo species. Ecology and Evolution, 10(12), 1-10. * Te Papa Blog. (2017). Cuckoos and their toxic prey – ‘urticated’ inside and out. BGM： 片头：Yesterday (Arr. for Solo Cello) - 克利斯汀-皮耶・拉马尔 片尾：One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest (Closing Theme) [50th Anniversary / Remastered 2025] - Jack Nitzsche

美君博士和子义在这期节目中会带我们走进了一个科学和魔法交织的世界。子义是一位有着丰富野外经验的鸟类保护工作者，也曾经参加了被誉为“神话之鸟”的中华凤头燕鸥保护项目。他也是一位科普作家协会的会员，为少年得到撰写了魔法生物课的节目。 今天美君博士和子义就一起解读下魔法世界里的神奇生物。 子义的小红书：故事新编（Bluemagpie） 听友群请加V：hotpeaker

在秘鲁海岸的千年古墓里，科学家发现了鲜艳的鹦鹉羽毛。可是这些羽毛的主人，像是绯红金刚鹦鹉等等，可不是本地人，它们的老家是在安第斯山脉东侧的亚马逊雨林。这些羽毛又是如何出出现在这个古墓里呢? 为了破案，研究人员使用了两项技术破解了谜题。古DNA分析显示，这些羽毛的基因多样性很高，和已知圈养种群的特征不符，证明它们是来自于亚马逊雨林的野生种群，是被捕捉的，而不是本地养殖的。 可是，案情并不完整。科学家又进一步运用了稳定同位素分析。证明他们确实不是本地的鸟，但是又在本地讨生活.... 古墓的地点 经过1000年，色彩还是很漂亮啊 参考文献 * George Olah et al.(2026). Ancient DNA and spatial modeling reveal a pre-Inca trans-Andean parrot trade. Nature communications * Richard J. George et al.(2018). Archaeogenomic evidence from the southwestern US points to a pre-Hispanic Scarlet Macaw breeding colony. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 听友群：+V hotpeaker BGM： Feather - Meg Myers 2015 Sorry Happy For you - Lukas Graham

在城里，我们有时候会看到麻雀捡烟头。难道这些小鸟也成了“烟民”了么？No No No.....这是他们和寄生虫之间的一场无奈的“生化战争”。寄生螨虫是雏鸟顺利长大的噩梦，烟草里的尼古丁可以充当天然的杀虫剂。城市化的环境让天然驱虫植物稀缺，所以，这些烟头就成了有些鸟类为了驱虫的替代品。 有研究证实，在巢里加入烟头能显著降低螨虫数量，提升幼鸟存活率。可是，杀敌一千，自损八百，烟头不是万能灵药，在一根烟头里，会包含砷、重金属等等上千种的化学物，会导致鸟类基因损伤，尤其对孵卵的雌鸟伤害更大。这种“以毒攻毒”是一个不显性的生态陷阱，虽然短期可以获益，在长期成名可能会削弱种群。 鸟类还会经常误食烟头，全球每年大概有100万只因此死亡。讽刺的是，烟草品牌却爱用鸟类的形象来进行营销，比如鹰、云雀、企鹅，等等，来营造烟草健康自然的假象。 此外，鹦鹉偷吃罂粟成瘾、鸟类“涂蚁”寻求快感等例子，都显示了鸟类与成瘾物质的交集。 充满烟头的鸟巢 捡烟头的麻雀 给幼鸟喂烟头的胡萝卜嘴 参考文献： ● Incorporation of cigarette butts into nests reduces nest ectoparasite load in urban birds: New ingredients for an old recipe?｜DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0931 ● An experimental demonstration that house finches add cigarette butts in response to ectoparasites | DOI:10.1111/jav.01324 ● Anthropogenic Nest Materials May Increase Breeding Costs for Urban Birds | DOI:10.3389/fevo.2017.00004 ● Suárez-Rodríguez, M., et al. (2013). DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0931 ● Suárez-Rodríguez, M., & Macías Garcia, C. (2014). DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12531 ● Suárez-Rodríguez, M., et al. (2017). DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00004 ● Glądalski, M., et al. (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123464 ● Kessler, D., et al. (2010). DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.071 ● Whitaker, L. (1957). DOI: 10.2307/4081944 ● Simmons, K. E. L. (1957). DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1957.tb01944.x ● Wright, G. A., et al. (2013). DOI: 10.1126/science.1228706 ● Ridpath MG, Thearle RJP, McCowan D, and Jones, F.J.S. 1960. Experiments on the value of stupefying and lethal substances in the control of harmful birds. Annals of Applied Biology 49: 77-101 BGM：Santa Lucia - Miguel Rios ｜Rocanrol Bumerang

我们人类有时候喜欢整两口，那其他的动物，特别是鸟类呢？其实鸟类和酒精的渊源很深，不少种类的鸟会因为食用了自然发酵的果实而“醉酒”。比如雪松太平鸟还有新西兰鸠，他们会因摄入发酵浆果而行为失控，甚至“醉卧街头”。科学表明，食果鸟类演化出了较强的酒精代谢能力，但是过量仍然会致命。从神话到历史，鸟类与酒的文化联结也很丰富：在中国有“鸩酒”的传说，希腊神话有酒神和鸟，北欧神话有奥丁变成雄鹰去偷蜜酒。现代酒业也爱用鸟作品牌，如威雀、灰雁等等。 雪松太平鸟 - 爱喝酒的就是我 新西兰鸠 - 其实我是晒晕了 这酒有点劲儿啊 - 明镜周刊的报道 偷酒的奥丁 智慧之神和狮子女战神 参考文献 Strong circumstantial evidence for ethanol toxicosis in Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) J Ornithol (2012) 95–998 DOI 10.1007/s10336-012-0858-7 Bowland, A., et al. (2024). The evolutionary ecology of ethanol. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2024.09.005. Molecular evolution and functional divergence of alcohol dehydrogenases in animals, fungi and plants Genet Mol Biol. 2018;41(1 Suppl 1):341–354. doi: 10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2017-0047 BGM：Summer Wine 听友群请加V：hotpeaker

1973年，一架在11300米高空巡航的客机的引擎撞上了一只黑白兀鹫。这次事故的“罪魁祸首”创造了鸟类飞行高度的绝对纪录。他们究竟如何做到的呢？这首先归功于它们远超人类的“生命维持系统”。和我们人类的“潮汐式”的肺不同，鸟类拥有独特的“单向流动”呼吸系统，再搭配上身体里的多个气囊，让他们无论是吸气还是呼气，新鲜空气都能持续流经肺部，实现极高效率的氧气交换。 在分子层面，鸟类也进化出了独特的技能。比如每年飞越喜马拉雅山的斑头雁，他们的血红蛋白就发生了一个关键突变，可以在低氧环境下还能像强力“磁铁”一样抓取氧气。在需要释放氧气的肌肉部位，代谢产生的热量和酸性物质又会迫使它这块大磁铁“松手”，实现了完美的动态调控。另外，它们的线粒体也被特意安置在了紧贴毛细血管的细胞膜下面，可以最大限度地缩短氧气的最后运输距离。 除了这些硬核的生理构造，他们还拥有聪明的飞行策略。斑头雁再迁徙的时候会像坐“过山车”一样紧贴地形飞行，这样其实反而比直线高空飞行更省力。像大沙锥这样的鸟类，就会在白天特意爬升至8000米以上，把高空的低温当作“天然空调”来防止身体过热。 鸟类飞向高空，就意味着远离地面的大部分天敌和病原体，这条“空中天路”虽然极端，却是进化权衡下的生存捷径。这些天空行者用精密的生理构造和智慧的行为策略，把生命的边疆拓展到了我们难以想象的高度。 黑白兀鹫：撞飞机的就是我，我是天空的行者 斑头雁：别看我可爱，我也是不恐高的 参考文献 关于黑白兀鹫撞击事件（1973年） Laybourne, R. C. (1974). Collision between a Vulture and an Aircraft at an Altitude of 37,000 Feet. The Wilson Bulletin, 86(4), 461-462. (这是该事件最原始的记录文献，确认了物种鉴定结果。) 关于斑头雁的飞行策略（过山车策略与GPS追踪） Bishop, C. M., Spivey, R. J., Hawkes, L. A., et al. (2015). The roller coaster flight strategy of bar-headed geese conserves energy during Himalayan migrations. Science, 347(6219), 250-254. (这篇论文颠覆了“持续高空飞行”的理论，提出了“紧贴地形”的过山车策略。) Hawkes, L. A., Balachandran, S., Batbayar, N., et al. (2011). The trans-Himalayan flight of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 108(23), 9516-9519. (详细记录了斑头雁翻越喜马拉雅山的具体路径和高度数据。) 关于高空缺氧的生理适应（血红蛋白、线粒体与脑血流） Scott, G. R., & Milsom, W. K. (2007). Control of breathing and adaptation to high altitude in the bar-headed goose. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 293(2), R379-R391. (详细解释了斑头雁在低二氧化碳状态下维持脑血流的能力。) Meir, J. U., & Milsom, W. K. (2013). High thermal sensitivity of blood oxygen affinity in bar-headed geese. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216, 2172-2180. (关于玻尔效应和温度对血红蛋白亲和力影响的研究。) Scott, G. R., et al. (2009). Molecular evolution of cytochrome c oxidase underlies high-altitude adaptation in the bar-headed goose. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28(1), 351-363. (关于线粒体和细胞膜下聚集的微观研究。) Jessen, T. H., Weber, R. E., et al. (1991). Adaptation of bird hemoglobins to high-altitude respiration: an alpha-chain amino acid mutation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 88(15), 6519-6522. (关于第119位氨基酸突变的关键论文。) 关于大沙锥的昼夜高度循环 Lindström, Å., Alerstam, T., Bahlenberg, P., et al. (2021). Great Snipes ascend to high altitudes during daylight hours of migratory flights. Current Biology, 31(16), R991-R992. (记录了大沙锥白天飞到8700米以利用低温散热的发现。) 综述类文献（鸟类呼吸系统与高空飞行） Scott, G. R. (2011). Elevated performance: the unique physiology of birds that fly at high altitudes. Journal of Experimental Biology, 214(15), 2455-2462. (这是一篇非常全面的综述，涵盖了从肺部结构到毛细血管密度的各项适应性特征。) Maina, J. N. (2017). The avian respiratory system: structure, function and evolution of the gas exchange tissue. Springer. (关于鸟类单向呼吸系统和逆流/交叉流交换机制的经典解剖学资料。) 关于无人机黑飞的新闻背景 中国民用航空局 (CAAC) 关于无人机飞行管理的相关规定及通报案例 (2023-2024).