How does therapy work? Have you ever wondered how talking therapy works? Maybe you've suffered a bereavement, been feeling down or anxious or just overwhelmed and you're starting to think you should talk to someone. Perhaps you've tried talking to friends or family, but they don't seem to quite understand or they have too much on their plates. So you consider therapy, but you have doubts. What if you're not ill enough to see a professional? Will it feel awkward talking to a stranger? Will they make you lie down on a couch and reveal your innermost secrets? 你有没有想过谈话疗法是如何起作用的?也许你遭受了丧亲之痛，感到沮丧或焦虑，或者只是不知所措，你开始认为你应该和别人谈谈。也许你试着和朋友或家人谈谈，但他们似乎不太理解你，或者他们有太多事情要做。于是，你考虑接受治疗，但又心存疑虑。如果你的病情不足以让你去看专业人士呢？与陌生人交谈会不会感觉尴尬？他们会让你躺在沙发上说出你内心的秘密吗？ In the UK, you can get talking therapy free on the NHS, but waiting times can vary significantly. Private therapists can be expensive, although some do offer lower fees for those who can't afford to pay more. But let's say you've arranged your first session and you're wondering how exactly it might help. 在英国，你可以在国家医疗服务系统（NHS）中免费获得谈话治疗，但等待时间会有很大差异。私人治疗师的费用可能会很高，不过有些治疗师会为那些无力支付更多费用的人提供较低的费用。但是，假设你已经安排了你的第一次治疗，你想知道它到底会有什么帮助。 The good news is that therapy can actually change the way your brain functions in a positive way. Our brains are a little bit like Play-Doh, capable of adapting, reshaping and rebuilding. This is known as neural plasticity. Whilst in therapy, your brain circuits are able to remould and reconnect in different ways, meaning we're able to reframe negative or obsessive thinking. By shifting our thinking, we start to strengthen different pathways. So when you talk through stressful feelings and strong emotions in therapy, you're rewiring your brain, a bit like rewiring an electrical circuit. 好消息是，心理治疗实际上能以积极的方式改变你的大脑功能。我们的大脑有点像橡皮泥，能够适应、重塑和重建。这就是所谓的神经可塑性。在治疗过程中，你的大脑回路能够以不同的方式重塑和重新连接，这意味着我们能够重塑消极或强迫性思维。通过转换思维，我们开始强化不同的通路。因此，当你在心理治疗中倾诉压力感和强烈情绪时，你正在重新连接你的大脑，有点像重新连接电路。 Therapy also activates the hormone serotonin and can help improve our ability to cope with stress. Studies found the brains in people who've had therapy for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder showed improvements that were as good as SSRI antidepressant treatments. Even short courses of therapy can be beneficial. They often use techniques known as CBT, or cognitive behavioural therapy. This can be particularly useful in helping you change specific behaviours or negative thinking patterns because it focuses attention on your problems and helps you develop coping strategies. 治疗还能激活荷尔蒙血清素，有助于提高我们应对压力的能力。研究发现，接受过抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍治疗的人的大脑表现出的改善，这与SSRI抗抑郁治疗一样好。即使是短期的治疗也是有益的。他们经常使用认知行为疗法。 In 2020-21, over 630, 000 people completed the NHS Talking Therapy programme in England, averaging seven and a half sessions with a therapist. 51. 4% of those who completed the programme for anxiety or depression recovered. The most important factor determining whether therapy works for you is the quality of the relationship you have with your therapist. This is actually more important than the type of therapy you choose or the therapist's experience. So if you don't get on with the first therapist you meet, it's worth persevering and looking for a new one. Your level of motivation is also important, as is the therapist's ability to recognise which type of support is best. Suggesting weekly homework might do wonders for some but be completely off-putting for others. So why can therapy be better than talking to a friend? For starters, you get your therapist's undivided attention and you don't have to worry about what they think of you. You can cry your eyes out. They won't judge you. Unlike with a friend, you don't have to worry about hurting your therapist's feelings. Then there's confidentiality. Unless the therapist thinks you're at risk of harming yourself or others, whatever you say in the therapist's office stays in the therapist's office. A friend might offer advice, which, even if well intended, might not be right for you. A good therapist usually won't offer advice, but instead listen, summarise what you said and reflect it back to you. This simple technique can help you see things from a different perspective. Unlike a friend who may be quick to agree with you, a therapist can challenge you in a supportive way, and without being challenged, you may not find new ways of thinking or behaving. Of course, therapy doesn't work for everyone in every situation. Serious mental health conditions can require drug treatment or even an inpatient stay. Other people find self-help techniques such as meditation are enough for them. But overall, studies show that a typical client is better off for having gone through the process. In fact, according to the NHS, in 2022, over 66% of people who entered therapy found it beneficial. In the words of American writer Carlee J Hansen, "Therapy didn't fix me, therapy gave me the tools to help me fix myself, over and over again. For the rest of my life." ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil. And I'm Beth. I had my first drive in an electric car yesterday, Neil. It was amazing! Electric cars are great, in theory, but who has the money to buy one?! It's true that electric vehicles, or EVs as they're also called, are expensive, but in some parts of the world, the switch to electric vehicles has been a major success story in the fight against climate change. And it's not just rich people switching to electric - in India, poorer workers are embracing it too. Yes. In India it's the drivers of small vehicles like motorbikes, mopeds, scooters and rickshaws, known as two- and three-wheelers, who dominate the road, and now over half of these are electric. In this programme, we'll be discussing the growing role of electric vehicles in the fight against climate change. And, as usual, we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well. Great, but first I have a question for you, Neil. In India many different vehicles use the road, but which country's car market is the biggest? Is it: a) The US? b) China? or, c) Japan? Well, I'll guess it's the US that has the world's largest automobile market. OK, Neil, I'll reveal the answer at the end of the programme. While electric vehicles score better than petrol or diesel cars in most environmental tests, there's some debate about exactly how green they are. A lot depends on how the electricity is generated in the first place, and in India more than three quarters of the electricity used continues to be generated by coal. Nevertheless, in India the transition to green transport is well underway. Here's Louise Ribet, head of the climate organisation, C40 Cities, explaining the appeal of EVs to Graihagh Jackson, for BBC World Service programme, The Climate Question: What is it about two and three-wheelers that's so appealing? I think it can be summarised in one word and its convenience. From an accessibility and affordability and efficiency point of view… and on that first point of accessiblity, the state of public transport is not as developed as it is in places like London or Singapore. There's no metro lines or fancy bus networks, and two- and three-wheelers spread in response to this lack of sufficient or high quality, frequent public transport infrastructure. Graihagh asks why electric vehicles are so appealing, so desirable and attractive. There are several reasons behind EV's appeal including convenience and affordability - being cheap enough for people to buy. In places without reliable public transport, electric scooters are filling the gap. That's really needed, because the massive increase of petrol cars in Delhi has created a toxic and very serious health risk – smog. Smog is air pollution caused by a mixture of smoke, chemicals and especially, car exhaust fumes. It makes the atmosphere difficult to breathe and very unhealthy. What's more, because children are smaller and closer to car exhaust pipes, smog affects them most. In winter, the air in Delhi gets so bad they have to close the schools, sometimes for weeks. Here's Graihagh Jackson again, taking up the story for BBC World Service's, The Climate Question: They're having to shut schools because the pollution is so bad! Gosh, that's hardly a solution is it! What can be done about it? Well, for India the solution partly lies in switching to electric scooters and e-rickshaws. By 2030 the government wants 30% of its vehicles on the road to be electric, and has put up $1.2 billion to make that happen. When Graihagh discusses schools shutting because of air pollution she uses the word gosh, an expression used to show a strong feeling of surprise or wonder. Luckily, the Indian government is taking measures to improve Delhi's air quality, largely through the switch to greener electric vehicles. The government has put up over 1 billion dollars to make this happen. The phrasal verb put up money for something means to provide the money needed to pay for it. In this area it seems India is leading the world, which reminds me of your quiz question, Beth. That's right. I asked you which country has the world's largest automobile market, and you said, the US, which was… the wrong answer, I'm afraid, Neil! In fact, it's now China that tops the list, showing that when it comes to green transport, bigger isn't always better. Right, it's time to recap the vocabulary we've learned in this programme starting with two-wheeler, a vehicle with two wheels, such as a bicycle, motorbike or moped. The adjective appealing means attractive, desirable or interesting. Affordability refers to being cheap enough for people to buy, or in other words, inexpensive. Smog is air pollution caused by smoke and car fumes which makes the atmosphere unhealthy and difficult to breathe. Gosh is an expression used to show a strong feeling of surprise or wonder. And finally, if you put up the money for something, you provide the money needed to pay for it. ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】

Stress in pregnancy 'makes child personality disorder more likely' 孕期压力使 “孩子更容易出现人格障碍”  One in twenty people is thought to have a personality disorder, which can make them over-anxious or paranoid, for example, and normal life difficult． 每 20 个人中就有一个人被认为有人格障碍。例如，这会使他们过度焦虑或偏执，使正常的生活变得困难。 This study concluded that prolonged high levels of stress during pregnancy could increase the risk of children developing these disorders later in life. 这项研究的结论是，怀孕期间长期的高强度压力会增加孩子日后患上这些疾病的风险。 The researchers see children exposed to severe maternal stress were at greatest risk, but that even moderate stress increased the risk fourfold. Experts say many other factors contribute to mental disorders, such as how children are brought up and any trauma they may experience. 研究人员发现，母亲承受过巨大压力的儿童患病风险最大，但即使是适度的压力也会使儿童患病风险增加四倍。专家们认为，还有许多其它因素也会导致精神障碍，包括儿童的成长方式以及他们可能经历的任何创伤。 The Royal College of Psychiatrists said the study showed the importance of ensuring women had access to mental health services during and after pregnancy. It said support in this area had improved in recent years and should continue. 英国皇家精神科医学院表示，这项研究证明了确保女性在怀孕期间和怀孕后获得心理健康服务的重要性。近年来在这方面的支持有所改善，且应该延续下去。 词汇 personality disorder 人格障碍 paranoid 多疑的，偏执的 prolonged 长期的，延续时间久的 pregnancy 怀孕 developing 患（病） exposed to 遭受…… maternal 母亲的 moderate 适度的 trauma 精神、心理创伤 ensuring 确保 mental health services 心理健康服务 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

Should we have zoos? For many of us, our closest encounter with wild animals is at a zoo. These places allow us to observe the behaviours and characteristics of amazing creatures from big cats to tiny amphibians. It's an enjoyable and educational experience for us, but is it the best environment for the animals? 对我们许多人来说，与野生动物最亲密的接触是在动物园。这些地方让我们能够观察到从大型猫科动物到小型两栖动物等神奇生物的行为和特征。对我们来说，这是一次愉快而有教育意义的经历，但这对动物来说是最好的环境吗？ A long time ago, people could only see wild animals as stuffed dead exhibits in a museum. Later, live animals were captured by explorers, brought home and put on show to the public in menageries – animal welfare was not a priority. But modern zoos and wildlife parks have transformed the conditions and environments for animals, making bigger enclosures, removing bars, and, to some extent, mimicking their natural habitats. 很久以前，人们只能在博物馆里看到野生动物标本。后来，探险家将捕获的活动物带回家，在动物园向公众展示，此时动物福利并不被放在首位。但现代动物园和野生动物园已经改变了动物的生存条件和环境，建造了更大的围栏，拆除了栅栏，在某种程度上模仿了它们的自然栖息地。 Some people have questioned the cruelty of keeping animals captive and using them just for entertainment, but zoos are keen to show they are here to help wildlife by educating us about conservation. In the UK, the introduction of The Zoo Licensing Act 1981 also required zoos to educate the public. Well-managed zoos are now also involved in supporting and funding conservation programmes. 有些人质疑圈养动物并仅将其用于娱乐的残忍性，但动物园热衷于通过教育我们保护动物来表明他们在这里帮助野生动物。在英国，1981年《动物园许可法》的出台也要求动物园对公众进行教育。管理良好的动物园现在也参与支持和资助保护计划。 Probably the biggest claim from zoos today is that they help to protect species that are under threat in the wild due to climate change. Robert Young, Chair in Wildlife Conservation at Salford University says: "There are quite a lot of different species around the planet which we wouldn't have today if it wasn't for zoos." Some zoos have captive breeding programmes which help to preserve the future of species that would otherwise face extinction. Actor Leonardo DiCaprio recently praised Chester Zoo in the UK for its conservation work. It brought a "rare fish species back from the dead" after breeding and releasing a school of golden skiffia fish back into their native river. 如今，动物园最大的功劳可能就是帮助保护因气候变化而在野外受到威胁的物种。索尔福德大学野生动物保护系主任罗伯特·扬说：“如果没有动物园，我们今天就不会拥有地球上如此多不同的物种。一些动物园有圈养繁殖计划，这有助于保护那些或将面临灭绝的物种的未来。演员莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥最近称赞了英国切斯特动物园的保护工作。该动物园在繁殖并放生了一群金鲷鱼后，让一种 “稀有鱼类起死回生”，回到了它们的原生河流中。 While the debate about having zoos continues, new opportunities to meet wildlife are being explored, such as using virtual reality, and Jon Coe, a zoo designer, told the BBC: "Taking a walk through a herd of elephants in the Serengeti, I think, is going to be possible pretty soon." 虽然关于动物园的争论仍在继续，但人们正在探索新的机会，比如使用虚拟现实，动物园设计师乔恩·科告诉BBC:“我认为，在塞伦盖蒂的一群大象中散步，很快就会成为可能。” 词汇表 encounter 不期而遇，偶然相遇 creature 动物，生物 big cat 大型猫科动物 amphibian 两栖动物 environment 环境 stuffed （动物）制成标本的 menagerie （供私人收藏或公众观赏的）野生动物园 animal welfare 动物保护 wildlife park 野生动物园 enclosure 围场 natural habitat 自然栖息地 captive 圈养的 conservation （动物）保护 fund 资助 species 物种 in the wild 在野生环境中 breeding （动物）繁殖，饲养 extinction 灭绝 golden skiffia 弗氏斯基法鳉 native 原地的，土生的 herd 兽群 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

How do you vote in a general election? | Newsround The 4th of July is going to be a big day this year because there will be a general election. That's when adults can vote on who they want to be in the UK Parliament, making decisions on how the country is run. Today we're going to look at what voting means and how it takes place. Here's Nina. 今年的 7 月 4 日将是一个重要的日子，因为将举行大选。届时，成年人可以投票决定他们希望谁进入英国议会，从而决定国家的管理方式。今天我们来看看投票意味着什么，以及如何进行。听听妮娜怎么说。 A vote is a choice. When adults get to vote they can choose between different people who will be their Member of Parliament. Now they'll represent or speak for people in that area of the country. But how do people vote? 投票是一种选择。当成年人投票时，他们可以在不同的人之间进行选择，谁将成为他们的国会议员。他们将代表该国该地区的人民或为人们发言。但是人们如何投票呢？ The most popular way to vote is going to a polling station. These are often in places like schools or community centres which for one day are turned into voting places. The voter goes in, gives their name and address and has to show some form of photo ID like a passport or driving licence. They are then given a ballot paper which has the names of all the people who want to be the MP on it. 最常见的投票方式是去投票站。这些地方通常在学校或社区中心等地，这些地方有一天会变成投票场所。选民进去，提供他们的姓名和地址，并必须出示某种形式的带照片的身份证，如护照或驾驶执照。然后给他们一张选票，上面写着所有想成为议员的人的名字。 The voter then goes to a booth to vote. That's because your vote should be yours and yours alone. You don't have to tell anyone what your choice was. They're supposed to show clearly who they want to vote for. They usually do this with a pencil or pen by putting a cross in the box next to the person's name. The cross is for the person you want to win, not the person you want to lose. And then they put their piece of paper in one of these, a ballot box, ready to be counted. 然后，选民前往投票亭投票。这是因为，你的投票应该是你自己的，而且只属于你自己。你不必告诉任何人你的选择。他们应该清楚地表明自己想投给谁。他们通常用铅笔或钢笔在某人姓名旁的方框内打叉。划叉的是你希望获胜的人，而不是你希望失败的人。然后，他们把纸片放进其中一个投票箱，准备计票。 So that's voting in person, but people can also ask in advance for a postal vote. That's when they'll be sent a ballot paper and they can make the vote, often at home, to then be sent off. But they've got to do this before election day, otherwise it won't count. 这就是亲自投票，但人们也可以提前要求邮寄投票。这时，他们会收到一张选票，他们可以进行投票，通常是在家里，然后寄出。但他们必须在选举日之前这样做，否则就不算数。 Finally, there's voting by proxy. That's when you ask someone else to vote for you. So you tell them who you want to vote for and then they go to the polling station and mark the ballot paper for you. Hey Lauren, can you make this vote for me? And also pick up some chocolate on the way back. 最后是代理投票。这是指你请别人代你投票。你告诉他们你想投给谁，然后他们去投票站帮你在选票上做记号。嘿，劳伦，你能帮我投这一票吗？顺便买点巧克力回来 When all the votes are in, they're counted and the person with the most votes becomes the MP for the area. And that's how you vote. Now where's Lauren with my chocolate? 当所有的选票统计完毕，他们就会被计算出来，得票最多的人就会成为该地区的下院议员。这就是投票的方式。劳伦把我的巧克力拿哪去了？ ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

The Secret to Leaving Comments Online Comment sections online should be the beautiful public squares of our democracies: places we navigate to for frank and thoughtful exchanges of ideas; places where we learn to understand each other’s point of view and where serious discussions evolve over time. But, of course, they are havens of the grossest abuse, verbal violence and cruelty. It’s understandable if we sometimes conclude, after time reading comments, that humanity has lost its way. 网上的评论区应该是我们民主国家美丽的公共广场: 我们可以在这里坦诚而深思熟虑地交换意见; 我们可以在这里学习理解彼此的观点，严肃的讨论也会随着时间的推移而发展。但是，当然，他们也是最粗俗的谩骂，言语暴力和残忍的保护区。如果我们有时在阅读评论后得出结论，人类已经迷失了方向，这是可以理解的。 But there’s another explanation: The source of dismissive and rude remarks and frustrating discussions isn’t bad people: it’s that commenting online isn’t something we’re naturally or automatically very good at. It is, however, a learnable skill. In fact, everyone online is almost always trying to do something important, but just going about it in a hugely unfortunate way. 但还有另一种解释:轻蔑、粗鲁的言论和令人沮丧的讨论的根源不在于人坏，而是我们天生或自然而然就不擅长在网上发表评论。然而，这是一种可以学习的技能。事实上，每个上网的人几乎都在试图做一些重要的事情，但只是以一种非常不适宜的方式去做。 So, for example: We want to communicate an urgent, and sometimes well-founded belief that another person is mistaken and what we too quickly say is: You are a fucking idiot who can jerk off with my shit. But what we could learn to say, given that no one ever learns anything under conditions of humiliation, is a more effective: I wonder if you might have missed something that feels important from where I am positioned… 因此，例如：我们想传达一种紧迫的、有时是有根据的信念，而另一个人误解了，我们就破口大骂了起来……。但是，考虑到屈辱人并不能说服别人的情况下，我们可以学着说一句更有效的话：我想知道，从我的角度来看，你是否错过了一些重要的东西...... Or we want to stand up for clarity and common sense by admitting that we didn’t understand something that another person said. And so we say: Wtf motherfucker..But it could be a revolutionary move, with huge influence on the way other people start to think one could and should behave online, to say: I found it at points a little hard to follow your train of thought, yet deeply respect your underlying intentions… 或者，我们没有理解别人所说的话，于是想听更多解释性和常识的话语。于是我们就又爆粗口了。但如果这样说，可能是一个革命性的举动，会对开始意识在网上该有的行为的人产生巨大的影响：我发现有时有点跟不上你的思路，但我非常尊重你的潜在意图...... Or we want to convey immense disappointment, so we say: I used to like what you do; but now I think you’re a phoney and a total fraud. Unsubbed, wanker. But we could say: I’m puzzled because I generally very much admire you and I don’t entirely see the point of what you seem to be doing now. It would be lovely if you could perhaps explain things from your no doubt very legitimate perspective. 或者我们想表达巨大的失望，所以我们说：我曾经喜欢你所做的事情；但现在我认为你是一个骗子，一个彻头彻尾的骗子……但我们可以说：我很困惑，因为我一直非常钦佩你，我不能完全理解你现在所做的事情的意义。如果你能从你那无疑非常合理的角度来解释事情，那就太好了。 Or sometimes, we simply want to exorcise the humiliation that a cold and indifferent world has doled out to us. So, at our keyboard in the middle of the night, with the odd freight train whistling in the darkness outside, we say: Suck it up bitches; bunch of fucking wankers spewing bullshit from your own anuses…When what we could learn to say, from our isolated bedrooms, is: I sometimes feel so sad and so alone… 有时，我们只是想驱除这个冷漠的世界给我们带来的羞辱。所以，当我们半夜坐在键盘前，听着外面黑暗中奇怪的货运列车鸣笛时，我们又忍不住骂了一通……而我们本可以在我们孤立的卧室里学会说的是：我有时感到很悲伤，很孤独…… Let’s remember that no one is ever brutal or cruel online by their ultimate free choice. They are so because they are hurt, damaged, alone and afraid – and because no one has been kind or good to them for a long time. Behind every online outburst, there’s always a complex, painful backstory, which we will mostly never know but which we can be sure is there, and which has made it impossible for the commenter to feel that they can be realistic, reasonable or civil. 让我们记住，没有人自愿在网上变得野蛮或残忍。他们之所以如此，是因为他们受到了伤害、损害、孤独和恐惧--还因为长期以来没有人对他们友善。在每一次网络谩骂的背后，总会有一个复杂而痛苦的背景故事，我们大多永远不会知道，但可以肯定的是，它确实存在，且这个背景使他们呈现不了现实、合理或文明的一面。 People get rude too, because – in their very isolation and powerlessness – it’s impossible for them to believe that others out there could be vulnerable to their insults. Their rudeness is grounded on a disbelief that strangers could take them seriously and might be tipped over into inner collapse, despair and self-hatred because of them. Such is their background feeling of impotence, the troll has forgotten their own power. After spending a while in the comments sections, it can be easy to form the belief that humans have grown into monsters. The good news is that even though comments claim to reflect how the world is, they in fact represent only the fringe views of a tiny percentage. They induct us to forget the vast invisible army of moderate, reasonable, kind, not-terribly-opinionated individuals who are just standing by in silence, as appalled as we are. The world is much saner than it appears. The real achievement would be to build an online world every bit as kind, patient and good as most of us are in our real lives at every moment of every day. ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

How half a degree could change the world forever | BBC Ideas If the temperature outside changes by half a degree, you won't even feel it. Such a small change is almost imperceptible to human senses. But half a degree of global temperature change could be little short of the end of the world we recognise. Or at least the world humanity has inhabited for the last few millennia. In 2015, governments agreed a deal in Paris to stop global warming rising past 2 degrees and to try to keep it below 1.5 degrees. 如果外面的温度变化了半度，你甚至感觉不到。如此微小的变化，人类的感官几乎是察觉不到的。但是，半度的全球温度变化可能与我们认识到的世界末日相差无几。或者至少是人类在过去几千年中居住的世界。2015年，各国政府在巴黎达成了一项协议，以阻止全球变暖超过2度，并试图将其保持在1.5度以下。 So what's in half a degree? At 1.5 degrees, there would still be some precious rainforests, polar bears and coral reefs on planet Earth, albeit seriously diminished. Sea levels would rise, but relatively slowly, so major cities like London, Jakarta and Mumbai have a better chance of continuing life as normal. Drought and flooding would be at a level where food production can keep up with population growth. Millions of extra climate refugees could stay at home and others could avoid starvation. 半度代表什么?在1.5摄氏度的情况下，地球上仍然会有一些珍贵的雨林、北极熊和珊瑚礁，尽管会严重减少。海平面将上升，但相对缓慢，因此像伦敦、雅加达和孟买这样的大城市更有可能继续正常生活。干旱和洪涝将达到粮食生产能够跟上人口增长的水平。数以百万计的额外气候难民可以留在家中，其他人可以避免饥饿。 Getting to this world isn't impossible, it means cutting greenhouse gas emissions by half within a decade and then being carbon neutral by mid-century. So we'd be closing coal power stations instead of building new ones and every car would be electric. We'd be restoring forests instead of cutting them down, and even aircraft would be carbon neutral. It's not impossible, but it is unlikely. 实现这个目标并非不可能，这意味着在十年内将温室气体排放量减少一半，然后在本世纪中叶实现碳中和。因此，我们将关闭燃煤发电站，而不是建造新的发电站，每辆汽车都得是电动的。我们将恢复森林而不是砍伐它们，甚至飞机也将是碳中和的。这不是不可能，但可能性不大。 The fossil fuels lobby is powerful. Some heads of state even deny the reality of climate change. Transforming the global energy system will take time, and trillions of dollars of investment. But it's also an opportunity. So if we're too slow and instead of 1.5, we get the extra half degree - what then? According to the latest IPCC report, in a world two degrees warmer, you'd go diving in the tropical seas but the flourishing coral reefs are gone. Instead, you would likely see a graveyard of rubble and algae. Back on land, heatwaves are becoming increasingly deadly, with approximately 65 million extra people exposed to exceptional heatwaves each year. 化石燃料游说团体势力强大。一些国家元首甚至否认气候变化的现实。改造全球能源系统需要时间和数万亿美元的投资。但这也是一个机会。所以，如果我们太慢了，我们会得到超过1.5度以外的半度——那怎么办？根据IPCC的最新报告，在一个温暖上升2度的世界里，你去热带海域潜水时会发现繁荣的珊瑚礁已经消失了。相反，你可能会看到一片瓦砾和藻类的墓地。回到陆地上，热浪正变得越来越致命，每年约有额外的6500万人将暴露在异常热浪中。 Imagine yourself at the North Pole, but all you see is open water. The polar bears are gone along with the sea ice that used to be their home. You take a boat to the edge of Greenland, but that frozen wasteland is thawing. Huge meltwater rivers thunder into the ocean, where they add to the rising sea levels that are beginning to flood the world's coastlines. Take a trip to Miami, Mumbai or Melbourne and you'll probably need a boat. Faced with the rising seas, 10 million people could be forced to pack up and move. Global harvests would also suffer, and in developing countries especially the number of people experiencing water scarcity doubles. This would be a world of increasing poverty and human misery. 想象你在北极，但你看到的都是开阔的水面。北极熊和曾经是它们家园的海冰一起消失了。你乘船来到格陵兰岛的边缘，但那片冰冻的荒地正在解冻。巨大的融水河流入海洋，加剧了海平面的上升，开始淹没世界海岸线。去迈阿密、孟买或墨尔本旅行，你可能需要一艘船。面对不断上升的海平面，1000万人可能被迫打包行李搬家。全球收成也将受到影响，尤其是在发展中国家，缺水人口数量将增加一倍。这将是一个贫困和人类苦难日益加剧的世界。 All for what? For half a degree. And for a few more years of coal smoke stacks and oil industry profits. The choice is ours, but not for long. Every bit of warming, every year, every choice matters. But like a desert mirage, the 1.5 degree world is receding into the distance with every year we delay. If carbon emissions keep growing for decades to come, then even two degrees looks hopeful. That's a world - a darker world - of flood, fire and conflict that we can barely even imagine. We can still choose that half a degree window between unsettling dream and full-blown nightmare. But it's closing fast. 这一切因为什么？半度，以及再过几年煤烟烟囱和石油工业的利润。选择权在我们手中，但时间不会太长。每一年，每一点变暖，每一个选择都很重要。但就像沙漠中的海市蜃楼一样，随着我们每拖延一年，1.5摄氏度的世界就会逐渐远去。如果碳排放量在未来几十年持续增长，那么即使是2摄氏度看起来很有可能达到。那是一个我们几乎无法想象的充满洪水、火灾和冲突的世界——一个更黑暗的世界。我们仍然可以在令人不安的梦想和全面爆发的噩梦之间选择那半度的窗口。但它正在迅速关闭。 Thanks for watching. Don't forget to subscribe and click the bell to receive notifications for new videos. See you again soon! 感谢观看。别忘了订阅，点击铃铛即可接收新视频通知。再见！ ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

Small, but mighty How cuteness has taken over the world. 萌而强大 可爱文化如何席卷全球 Scroll through any social-media feed, and before long a cute video will appear. Perhaps it shows a giggling baby or a rabbit nibbling strawberries. A red panda might be throwing its paws in the air, like a furry thief being apprehended, or a kitten may sit astride a tiny motorcycle. The supply of these endearing clips is huge. On TikTok there are 65m videos tagged #cute. The demand is even greater: those videos have been viewed more than 625bn times. 浏览任何社交媒体动态，不久就会出现一段可爱的视频。也许它展示了一个咯咯笑的婴儿，或者一只兔子在啃草莓。一只红熊猫可能把爪子抛向空中，就像一个毛茸茸的小偷被逮捕一样，或者一只小猫可能跨坐在一辆小摩托车上。这些可爱的片段供应量巨大。在TikTok上，有6500万个视频被标记为#可爱。需求甚至更大：这些视频的浏览量已超过6250亿次。 Cute things are everywhere, not just online. In Japan—where appreciation for all things kawaii is especially keen—roadblocks come in the form of dolphins, ducks or frogs. Hello Kitty, a cartoon, adorns everything from phone chargers to first-aid kits. In America a puppy has advertised beer, and an endearing gecko helps GEICO sell around $39bn in car insurance a year. In Britain a cartoon koala helps peddle toilet paper. An interest in the adorable has long been derided as girlish and frivolous. But cuteness has recently become a subject of serious inquiry, inspiring scientific research, academic literature—dubbed “Cute Studies”—and a recent book, “Irresistible: How Cuteness Wired our Brains and Conquered the World”. A new exhibition at Somerset House in London (pictured) also examines the ubiquity of cuteness in culture, bringing together art, games and toys. Cuteness “has taken over”, says Claire Catterall, the curator. “It’s infiltrated almost every aspect of our lives.” What do humans consider cute? In the 1940s Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist, found that people are drawn to babies with big eyes, a small nose and mouth and round cheeks, as well as a pudgy body, short arms and legs and a wobbly gait. These traits motivated people to nurture and protect babies, helping ensure their survival. Humans are so drawn to these attributes that cats and dogs may have been bred to emphasise those same features. Cartoon characters have morphed, too. For instance, Mickey Mouse’s arms, legs and nose have shrunk since 1928, while his head and eyes have become larger. A study from 2015 found that participants felt more energetic and positive, and less annoyed, anxious or sad, after watching cat videos. Morten Kringelbach, a neuroscientist at Oxford University, has studied the brain’s rapid reaction to baby faces: the orbitofrontal cortex—a region linked with pleasure, among other things—is activated within a seventh of a second. (Men and women are equally eager to look at adorable infants.) Cuteness is not a new obsession. Japanese artists in the Edo period (between 1603 and 1868) painted puppies or fashioned them out of ivory. Joshua Paul Dale, the author of “Irresistible”, argues that the popularity of Cupids in Renaissance and Rococo art made winged babies “the major expression of cuteness in Western art for three centuries”. Technology has offered new ways to enjoy winsome things. Harry Pointer’s photographs from the 1870s, on display at Somerset House, depict felines in anthropomorphised ways, sitting on tricycles or in prams. As he added amusing captions, he is credited as the inventor of the cat meme. It was in the 20th century that cuteness dug in its tiny claws. Walt Disney brought a parade of wide-eyed creatures to cinemas across the world. (He apparently instructed his animators to “Keep it cute!”) Japanese kawaii culture also went global, with the spread of anime films and manga comic books. After the advent of mass production, cute trinkets and toys became widely available; Sanrio, which owns Hello Kitty, has $3.8bn in sales a year. Then, with the internet, cuteness became available on demand. People could watch and share amusing content of their children or favourite animals at any time—in 2022 more than 90,000 videos of cats were uploaded to YouTube every day. So voracious is the appetite for cute content that in 2014, when Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the world wide web, was asked what surprised him most about internet usage, he replied simply: “Kittens.” Cuteness has real-world uses. Lovot, a doe-eyed companion robot with a button nose, is covered in sensors and responds positively when cuddled. Such innovations may help combat loneliness among the elderly. Policymakers, too, might harness the power of cute to nudge people’s behaviour. Japan’s kawaii barriers are thought to reduce road-rage incidents. Putting images on bins of sea turtles or dolphins trapped in rubbish has been shown to reduce plastic waste. Mr Kringelbach says that cute babies can encourage people to have empathy for demonised groups such as refugees. An appreciation for cute things is a joy in and of itself, but it also “has the potential to change the world”, he argues. How’s that for a cute idea? ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

How bubble tea got its bubbles I'm Neil. And I'm Beth. Are you a tea or coffee drinker, Neil? Well, I usually drink a cup of coffee in the morning. How about you, Beth? Oh, I'm definitely a tea drinker. There's nothing like a good cuppa to start the day. Yes, a cuppa – it's a word in British English meaning a cup of tea, right? But there are many different types of tea. Which tea do you like? Well, I usually drink English Breakfast tea in the morning, then a matcha tea at lunch, and maybe a calming herbal tea before bed. Wow! It sounds like you're a real tea addict, Beth, so you'll love this programme because we're discussing an exciting drink called 'bubble tea'. And, as usual, we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well. 但茶的种类有很多。你喜欢哪种茶？嗯，我通常早上喝英式早餐茶，中午喝抹茶，睡前可能会喝一种安神的花草茶。哇哦，贝丝，听起来你是个真正的茶迷，所以你一定会喜欢这个节目，因为我们将讨论一种叫做 “珍珠奶茶”的令人兴奋的饮料。和往常一样，我们还将学习一些有用的新词汇。 Great. But first, I have a question for you, Neil. Today, British supermarkets sell almost twice as much coffee as tea, and consumer surveys have found that a majority of Brits prefer drinking coffee. So, what proportion of Brits do you think still regularly drink tea? Is it: a) 39% b) 49% or, c) 59%? Well, let me think about that. I'm going to say b) 49%. OK, Neil, I'll reveal the answer at the end of the programme. 好极了但首先，我有个问题要问你，尼尔。如今，英国超市出售的咖啡几乎是茶的两倍，消费者调查发现，大多数英国人更喜欢喝咖啡。那么，您认为有多大比例的英国人仍然经常喝茶呢？是：a) 39% b) 49% 还是 c) 59%？好吧，让我想想。我认为是 b) 49%。好的，尼尔，我会在节目最后揭晓答案。 People have been drinking tea for centuries, but that doesn't mean tea drinking hasn't changed over the years. Here in Britain, new trends such as iced tea and green matcha tea have become as popular as the traditional English cuppa which, as everyone knows, is black tea with a splash of milk. One of the latest tea trends is pearl milk tea, also called bubble tea, but if you've never heard of it, don't worry - here's presenter, Ben Henderson, explaining more for BBC World Service programme, Witness History: For those who don't know, pearl milk tea or bubble tea, is tea usually mixed with milk, crushed ice and filled with its signature chewy tapioca balls. But customers can then add whatever flavours they want. It's innovative and exciting. 人们喝茶已经有几个世纪了，但这并不意味着这些年来喝茶没有改变。在英国，冰茶和青抹茶等新潮流已经像传统的英国茶一样流行，众所周知，英国茶是一种加牛奶的红茶。最新的茶趋势之一是珍珠奶茶，也被称为泡泡茶，但如果你从未听说过，不要担心——这里的主持人本·亨德森为BBC世界服务节目《见证历史》解释了更多内容：对于那些不知道的人来说，珍珠奶茶或泡泡茶是一种通常与牛奶、碎冰混合并填充其标志性的耐嚼木薯球的茶。但顾客可以添加他们想要的任何口味。它是创新和令人兴奋的。 The 'bubbles' in a glass of bubble tea are made from balls of a chewy starch called tapioca. Food which is chewy needs to be chewed a lot before it becomes soft enough to swallow. It's these tapioca balls which give bubble tea its name. You might say they're bubble tea's signature ingredient – they're a special feature for which something is particularly known. For example, paella is the signature dish of Spain. What's more, because tapioca doesn't have a strong taste, different flavours can be added, making bubble tea an innovative, meaning new and original, drink. But it was only when famous international celebrities including basketball player, Michael Jordan, and movie star, Jackie Chan, started visiting his tea shop, that Liu Han-Chieh's bubble tea began a revolution in the tea-drinking world. Here is Liu Han-Chieh telling more to BBC World Service programme, Witness History: Pearl milk tea got huge media coverage and it spread like wildfire. But I always say, we have many other products, and the reason pearl milk tea became so popular was pure luck. It was a miracle. Thanks to its celebrity fans, Liu Han-Chieh's bubble tea became an international bestseller, and news of his exciting new drink spread like wildfire, an idiom meaning it became quickly known by many people. For Liu Han-Chieh it was a miracle, a very lucky event that is surprising and unexpected. It's great to hear about something that gives a modern twist to a drink that's part of a country's traditional culture… Maybe that's what we need here in Britain too. Yes, your question was about the fact that nowadays more people in Britain prefer coffee than tea. I think it's time you revealed the answer. Right. I asked you what percent of Brits still regularly prefer drinking tea over coffee and you said 49 percent, which was… the wrong answer I'm afraid, Neil. In fact, around 59 percent of Brits still regularly drink tea. Maybe it's time for a bubble tea revolution over here! OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned in this programme, starting with cuppa, an informal word in British English for a cup of tea. The word signature describes a special feature for which something is particularly known. If food is chewy it needs to be chewed a lot before it's soft enough to swallow. The adjective innovative means new and original. If something spreads like wildfire, it becomes quickly known by more and more people. And finally, a miracle is a very lucky event that is surprising and unexpected. ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

How to fake confidence The idea that "the bigger you are, the more of a leader you are" seems to permeate everything. It's probably the reason of the fact we have a patriarchal society to this day because men tend to be bigger than women on average. As social animals, we can tell a lot about a person just from the way they look and the way they behave on the surface. “个头越大，就越像领导者”的观念似乎渗透到了一切事物中。这可能就是我们今天的父权制社会的原因，因为男性往往比女性平均高大。作为社会动物，我们可以从一个人的外表和表面行为看出很多东西。 And there are certain characteristics that we tend to associate with leaders, or what we might call "dominant" or "assertive people". For example, the shape of the face: a square chin signifies very strongly that this person is dominant, aggressive, and possibly more competent. If you look for example a lineup of US presidential candidates, you'll find they've all got these square faces. And if you look back in history, you'll find that it's the most square-faced ones that tended to get elected and that seems to be true wherever people elect other people for office. 我们往往会把某些特征与领导者联系起来，或者称之为“支配型”或 “自信型”的人。例如，脸型：方形下巴强烈地表明这个人具有支配力、攻击性，而且可能更有能力。例如，如果你看一下美国总统候选人的阵容，你会发现他们都是这种方脸。如果你回顾历史，你会发现方脸最多的人往往能当选，这似乎在人们选举其他人担任公职的地方都是如此。 If you haven't got those characteristics, naturally, you can go some way towards making people think you have by faking it. So, for example, if you're going into a job interview, just walking with your shoulders back, head up high, make eye contact, very old-fashioned device, but still really effective looks so you own the place and people think you do. 如果你不具备这些特点，自然可以通过伪装让别人觉得你具备这些特点。因此，举个例子，如果你要去求职面试，只要走路时肩膀向后、昂首挺胸、眼神交流，这些是很老套的方法，但仍然非常有效，你有掌控全场的感觉，别人也会认为你是这样的人。 The way you present yourself has a really profound effect on the way you think about yourself and the way you think about other things. If you dress formally, you feel more powerful, more capable of dealing with bigger issues rather than just doing small ones. 你展示自己的方式对你思考自己，以及思考其他事情的方式有着非常深远的影响。如果你穿得正式，你就会觉得自己更强大，更有能力处理大问题，而不仅仅是处理小问题。 Things like gestures are terribly important. The bigger the gesture, the more room, quite literally, you're taking up, and therefore the more people get the idea that you're more powerful. Also, if you see politicians talking or evangelical preachers, for example, you'll see they use this huge expansive hand gestures. That gives the idea the feeling that these are people who are bigger than they probably are. 手势之类的东西非常重要。手势越大，你占据的空间就越大，因此人们就越觉得你更强大。此外，如果你看到政客或福音派传教士说话，你就会发现他们会使用这种巨大的扩张性手势。这给人的感觉是，这些人可能比他们原本还要高大。 The remarkable thing about all this is, after a short while, if you do all these things consistently, you actually become more confident because your brain starts to pick up what your body's doing, so you feel naturally more like a leader. You no longer have to fake it. 这一切的非凡之处在于，过不了多久，如果你坚持做这些事情，你实际上会变得更加自信，因为你的大脑开始捕捉到你的身体在做什么，所以你会自然而然地觉得自己更像一个领导者。你不再需要伪装。 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

Is it bad to be lazy? Would you call yourself lazy? If you live in a messy house and are reluctant to lift a finger to help out, maybe you are. But laziness is a subjective thing – sloppiness to one person might be a form of relaxation to another. And if you can be bothered to read on, you'll see that opinion is divided on whether laziness is a bad thing. 你会觉得自己懒吗？如果你住在一个凌乱的房子里，不愿意伸出一根手指来整理，也许你就是。但懒惰是一件主观的事情——对一个人来说是懒散，对另一个人来说可能是一种放松。如果你愿意继续读下去，你就会发现，对于懒惰是否是一件坏事，人们的看法并不一致。 Generally speaking, we tend to look on our laziness as a negative thing. Inertia, slothfulness, idleness and apathy are used as criticisms and insults against individuals and groups of people. We think of lazy people as unproductive or that they don't really care about things. And when we find ourselves doing nothing, we feel guilty about it. Could this be because we are not instinctively lazy creatures? And is that why we often do things we don't need to do and which are sometimes painful – like running a marathon? Writing for BBC Future, Claudia Hammond explains that "enforced and extended rest, unless we are ill and our bodies demand it, leads not to feelings of being relaxed but of restlessness and irritability." 一般来说，我们往往把自己的懒惰视为负面的东西。惰性、懒惰、无所事事和懈怠被用作对个人和群体的批评和侮辱。我们认为懒惰的人效率低下，或者他们对事情并不上心。当我们发现自己一事无成时，我们会为此感到内疚。难道这是因为我们不是天生懒惰的生物吗？这就是为什么我们经常要做不需要做的事情，而有时会很痛苦的原因吗？--比如跑马拉松？克劳迪娅·哈蒙德在为BBC未来撰写的文章中解释说："除非我们生病了，此时我们的身体需要休息，否则强制的、长时间的休息不会让我们感到放松，反而会让我们感到烦躁不安"。 Others may suggest we are naturally lazy, and that we can't help taking it easy, though it's hard to believe because we're constantly told to do more. But kicking back and living life in the slow lane could be better for our health. A study by psychologist Dr Robert Levine in 1999, for example, concluded that people living in cities with a fast pace of life had the highest rates of coronary heart disease. 其他人可能会认为我们天生懒惰，我们忍不住放松下来，尽管这很难让人相信，因为我们总被告知要做得更多。但是，放松一下并过慢节奏的生活可能对我们的健康更有好处。例如，心理学家罗伯特•莱文博士在1999年进行的一项研究得出结论，生活节奏快的城市居民患冠状动脉疾病的比例最高。 Laziness has also been shown to be good for our mental health, so having a nap or some downtime shouldn't be frowned upon. And there are other possible benefits too. Dr Masud Husain, Professor of Neurology at the University of Oxford, told the BBC: "We found that people who have tended to be more apathetic might in some ways be more creative, so that although they might be a couch potato, they might be coming up with one great idea that might be very interesting and useful." So, in our frenetic lives, maybe we should chill out, get into goblin mode and contemplate the benefits laziness can bring. 事实证明，懒惰对我们的心理健康也有好处，所以小睡一会儿或休息一下也没什么不好。还有其他可能的好处。牛津大学神经学教授 马苏德 · 侯赛博士告诉 BBC："我们发现，往往比较懈怠的人在某些方面可能更有创造力，因此，虽然他们可能是一个懒惰的人，但他们可能会想出一个绝佳的想法，这个想法可能非常有趣和有用。因此，在我们浮躁的生活中，也许我们应该放松一下，进入躺平模式，思考懒惰可能带来的好处。 词汇表 lift a finger 帮忙，尽举手之劳 sloppiness 懒散 relaxation 消遣，放松 laziness 懒惰 inertia 惰性 slothfulness 懒散，懈怠 idleness 懒散，无所事事 apathy 漠不关心，懈怠 unproductive 效率低的，徒劳的 restlessness 焦躁不安 irritability 烦躁，易怒 take it easy 放松，休息 kick back 放松 life in the slow lane 慢半拍的生活 coronary heart disease 冠心病 nap 小睡，打盹 downtime 休养期 apathetic 懈怠的，（对重要事情）无动于衷的 couch potato “沙发土豆”，总看电视的人，懒惰的人 frenetic 极为忙碌的，疯狂的 chill out 放松一下 goblin mode “躺平模式”，心安理得地好吃懒做的行为和生活态度 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

Which foods will survive 2,000 years from now? Imagine for a moment you've travelled 2,000 years into the future. Which human foods do you think would stand the test of time, and would any of it still be edible? To find out, we first need to understand what makes food go off. 想象一下，你已经穿越到了2000年后的未来。你认为哪些人类食物能经得起时间的考验，其中哪些是还可以食用的？要找出答案，我们首先需要了解是什么使食物变质。 Food preservation's main opponent is microbial growth. An expert in food chemistry, Michael Sulu, says most foods spoil for that reason. When things like bacteria, mould and yeast grow on your food, it can become pathogenic, and food causing disease is best avoided! So, how can we limit their growth? 食品保存的主要对手是微生物生长。食品化学专家迈克尔·苏鲁说，大多数食品变质的原因就在于此。当食物上滋生细菌、霉菌和酵母菌时，就会产生致病菌，最好避免食用会致病的食物！那么，我们该如何抑制它们的生长呢？ Microbes love oxygen and water, so the key is to starve them of it. We can do this by drying, salting, chilling, or storing the food in airtight containers. According to Sulu, drying is the most effective because without water, microbes can't multiply. Freezing works in the short-term, but explorers who have found ancient frozen animals initially thought the meat looked edible, but once defrosted, it immediately became putrid, which doesn't sound at all palatable! 微生物喜欢氧气和水，所以关键是让它们缺氧。我们可以通过干燥、腌制、冷藏或将食物储存在密闭容器中来做到这一点。根据苏鲁的说法，干燥是最有效的，因为没有水，微生物就无法繁殖。冷冻在短期内起作用，但发现古代冷冻动物的探险家最初认为这些肉看起来可以食用，但一旦解冻，它就会立即腐烂，这听上去可一点也不美味！ But how can we make our favourite foods longer-lasting if we don't want to dry, salt or freeze them? That's where additives and preservatives come in. These chemicals help to improve the shelf life of our supermarket items, but it means the food becomes ultra-processed. High consumption of ultra-processed food is linked to problems like depression and obesity, according to a review of the research by Pagliai and colleagues in the British Journal of Nutrition. 但是，如果我们不想对食物进行干燥、盐渍或冷冻处理，如何才能让我们喜爱的食物更持久呢？这就需要添加剂和防腐剂了。这些化学物质有助于延长超市食品的保质期，但这也意味着食品会被过度加工。根据帕格里亚伊及其同事在《英国营养学杂志》上发表的研究综述，大量食用超加工食品与抑郁和肥胖等问题有关。 So, what's going to be safe for us to eat in our hypothetical time travel scenario? "I would start off with anything that is vacuum-packed or dried as well," says Sulu. If you can't find any of that, you could go to the Global Seed Vault in Svalbard, Norway, where there are almost one million samples of seeds from all over the world. They're in vaults designed to last forever, buried beneath the Arctic permafrost, so either eat the seeds, or start repopulating the plant world! 那么，在我们假设的时间旅行场景中，我们吃什么是安全的呢？苏鲁说：“我会从任何真空包装或干燥的东西开始。”。如果你找不到这些，你可以去挪威斯瓦尔巴群岛的全球种子库，那里有来自世界各地的近100万个种子样本。它们被设计成永久保存的地下室，埋在北极永久冻土下，所以要么吃掉种子，要么开始在植物界重新繁殖！ 词汇表 stand the test of time 经得起时间的考验 edible 可食用的 go off （食物）变坏 food preservation 食品保存 microbial growth 微生物生长 spoil （食物）变坏，变质 bacteria 细菌 mould 霉菌 yeast 酵母菌 pathogenic 可致病的 salting 用食盐腌制 airtight 密封的 defrost 解冻 putrid 腐烂的，腐坏的 palatable 美味的，可口的 long-lasting 持久的，长期的 additives 添加剂 preservatives 防腐剂 shelf life 保质期 ultra-processed 超加工的 vacuum-packed 真空包装的 permafrost 永冻层，永久冻土 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】