英音听力｜BBC & 经济学人等 - 节目列表

How bubble tea got its bubbles I'm Neil. And I'm Beth. Are you a tea or coffee drinker, Neil? Well, I usually drink a cup of coffee in the morning. How about you, Beth? Oh, I'm definitely a tea drinker. There's nothing like a good cuppa to start the day. Yes, a cuppa – it's a word in British English meaning a cup of tea, right? But there are many different types of tea. Which tea do you like? Well, I usually drink English Breakfast tea in the morning, then a matcha tea at lunch, and maybe a calming herbal tea before bed. Wow! It sounds like you're a real tea addict, Beth, so you'll love this programme because we're discussing an exciting drink called 'bubble tea'. And, as usual, we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well. 但茶的种类有很多。你喜欢哪种茶？嗯，我通常早上喝英式早餐茶，中午喝抹茶，睡前可能会喝一种安神的花草茶。哇哦，贝丝，听起来你是个真正的茶迷，所以你一定会喜欢这个节目，因为我们将讨论一种叫做 “珍珠奶茶”的令人兴奋的饮料。和往常一样，我们还将学习一些有用的新词汇。 Great. But first, I have a question for you, Neil. Today, British supermarkets sell almost twice as much coffee as tea, and consumer surveys have found that a majority of Brits prefer drinking coffee. So, what proportion of Brits do you think still regularly drink tea? Is it: a) 39% b) 49% or, c) 59%? Well, let me think about that. I'm going to say b) 49%. OK, Neil, I'll reveal the answer at the end of the programme. 好极了但首先，我有个问题要问你，尼尔。如今，英国超市出售的咖啡几乎是茶的两倍，消费者调查发现，大多数英国人更喜欢喝咖啡。那么，您认为有多大比例的英国人仍然经常喝茶呢？是：a) 39% b) 49% 还是 c) 59%？好吧，让我想想。我认为是 b) 49%。好的，尼尔，我会在节目最后揭晓答案。 People have been drinking tea for centuries, but that doesn't mean tea drinking hasn't changed over the years. Here in Britain, new trends such as iced tea and green matcha tea have become as popular as the traditional English cuppa which, as everyone knows, is black tea with a splash of milk. One of the latest tea trends is pearl milk tea, also called bubble tea, but if you've never heard of it, don't worry - here's presenter, Ben Henderson, explaining more for BBC World Service programme, Witness History: For those who don't know, pearl milk tea or bubble tea, is tea usually mixed with milk, crushed ice and filled with its signature chewy tapioca balls. But customers can then add whatever flavours they want. It's innovative and exciting. 人们喝茶已经有几个世纪了，但这并不意味着这些年来喝茶没有改变。在英国，冰茶和青抹茶等新潮流已经像传统的英国茶一样流行，众所周知，英国茶是一种加牛奶的红茶。最新的茶趋势之一是珍珠奶茶，也被称为泡泡茶，但如果你从未听说过，不要担心——这里的主持人本·亨德森为BBC世界服务节目《见证历史》解释了更多内容：对于那些不知道的人来说，珍珠奶茶或泡泡茶是一种通常与牛奶、碎冰混合并填充其标志性的耐嚼木薯球的茶。但顾客可以添加他们想要的任何口味。它是创新和令人兴奋的。 The 'bubbles' in a glass of bubble tea are made from balls of a chewy starch called tapioca. Food which is chewy needs to be chewed a lot before it becomes soft enough to swallow. It's these tapioca balls which give bubble tea its name. You might say they're bubble tea's signature ingredient – they're a special feature for which something is particularly known. For example, paella is the signature dish of Spain. What's more, because tapioca doesn't have a strong taste, different flavours can be added, making bubble tea an innovative, meaning new and original, drink. But it was only when famous international celebrities including basketball player, Michael Jordan, and movie star, Jackie Chan, started visiting his tea shop, that Liu Han-Chieh's bubble tea began a revolution in the tea-drinking world. Here is Liu Han-Chieh telling more to BBC World Service programme, Witness History: Pearl milk tea got huge media coverage and it spread like wildfire. But I always say, we have many other products, and the reason pearl milk tea became so popular was pure luck. It was a miracle. Thanks to its celebrity fans, Liu Han-Chieh's bubble tea became an international bestseller, and news of his exciting new drink spread like wildfire, an idiom meaning it became quickly known by many people. For Liu Han-Chieh it was a miracle, a very lucky event that is surprising and unexpected. It's great to hear about something that gives a modern twist to a drink that's part of a country's traditional culture… Maybe that's what we need here in Britain too. Yes, your question was about the fact that nowadays more people in Britain prefer coffee than tea. I think it's time you revealed the answer. Right. I asked you what percent of Brits still regularly prefer drinking tea over coffee and you said 49 percent, which was… the wrong answer I'm afraid, Neil. In fact, around 59 percent of Brits still regularly drink tea. Maybe it's time for a bubble tea revolution over here! OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned in this programme, starting with cuppa, an informal word in British English for a cup of tea. The word signature describes a special feature for which something is particularly known. If food is chewy it needs to be chewed a lot before it's soft enough to swallow. The adjective innovative means new and original. If something spreads like wildfire, it becomes quickly known by more and more people. And finally, a miracle is a very lucky event that is surprising and unexpected. ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

How to fake confidence The idea that "the bigger you are, the more of a leader you are" seems to permeate everything. It's probably the reason of the fact we have a patriarchal society to this day because men tend to be bigger than women on average. As social animals, we can tell a lot about a person just from the way they look and the way they behave on the surface. “个头越大，就越像领导者”的观念似乎渗透到了一切事物中。这可能就是我们今天的父权制社会的原因，因为男性往往比女性平均高大。作为社会动物，我们可以从一个人的外表和表面行为看出很多东西。 And there are certain characteristics that we tend to associate with leaders, or what we might call "dominant" or "assertive people". For example, the shape of the face: a square chin signifies very strongly that this person is dominant, aggressive, and possibly more competent. If you look for example a lineup of US presidential candidates, you'll find they've all got these square faces. And if you look back in history, you'll find that it's the most square-faced ones that tended to get elected and that seems to be true wherever people elect other people for office. 我们往往会把某些特征与领导者联系起来，或者称之为“支配型”或 “自信型”的人。例如，脸型：方形下巴强烈地表明这个人具有支配力、攻击性，而且可能更有能力。例如，如果你看一下美国总统候选人的阵容，你会发现他们都是这种方脸。如果你回顾历史，你会发现方脸最多的人往往能当选，这似乎在人们选举其他人担任公职的地方都是如此。 If you haven't got those characteristics, naturally, you can go some way towards making people think you have by faking it. So, for example, if you're going into a job interview, just walking with your shoulders back, head up high, make eye contact, very old-fashioned device, but still really effective looks so you own the place and people think you do. 如果你不具备这些特点，自然可以通过伪装让别人觉得你具备这些特点。因此，举个例子，如果你要去求职面试，只要走路时肩膀向后、昂首挺胸、眼神交流，这些是很老套的方法，但仍然非常有效，你有掌控全场的感觉，别人也会认为你是这样的人。 The way you present yourself has a really profound effect on the way you think about yourself and the way you think about other things. If you dress formally, you feel more powerful, more capable of dealing with bigger issues rather than just doing small ones. 你展示自己的方式对你思考自己，以及思考其他事情的方式有着非常深远的影响。如果你穿得正式，你就会觉得自己更强大，更有能力处理大问题，而不仅仅是处理小问题。 Things like gestures are terribly important. The bigger the gesture, the more room, quite literally, you're taking up, and therefore the more people get the idea that you're more powerful. Also, if you see politicians talking or evangelical preachers, for example, you'll see they use this huge expansive hand gestures. That gives the idea the feeling that these are people who are bigger than they probably are. 手势之类的东西非常重要。手势越大，你占据的空间就越大，因此人们就越觉得你更强大。此外，如果你看到政客或福音派传教士说话，你就会发现他们会使用这种巨大的扩张性手势。这给人的感觉是，这些人可能比他们原本还要高大。 The remarkable thing about all this is, after a short while, if you do all these things consistently, you actually become more confident because your brain starts to pick up what your body's doing, so you feel naturally more like a leader. You no longer have to fake it. 这一切的非凡之处在于，过不了多久，如果你坚持做这些事情，你实际上会变得更加自信，因为你的大脑开始捕捉到你的身体在做什么，所以你会自然而然地觉得自己更像一个领导者。你不再需要伪装。 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

Is it bad to be lazy? Would you call yourself lazy? If you live in a messy house and are reluctant to lift a finger to help out, maybe you are. But laziness is a subjective thing – sloppiness to one person might be a form of relaxation to another. And if you can be bothered to read on, you'll see that opinion is divided on whether laziness is a bad thing. 你会觉得自己懒吗？如果你住在一个凌乱的房子里，不愿意伸出一根手指来整理，也许你就是。但懒惰是一件主观的事情——对一个人来说是懒散，对另一个人来说可能是一种放松。如果你愿意继续读下去，你就会发现，对于懒惰是否是一件坏事，人们的看法并不一致。 Generally speaking, we tend to look on our laziness as a negative thing. Inertia, slothfulness, idleness and apathy are used as criticisms and insults against individuals and groups of people. We think of lazy people as unproductive or that they don't really care about things. And when we find ourselves doing nothing, we feel guilty about it. Could this be because we are not instinctively lazy creatures? And is that why we often do things we don't need to do and which are sometimes painful – like running a marathon? Writing for BBC Future, Claudia Hammond explains that "enforced and extended rest, unless we are ill and our bodies demand it, leads not to feelings of being relaxed but of restlessness and irritability." 一般来说，我们往往把自己的懒惰视为负面的东西。惰性、懒惰、无所事事和懈怠被用作对个人和群体的批评和侮辱。我们认为懒惰的人效率低下，或者他们对事情并不上心。当我们发现自己一事无成时，我们会为此感到内疚。难道这是因为我们不是天生懒惰的生物吗？这就是为什么我们经常要做不需要做的事情，而有时会很痛苦的原因吗？--比如跑马拉松？克劳迪娅·哈蒙德在为BBC未来撰写的文章中解释说："除非我们生病了，此时我们的身体需要休息，否则强制的、长时间的休息不会让我们感到放松，反而会让我们感到烦躁不安"。 Others may suggest we are naturally lazy, and that we can't help taking it easy, though it's hard to believe because we're constantly told to do more. But kicking back and living life in the slow lane could be better for our health. A study by psychologist Dr Robert Levine in 1999, for example, concluded that people living in cities with a fast pace of life had the highest rates of coronary heart disease. 其他人可能会认为我们天生懒惰，我们忍不住放松下来，尽管这很难让人相信，因为我们总被告知要做得更多。但是，放松一下并过慢节奏的生活可能对我们的健康更有好处。例如，心理学家罗伯特•莱文博士在1999年进行的一项研究得出结论，生活节奏快的城市居民患冠状动脉疾病的比例最高。 Laziness has also been shown to be good for our mental health, so having a nap or some downtime shouldn't be frowned upon. And there are other possible benefits too. Dr Masud Husain, Professor of Neurology at the University of Oxford, told the BBC: "We found that people who have tended to be more apathetic might in some ways be more creative, so that although they might be a couch potato, they might be coming up with one great idea that might be very interesting and useful." So, in our frenetic lives, maybe we should chill out, get into goblin mode and contemplate the benefits laziness can bring. 事实证明，懒惰对我们的心理健康也有好处，所以小睡一会儿或休息一下也没什么不好。还有其他可能的好处。牛津大学神经学教授 马苏德 · 侯赛博士告诉 BBC："我们发现，往往比较懈怠的人在某些方面可能更有创造力，因此，虽然他们可能是一个懒惰的人，但他们可能会想出一个绝佳的想法，这个想法可能非常有趣和有用。因此，在我们浮躁的生活中，也许我们应该放松一下，进入躺平模式，思考懒惰可能带来的好处。 词汇表 lift a finger 帮忙，尽举手之劳 sloppiness 懒散 relaxation 消遣，放松 laziness 懒惰 inertia 惰性 slothfulness 懒散，懈怠 idleness 懒散，无所事事 apathy 漠不关心，懈怠 unproductive 效率低的，徒劳的 restlessness 焦躁不安 irritability 烦躁，易怒 take it easy 放松，休息 kick back 放松 life in the slow lane 慢半拍的生活 coronary heart disease 冠心病 nap 小睡，打盹 downtime 休养期 apathetic 懈怠的，（对重要事情）无动于衷的 couch potato “沙发土豆”，总看电视的人，懒惰的人 frenetic 极为忙碌的，疯狂的 chill out 放松一下 goblin mode “躺平模式”，心安理得地好吃懒做的行为和生活态度 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

Which foods will survive 2,000 years from now? Imagine for a moment you've travelled 2,000 years into the future. Which human foods do you think would stand the test of time, and would any of it still be edible? To find out, we first need to understand what makes food go off. 想象一下，你已经穿越到了2000年后的未来。你认为哪些人类食物能经得起时间的考验，其中哪些是还可以食用的？要找出答案，我们首先需要了解是什么使食物变质。 Food preservation's main opponent is microbial growth. An expert in food chemistry, Michael Sulu, says most foods spoil for that reason. When things like bacteria, mould and yeast grow on your food, it can become pathogenic, and food causing disease is best avoided! So, how can we limit their growth? 食品保存的主要对手是微生物生长。食品化学专家迈克尔·苏鲁说，大多数食品变质的原因就在于此。当食物上滋生细菌、霉菌和酵母菌时，就会产生致病菌，最好避免食用会致病的食物！那么，我们该如何抑制它们的生长呢？ Microbes love oxygen and water, so the key is to starve them of it. We can do this by drying, salting, chilling, or storing the food in airtight containers. According to Sulu, drying is the most effective because without water, microbes can't multiply. Freezing works in the short-term, but explorers who have found ancient frozen animals initially thought the meat looked edible, but once defrosted, it immediately became putrid, which doesn't sound at all palatable! 微生物喜欢氧气和水，所以关键是让它们缺氧。我们可以通过干燥、腌制、冷藏或将食物储存在密闭容器中来做到这一点。根据苏鲁的说法，干燥是最有效的，因为没有水，微生物就无法繁殖。冷冻在短期内起作用，但发现古代冷冻动物的探险家最初认为这些肉看起来可以食用，但一旦解冻，它就会立即腐烂，这听上去可一点也不美味！ But how can we make our favourite foods longer-lasting if we don't want to dry, salt or freeze them? That's where additives and preservatives come in. These chemicals help to improve the shelf life of our supermarket items, but it means the food becomes ultra-processed. High consumption of ultra-processed food is linked to problems like depression and obesity, according to a review of the research by Pagliai and colleagues in the British Journal of Nutrition. 但是，如果我们不想对食物进行干燥、盐渍或冷冻处理，如何才能让我们喜爱的食物更持久呢？这就需要添加剂和防腐剂了。这些化学物质有助于延长超市食品的保质期，但这也意味着食品会被过度加工。根据帕格里亚伊及其同事在《英国营养学杂志》上发表的研究综述，大量食用超加工食品与抑郁和肥胖等问题有关。 So, what's going to be safe for us to eat in our hypothetical time travel scenario? "I would start off with anything that is vacuum-packed or dried as well," says Sulu. If you can't find any of that, you could go to the Global Seed Vault in Svalbard, Norway, where there are almost one million samples of seeds from all over the world. They're in vaults designed to last forever, buried beneath the Arctic permafrost, so either eat the seeds, or start repopulating the plant world! 那么，在我们假设的时间旅行场景中，我们吃什么是安全的呢？苏鲁说：“我会从任何真空包装或干燥的东西开始。”。如果你找不到这些，你可以去挪威斯瓦尔巴群岛的全球种子库，那里有来自世界各地的近100万个种子样本。它们被设计成永久保存的地下室，埋在北极永久冻土下，所以要么吃掉种子，要么开始在植物界重新繁殖！ 词汇表 stand the test of time 经得起时间的考验 edible 可食用的 go off （食物）变坏 food preservation 食品保存 microbial growth 微生物生长 spoil （食物）变坏，变质 bacteria 细菌 mould 霉菌 yeast 酵母菌 pathogenic 可致病的 salting 用食盐腌制 airtight 密封的 defrost 解冻 putrid 腐烂的，腐坏的 palatable 美味的，可口的 long-lasting 持久的，长期的 additives 添加剂 preservatives 防腐剂 shelf life 保质期 ultra-processed 超加工的 vacuum-packed 真空包装的 permafrost 永冻层，永久冻土 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

What is a deepfake? | How does it work, and what can it be used for? Hello everyone. My name is Ricky Bellato. This is the latest deepfake technology that I am showing you. Do you know what a deepfake is? This is not really me. I'm taking a closer look to find out what they are and why someone might want to make one. And this video is not real. First up, let's talk to the BBC's disinformation expert, Marianna Spring. 我叫瑞奇-贝拉托。这是我向大家展示的最新深度伪造技术。你们知道什么是深度伪造吗？这不是真的我。我正在仔细观察，看看它们到底是什么，以及为什么有人想要制作它们。这个视频不是真的。首先，我们来与BBC的虚假信息专家玛丽安娜·斯普林对话。 Thank you so much for chatting to Newsround. You are very busy trying to identify what's real and what isn't. What is a deepfake? Deepfakes are basically any kind of content. So that might be a picture, it might be a video, it might be an audio clip. That has been created using AI technology. And AI stands for artificial intelligence. So it's been created from scratch. It's fake. It's not real. But often these kinds of pictures, videos, clips can be really quite convincing. 非常感谢您接受Newsround的采访。您一直忙于辨别真假。什么是深度伪造？深度伪造基本上是指任何类型的内容。可能是一张图片，可能是一段视频，也可能是一段音频。这些内容都是利用人工智能技术创建的。AI 代表人工智能。所以它是从零开始创建的。它是假的。它不是真实的。但通常这类图片、视频和剪辑都很逼真。 I've come to the University of Southampton to speak to Dr Jennifer Williams. How easy is it to make deepfakes? Well it's becoming a lot easier than it used to be. Nowadays there's a lot of different open source online tools that you can get for free and all you need is an image and a bit of audio and you can create a deepfake. So you've created two deepfakes of me here. Can we listen to this one? Hello, everyone, and welcome. My name is Ricky Bellato. This is the latest deepfake technology that I am showing you. 我来到南安普顿大学是为了与詹妮弗·威廉姆斯博士交谈。制作深度伪造有多容易？好吧，它变得比以前容易得多。如今，您可以免费获得许多不同的开源在线工具，您只需要一张图像和一点音频，就可以创建一个深度伪造。所以你在这里创造了我的两个深度伪造。我们可以听这个吗？大家好，欢迎。我叫瑞奇·贝拉托。这是我向你展示的最新深度伪造技术。 So it sounds like me. I can see some of the movements on the face of repetitive, hasn't quite pronounced my name properly. But this is something that was created within a few minutes. It's actually quite good, isn't it? It used to be that we needed hours of your voice in order to create a clone. But nowadays, because the advances in artificial intelligence, we only need about 10 seconds. So how does it work? How do you turn a picture of me into a talking video that even sounds like me? So there's actually two parts to making a deepfake like this. One is dealing with the image of your face and the other is dealing with your voice. So why are there all these different triangles and squares on my face? So this shows how we're going to take your photo and make it come to life. The first thing we want to do is identify your facial landmarks. So this includes things like your eyebrows, your eyes, your nose and your mouth. The artificial intelligence system then generates all the different types of ways that your face can move left and right, up and down. And then it picks the best one to match the audio. This is not really me. So Ricky, I wanted to show you a deepfake of myself that I made using the same technology that we deepfaked you with. Okay, let's have a look. Hello, I am not Jennifer Williams and this video is not real. I mean, some videos don't look quite right. I mean, you sound like you, but you certainly look a bit strange, if you don't mind me saying, and you don't look like that in real life. What's going on here? So you saw the way my face had some glitches as I was turning my chin from left to right. And then the way my eyes are looking at the camera, this eye's looking at the camera, but this eye's not. And this video is not real. Why would someone want to create a deepfake? So it tends to be used in political situations often, so maybe it's a president or a prime minister or a mayor and they might be deepfaked so that they say something or do something that the people that don't like them would want them to be caught saying or doing. When it comes to world leaders saying things or doing things that they never said, that is a problem because we've got lots of elections, we've got lots of stuff going on all across the world and It can affect how people vote or what they decide when it comes to elections and just what people think about different political leaders based on something that's not true rather than the evidence and the facts. But there are also some benefits to deepfake tech. So if someone has lost their voice due to a disability, we might want to recreate their voice and we can give them their voice back using the same technology that creates deepfakes. And this video is not real. Creating a good deepfake is a complex and challenging process that often requires advanced technical skill. But free apps and websites are getting better all the time. The worry is that in the wrong hands, these videos could spread information that's not true and harmful. ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

Ozone hole: Why Antarctic wildlife is being 'sunburnt' 臭氧层空洞：为什么南极动植物被 “晒伤” 了？ The ozone layer is healing, but it'll take until about the end of the century to restore completely. In Antarctica, the ozone layer is broken down by chemical reactions in very cold, high atmospheric clouds. 臭氧层正在 “愈合”，但大约要到本世纪末才能完全恢复到之前的水平。在南极地区上空非常寒冷的高空大气云层的作用下，臭氧层被消耗，导致 “破洞”。 That loss of protective gas and resulting hole used to peak in September or October when plants and animals are tucked under winter snow and marine animals are protected by sea ice. But it's now lingering well into the Antarctic summer. 保护气体的流失和由此产生的 “破洞” 曾在9月或10月期间最为严重，不过那时动植物被冬雪覆盖，海洋动物也有海冰遮盖受到保护。但现在，臭氧层出现最大面积空洞这一现象已经持续到了南极的夏季。 Researchers say that's been driven in part by smoke from the Australian wildfires in 2019 and 2020, which were themselves fuelled by climate change. 研究人员们说，这在一定程度上是由 2019 年和 2020 年澳大利亚野火产生的烟雾造成的，而这两场野火本身就是气候变化的产物。 They found evidence of Antarctic plants putting more effort into synthesising protective sunscreen compounds and krill, marine crustaceans that are the foundation of the food chain in Antarctica, moving deeper into the ocean to avoid ultraviolet rays. While seals and penguins are covered by protective fur and feathers, the scientists say exposure to harmful rays could damage their eyesight. 他们发现有证据表明，南极植物正在把更多的能量用于合成起保护作用的防晒化合物，而磷虾，即南极洲食物链基层的海洋甲壳类动物，正在向海洋深处移动，以躲避紫外线照射。虽然海豹和企鹅的身上覆盖着起保护作用的皮毛和羽毛，但科学家们表示，阳光中的紫外线可能会损害它们的视力。 词汇表 peak 达到峰值，达到最高水平 tucked under 藏在…之下 lingering 迟迟不去的，停留 well into 直到…很久 synthesising 合成 krill 磷虾 crustaceans 甲壳动物 ultraviolet rays 紫外线 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

How to work with someone you hate | BBC Ideas I remember once working with a woman who found it really frustrating that someone in her office loudly ate rice around lunchtime every day and her metal fork would constantly be hitting against the bowl. And she was so annoyed by it that she was actually going to go out and buy a wooden fork for this person. When you think we spend half our waking life at work if there's someone who really gets under your skin, it's crucial to cross that divide. 我记得有一次和一位女士共事，她发现办公室里有人每天午餐时间都大声地吃米饭，她的金属叉子会不停地敲打碗，这让她非常沮丧。她为此非常恼火，甚至打算出去给这个人买一把木叉子。想想看，我们有一半的时间是在工作中度过的，如果有人真的让你很不爽，那么跨越这个鸿沟是至关重要的。 We've probably all worked with people we don't like but really? You hate them, you actually hate them? That takes an enormous amount of energy and it makes little or no difference to them. If they've really done something totally illegal or horrendous, there's probably much better remedies for it. 我们可能都与自己不喜欢的人共事过，但真的吗？你讨厌他们，你真的讨厌他们？这需要耗费巨大的精力，而且对他们几乎没有任何影响。如果他们真的做了完全违法或令人发指的事情，可能会有更好的解决办法。 Tip 1: Face the problem 直面问题 Most of the time we find that people want to avoid having a conversation with the other person because they dislike them, but if you don't talk about it, it won't get better by itself. So some people try to put it off and develop coping mechanisms but it rarely makes the situation much better and soon it's years down the line and you're still in the same boat, hating this person. It doesn't have to be like this. A bit of short-term pain, i. e. a difficult but open and honest conversation with the person you dislike, can bring a long-term gain. 我们发现，大多数时候，人们因为不喜欢对方而想避免与对方对话，但如果你不谈论这个问题，情况就不会自己好转。因此，有些人试图拖延时间，建立应对机制，但这很少能让情况好转，很快几年过去了，你仍然面临同样的问题，讨厌这个人。其实不必这样。短期的痛苦，即与你讨厌的人进行一次艰难但坦诚的谈话，可以带来长期的收获。 Tip 2: Check your personal narrative 检查你的自我陈述 We get people telling us we're intimidating when we think we're really cuddly or telling us that we're shy when we consider ourselves thoughtful and serious. So think about what you give off to other people. Here's Ali. He's very bright. He's quite young, he's very highly educated. He's just got a great job so he's sent to a conference and because, as well as being bright, he's rather modest he decides that he'll keep quiet, pretty much, and he'll just observe what's going on and listen to people who are more experienced. 当我们认为自己很可爱时，别人却说我们很吓人；当我们认为自己很体贴、很严肃时，别人却说我们很害羞。所以，想想你给别人留下了什么印象吧。这是阿里。他非常聪明。他很年轻，受过高等教育。他刚找到一份很好的工作，所以被派去参加一个会议，因为他很聪明，也很谦虚，所以他决定保持沉默，他只是观察正在发生的事情，倾听那些更有经验的人的意见。 The people around him who have heard how bright he is and how well-educated see him being a bit restrained and a bit withheld and start to think, "He's a bit aloof." "He doesn't rate us." "He thinks he's too good for us." And so they start to freeze him out. We end up with a situation where everybody's misunderstanding each other and nobody is getting the benefit of their different abilities and experiences. 他身边的人听说他有多聪明，受过多好的教育，看到他有点克制，有点含蓄，开始认为，“他有点冷漠。”“他不评价我们。”“他觉得我们配不上他。”于是他们开始冷落他。我们最终会陷入这样一种境地：每个人都误解了彼此，没有人能从他们不同的能力和经验中获益。 Tip 3: Get their perspective. 理解他们的观点 Ask questions and seek to understand the other person's viewpoint. Then show them you've understood their viewpoint by summarising back to them what they have said — an incredibly powerful little tool for building rapport. Too often, people just try to persuade others of their case but if you show that you're open to listening to the other person and genuinely want to understand where they're coming from, you'll have a much more constructive conversation. 问问题，试图理解对方的观点。然后通过总结他们所说的话来表明你已经理解了他们的观点——这是建立融洽关系的一个非常强大的小工具。很多时候，人们只是试图说服别人相信他们的观点，但如果你表现出你愿意倾听对方的意见，并真诚地想了解他们的想法，你会进行更有建设性的对话。 I remember once in a mediation where one person shouted at the other "You're a pathological liar!" Now I don't have a problem with someone saying that if that's how they feel but I do actually with how it's worded. If you tell someone they're a liar, they'll automatically disagree. We all would. But if you calmly point out that on this occasion and this occasion they have lied to you, you can have a conversation about it without them getting as defensive. 我记得在一次调解中，一个人对另一个人大喊:“你是个病态的骗子!”我不介意有人这么说，如果这是他们的感受的话，但我对他们的措辞有意见。如果你说某人说谎，他们自然会不同意。我们都会如此。但如果你冷静地指出是在这种情况下，并在这种情况下，他们对你撒了谎，你就可以就此展开谈话，而不会让他们变得那么有戒心。 It's probably not personal. Remember that you don't have to learn to like the person that you're in conflict with — you just have to work with them. Be willing to challenge your assumptions and then learn from that. Welcome others' ideas and approaches. Be yourself, be open, be honest about your own strengths and contributions. The really great thing is if you're doing those things, not only does it diminish that feeling of dislike and make you better at working with people, but you might actually get to enjoy working with them. 这很可能不是针对你个人。记住，你不必学着去喜欢与你有冲突的人——你只需要与他们合作。要愿意推翻自己的臆断，然后从中学习。欢迎其他人的想法和方法。做你自己，敞开心扉，坦诚地对待自己的长处和贡献。最重要的是，如果你做到了这些，不仅会减少厌恶的感觉，使你更善于与人共事，而且你可能真的会喜欢上与人共事。 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Phil. And I'm Beth. Phil, I'm going to start this episode with grapefruit - I've got some here - do you want some? Er, I'm not that keen on grapefruit - they're too bitter for me. Oh, that's a shame, because this episode is all about bitter food. It has actually been linked to a number of health benefits. So maybe you should take my grapefruit. 这一期我要从葡萄柚开始——我这里有一些——你想要一些吗？呃，我不太喜欢葡萄柚——它们对我来说太苦了。哦，那真是太可惜了，因为这一期都是关于苦味食物的。它实际上与许多健康益处有关。所以也许你应该吃我的葡萄柚。 I might not like it that much, but in this programme, we'll be finding out how bitter foods can benefit our health. And, of course, we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary. That should give you a taste of what's coming up, but before that, if you want to learn vocabulary to talk about world events - search for our News Review podcast - we look at vocabulary about a major news story every week. But, back to this episode - I have a question for you, Phil. How many different basic flavours can humans taste? Is it: a) 4? b) 5? or, c) 6? Hmmm, I can think of bitter, sweet, salty and sour - so I'm going to go with four. I think we can taste 4 basic flavours. OK, Phil, I'll reveal the correct answer later. Leyla Kazim presents 'The Food Programme' on BBC Radio 4. Here she is talking about some of the possible benefits of bitter food. New research has found a remarkable link between bitter foods and our health. It seems they have an incredible ability to interact with our gut microbiome, suppress feelings of hunger, control glucose release and even counter chronic inflammation in the body. Could bitter be the answer at the tip of our tastebuds? Bitter foods can interact with our gut microbiome. A microbiome is a collection of microorganisms that can be found in a particular part of the body. It includes fungi, bacteria and viruses. Microorganisms in our gut play an important role in the digestive process - they are our gut microbiome. If we suppress something then we stop it from happening or operating. We heard that bitter foods can suppress hunger feelings. This means that they stop people feeling hungry. If we try to suppress a feeling, we are trying to stop it. Leyla asks if bitter foods are the answer at the tip of our tastebuds. Normally we'd say that something that we can't quite remember is on tip of our tongue. Here we have tastebuds, which are the receptors on our tongue and inside our mouths that can detect flavours, like bitterness. So, it seems that bitter foods could be very beneficial, but they are not always the easiest foods to love. In BBC Radio 4's 'The Food Programme', presenter Leyla Kazim spoke to chef Alexina Anatole, who points out that we might be consuming more bitter food than we realise: I think it's a real perception issue with it. I think people are exposed to bitters way more than they think they are, but there's this perception of bitter and negativity, both in terms of emotions and food, right? Bitterness is generally an undesirable trait, but there are so many very very mainstream bitter things. Such as? Chocolate, coffee, alcohol, any alcohol has a degree of bitterness to it. Alexina says that many people see bitterness as an undesirable trait. A trait is a characteristic, so an undesirable trait is a characteristic that people don't want. We often see bitterness as a bad thing. We also often use undesirable traits to refer to negative aspects of people's personalities. Alexina points out that there are a number of mainstream things that have a bitter flavour. If something is mainstream, then it means it's ordinary and part of what most people consume - she listed chocolate and coffee as mainstream things. The other mainstream thing mentioned was alcohol - we heard that it has a degree of bitterness. If something has a degree of something, then it has at least a small, but noticeable amount of it. OK, now I think it's time to hear to the answer to your question. Right, I asked how many basic flavours humans can taste. And I guessed it was four. Which, unfortunately was not the right answer. The answer is in fact five. The flavour that you missed is umami, which comes from a Japanese word and refers to a savoury flavour often found in grilled meats or broths. OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned, starting with, microbiome, the collection of microorganisms found in a specific part of the body. Suppress means prevent from operating or happening. Tastebuds are the receptors found on in the tongue and in the mouth that sense flavours. An undesirable trait is a negative characteristic that we don't want. If something is mainstream, then it is something that most people would use. It's not unusual. And finally, a degree of something is a small, but noticeable amount of something. Once again, our six minutes are up! Remember to join us again next time for more topical discussion and useful vocabulary, here at 6 Minute English. ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

Culture World in a dish Coming in hot 文艺版块 盘中世界 热辣而来 How the once-derided chilli pepper revolutionised Chinese palates. 曾经受到嘲讽的辣椒如何彻底改变了中国人的口味。 Tianshui, a city tucked away in China's north-western hills, does not normally make headline news. But a fiery soup that owes its unique flavour to locally grown Gangu chillies has lit up the internet. Since March, the hashtag#TianshuiMalatang, referring to a popular type of street food, has racked up more than 140m views on Weibo, a social-media platform. Millions have flocked to the city to try it themselves. Increasingly the Chinese palette is craving spice. Last year Meituan, China's biggest food-delivery app, reported that nearly 80% of restaurants now offer spicy fare, a taste known as la in Chinese. 天水，一个位于中国西北山区的城市，通常不会成为头条新闻。但是，一种因当地种植的甘谷辣椒而具有独特风味的辣味汤点燃了互联网。自今年3月以来，在社交媒体平台新浪微博上，“天水麻辣烫”(指的是一种流行的街头小吃)话题标签已获得超过1.4亿浏览量。数百万人涌入这座城市亲自品尝。越来越多的中国味蕾渴望尝到辣味。中国最大的外卖app美团去年报告称，近八成的餐厅现在提供辣味饭菜，这种味道用中文表示为“辣”。 Look back a few hundred years, though, and chillies were nowhere to be found. Unlike ginger and Sichuan peppers, which are native to the region and widely used, chilli peppers were brought to China from the Americas by Portuguese and Dutch explorers only in the 16th century. At first, nobody ate them. For at least 50 years, they were grown as decorative plants, prized for their cheerfully bright colour and tiny white flowers, and occasionally used as medicinal herbs. 然而，回顾几百年前，辣椒无处可寻。生姜和花椒是本土植物，使用广泛，辣椒与它们不同，辣椒是在16世纪才由葡萄牙和荷兰探险家从美洲带到中国。起初，没有人吃辣椒，至少50年来，它们被当作装饰性植物种植，因其鲜艳的颜色和小巧的白色花朵而备受珍视，偶尔被用作草药。 During China's last imperial period, a stringent system that taxed salt forced peasants in Guizhou province to look for an alternative to the condiment. They chose chillies, which produce several crops a year and take up little land. From there, a new flavour was unlocked. The pepper steadily spread to other rural regions of China, but its pungent, overpowering flavour barred it from getting near the tables of imperial or upper-class families. 在中国最后一个皇朝时期，严格的盐税制度迫使费州省的农民寻找盐的替代品。他们选择了辣椒，辣椒一年可多次收获，而且只占用很少的土地。从此，一种新的味道被解锁。辣椒逐渐传播到中国其他农村地区，但它辛辣、强烈的味道使它无法接近皇室或上流家族的餐桌。 For a long time, la was used to describe vicious-natured people, and the few urbanites who enjoyed chillies did not trumpet their taste. But the Communist revolution revolutionised the kitchen. The chefs of nobles were out of favour, and their traditions discontinued. The new leader, Mao Zedong, was the son of a peasant and a fan of chillies. Mao made Russian envoys eat sweat-inducing dishes and laughed when they could not handle the heat. "You can't be a revolutionary if you don't eat chillies," he said. What was once a poor man's food became a symbol of China's working class. 在很长一段时间里，“辣”被用来形容心狠手辣的人，少数喜欢吃辣椒的城里人也不会宣扬他们的口味。但共产主义革命也带来了厨房的革命。贵族的厨师不再受欢迎，他们的传统也中断了。新的领导人毛主席是农民的儿子，也很爱吃辣椒。毛主席让苏联特使吃让人冒汗的菜肴，当他们受不了辣时，他笑了起来。“不能吃辣椒就是不能革命哩。”他说。曾经的穷人的食物变成了中国工人阶级的象征。 Industrialisation after Mao created the largest migration in human history. Hundreds of millions of migrants poured into big cities, bringing with them the spicy flavours of home. Chillies are now incorporated into street food, fine dining and snacks in regions with little tradition of heat. Cao Yu, a food writer and author of "The History of Eating La", argues that part of the chilli's charm also comes from its social function. "If we've had spicy food together, we've endured pain together," he says. "It's just like drinking, it brings us closer to one another. 毛主席之后的工业化创造了人类历史上最大规模的移民。数百万农民工涌入大城市，也带来了家乡的辣味。如今，在没有什么吃辣传统的地区，辣椒已进入街头小吃、精致餐饮和零食中。美食作家曹雨写了《中国食辣史》，他认为，辣椒的部分魅力来自它的社会功能。“如果我们一起吃了辛辣的食物，那么我们就一起忍受了痛苦，"他说，“这就像喝酒，吃辣让我们彼此更亲近。” ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

Venice to charge day trippers to enter city 威尼斯向一日游游客收 “进城费” Venice is a fragile jewel faced with rising sea levels from climate change and mass tourism. Of the estimated 30 million visitors a year, around two thirds are day trippers, placing sites under huge strain. 威尼斯就像一颗脆弱的宝石，一方面面临着气候变化导致海平面上升的威胁，同时也需要应对大量游客带来的挑战。每年约有3000万名游客访问威尼斯，约三分之二是当天往返的一日游游客，这给威尼斯带来了游客大批涌入的巨大压力。 Now they'll have to pay €5 to enter the city in a trial scheme in place on specific days over the next few months. The aim, say the authorities, is to discourage crowds descending at certain times, adding that the plan, the first such one in the world, could be extended in duration and price. Critics say the ticket is a minimal cost that will not address Venice's fundamental problems. 现在一项试行方案规定，在未来几个月的特定旅游高峰日，一日游游客们必须支付5欧元才能进城观光。威尼斯官方表示，这样做的目的是阻止人群在特定日子大批涌入威尼斯，并补充说，作为世界上首个推行 “进城费” 的方案，试行收费的时间可能会延长，价格也可能会上调。反对 “进城费” 方案的人说，收费很低，无法解决威尼斯面临的根本问题。 Other cities facing similar overtourism challenges will be watching closely to see if it works. 其它面临类似客流量过大问题的城市将密切关注该试行方案，看它是否奏效。 词汇表 fragile 脆弱的 jewel 宝石，比喻威尼斯 “精美绝伦，独一无二” mass tourism （尤指游客数量多的）大众旅游 day trippers 一日游游客 trial scheme 试行方案 discourage 阻止，为…设置障碍 descending 涌入 critics 批评者，反对者 minimal cost 极低的费用 fundamental problems 根本问题 overtourism “过度旅游”，指游客数量过多 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

The perfect assistance dog 一只合格的协助犬应具备哪些能力？ Dogs are in high demand as pets. In fact, 36% of households in the UK own one, according to the UK Pet Food survey 2024. Our canine pals can be cute, cuddly and loyal friends. But, for many owners, dogs are much more than this – they are a lifeline. 作为宠物，狗很受欢迎。事实上，根据2024年英国宠物食品调查，36% 的英国家庭拥有宠物。我们的狗狗朋友可以是可爱的，惹人爱的和忠诚的朋友。但是，对于许多主人来说，狗远不止如此——他们是一条生命线。 Assistance dogs provide essential support, increased independence and companionship for disabled people and people with medical conditions – they have even saved lives. There are many different types of assistance dogs out there, from hearing dogs to autism dogs to guide dogs. But what makes the perfect assistance dog? 协助犬为残疾人和患有疾病的人提供必要的支持、增强的独立性和陪伴——它们甚至挽救了生命。协助犬有许多不同类型，从助听犬到自闭症犬再到导盲犬。但是什么造就了完美的协助犬呢？ Common assistance dog breeds are Labrador retrievers, golden retrievers and German shepherds. The most common guide dog in the UK is the golden retriever-Labrador cross, which, according to the Guide Dogs National Centre, has a 'combination of desirable traits'. Guide dogs need to be able to lead a blind or visually impaired person outside and inside, while avoiding distractions and recognising and avoiding obstacles such as changes in elevation, like tree roots, curbs and stairs. With that in mind, training puppies is essential. 常见的辅助犬种有拉布拉多寻回犬、金毛寻回犬和德国牧羊犬。英国最常见的导盲犬是金毛寻回犬-拉布拉多杂交犬，根据导盲犬国家中心的说法，它具有“理想特征的组合”。导盲犬需要能够带领盲人或视障人士进出，同时避免分心，识别并避免障碍物，如树根、路缘石和楼梯等海拔变化。考虑到这一点，训练小狗是至关重要的。 The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association trains puppies using positive reinforcement, rewarding good behaviour with food, praise and affection. When it comes to hearing dogs, a very important part of their training is sound awareness – alerting their deaf partner to sounds they would otherwise miss, for example a smoke alarm, an alarm clock or a crying baby. Katie Grundy, a puppy trainer at the charity Hearing Dogs for Deaf People, teaches puppies targeting, a technique where the dogs touch a target, like a hand, with their nose for a treat. This teaches hearing dogs how to notify their partner when a sound goes off. 盲人导盲犬协会使用积极强化来训练幼犬，用食物、表扬和关爱来奖励良好的行为。当谈到助听犬时，他们训练的一个非常重要的部分是声音意识——提醒他们的聋人伴侣注意他们本来会错过的声音，例如烟雾报警器、闹钟或哭泣的婴儿。凯蒂·格伦迪是慈善机构“聋人助听犬”的幼犬训练师，她教小狗瞄准，这是一种让狗用鼻子触摸目标（相当于手）的技术。这教助听犬如何在声音响起时通知他们的伴侣。 At the end of training, not all pups qualify, but they are put up for adoption and, of course, make excellent lovable pets. 在训练结束时，并非所有幼犬都符合条件，但它们会被收养，当然，它们会成为非常可爱的宠物。 词汇表 lifeline 生命线 assistance dog 协助犬 independence 独立 companionship 陪伴，友谊 disabled 残疾的 medical condition 疾病 save lives 救命 hearing dog 助听犬 autism dog 协助自闭症人士的服务犬 guide dog 导盲犬 lead 引导 blind 失明的 visually impaired 视力受损的 obstacle 障碍 puppy 小狗 positive reinforcement 正向强化（奖励或积极回应良好行为的训练方法） sound awareness 声音感知 alert 提示，提醒 deaf 失聪的，听不见的 targeting （动物）通过碰触特定目标物得到奖励 treat 奖励或训练狗的食物，零食 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

Eurovision 2024: What happened at the world's biggest song contest? In many ways it was classic Eurovision. Plenty of cheesy pop music, some shall we say quirkier sounds and of course a huge dramatic ballad or two. 从很多方面来说，这都是一场经典的欧洲歌唱大赛。有很多俗气的流行音乐，一些我们应该说怪异的声音，当然还有一两首戏剧性的民谣。 This year, the focus wasn't entirely on what happened on the stage, though. Several people protested over Israel's participation and didn't want them to be in the competition because of the Israeli government's actions in the war in Gaza. 不过，今年的焦点并不完全集中在舞台上发生的事情上。一些人抗议以色列的参与，因为以色列政府在加沙战争中的行动，他们不希望他们参加比赛。 The 20-year-old singer Eden Golan received a mixture of boos and cheers, but Israel's song performed well in the public vote, with many countries, including the UK, giving them top marks, 12 points. For the UK, it wasn't quite nil-poi, which means zero points, but Olly Alexander's song Dizzy was only saved from last place by the jury vote, finishing in 18th place out of 25 songs. 20岁的歌手Eden Golan受到了嘘声和欢呼声交织，但以色列的歌曲在公众投票中表现良好，包括英国在内的许多国家都给了他们12分的高分。对于英国来说，这并不完全是零分，这意味着零分，但是Olly Alexander的歌曲《 Dizzy 》只是从最后一名被评委投票保存下来，在25首歌曲中排名第18位。 But it was Switzerland's Nemo who claimed the 2024 title with the hip-hop-opera mash-up The Code. He's done it! Switzerland! Their win means Switzerland will host next year's competition. 但是，瑞士的尼莫（Nemo）凭借嘻哈与歌剧的混搭作品《The Code》夺得了 2024 年的冠军。他成功了！瑞士！他们的胜利意味着瑞士将主办明年的比赛。 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】