Ep37 孔子是一个礼仪天才
道可道 This is The Way
本期节目,我们有幸邀请到研究早期中国思想的顶尖学者齐思敏教授(Prof Mark Csikszentmihalyi)*。他的新书Confucius: A New Tradition (Reaktion Books, 2026) 称孔子是一个「礼仪天才」。我们着重讨论了《论语·乡党》关于孔子参与傩礼时怎么穿衣、怎么喝酒,他怎么面对马厩失火,以及历代鬼神观念的变迁的记录。
由此我们聊到了一些根本性的哲学问题:礼仪专长包括什么?这种智慧是天生的吗?衣着举止为什么是个道德问题?两千多年来,历代传记与注疏为什么需要不断重塑孔子的形象, 「发明」一个符合自己需要「新的」孔子?
*Professor of East Asian Languages and Cultures and Eliaser Chair of International Studies at the University of California, Berkeley
Haihunhou Tomb 海昏侯墓,出土了镜架上现存最早的孔子传记(上方图片即为该镜架,摄于南昌汉代海昏侯国遗址博物馆)
时间轴
0:00 Part I – 聊了聊Richard和一大家子人的中韩之旅
10:21 今日话题的引子:作为礼仪模范的孔子Confucius as ritual exemplar
12:34 Part II -- Confucius as a ritual prodigy
12:37 嘉宾介绍及其研究:齐思敏论历史中的孔子 Introducing our guest and his work: Mark Csikszentmihalyi on Confucius in history
25:34 关于《论语·乡党》
28:27 1st passage: 孔子的穿着方式 Confucius's style of dress
38:16传统儒家礼仪的严格与灵活The strictness and flexibility of traditional Confucian rituals
43:37儒家礼仪表达和促进「敬」的多种方式The many ways that Confucian rituals express and promote respect
54:22 2nd passage: 孔子在乡饮酒礼与傩礼中的表现Confucius at drinking events and exorcisms
56:44 儒家礼仪基础的历史演变——「事鬼神」与「养德」之辨 Changing historical views on the basis of Confucian rituals -- "spirit work" vs. cultivating virtuous attitudes
1:04:09 以传记调和关于历史人物的矛盾叙述Using biographies to reconcile competing accounts of an historical figure
1:09:05 对传统儒家而言,「礼仪天才」是否真的可能存在?For traditional Confucians, can there even be "ritual prodigies"?
1:17:07 3rd passage: 马厩失火 The barn's on fire!
1:20:01 其中隐含的人与动物福祉之别The implicit view about human vs. animal welfare
1:23:56 孔子先问人,是在践行礼之恰当吗?Is Confucius practicing ritual propriety by asking about the people first?
1:27:26 对嘉宾的结束提问Closing questions for our guest
重点讨论段落
First passage: Confucius’s style of dress (Analects 10.6)
君子不以绀緅饰。红紫不以为亵服。当暑,袗絺绤,必表而出之。缁衣羔裘,素衣麑裘,黄衣狐裘。亵裘长。短右袂。必有寝衣,长一身有半。狐貉之厚以居。去丧,无所不佩。非帷裳,必杀之。羔裘玄冠不以吊。吉月,必朝服而朝。
(Robert Eno’s translation, in The Analects of Confucius, freely available online)
Second passage: Confucius at drinking events and exorcisms (Analects 10.10-10.11)
乡人饮酒,杖者出,斯出矣。乡人傩,朝服而立于阼阶。
(Robert Eno’s translation, The Analects of Confucius)
Third passage: The barn’s on fire! (Analects 10.12)
厩焚。子退朝,曰:「伤人乎?」不问马。
(Robert Eno’s translation, The Analects of Confucius)
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其他参考资料
Mark Csikszentmihalyi (our guest) 齐思敏(本期嘉宾)
Mark Csikszentmihalyi, Confucius: A New Tradition
People and destinations from Richard’s journey: Yonsei University, Ewha Women’s University, Sogang University, Halla Kim, Shandong Province, Xintai (City) 新泰市, Mount Tai 泰山
Youngsun BACK 白永宣
Mark Csikszentmihalyi, “Confucius” (Mark’s Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on Confucius)
Russell T. McCutcheon, The Insider/Outsider Problem in the Study of Religion
司马迁, the Shiji 史记
Ezra Pound (1885-1972), 美国诗人,对儒学有浓厚兴趣
白虎通义, 汉代文献,成书约公元79年
Analects 10.9, 「席不正,不坐」
Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130-1200 CE), Neo-Confucian philosopher who wrote a tremendously influential commentary on the Analects
Analects 9.3
Analects 7.7
Analects 10.13, 描写孔子因病调整礼仪规范
Analects 3.17, 「告朔之饩羊」,我们在Episode 15: Ritual in the Analects (January 1, 2025)中聊到
Chesterton’s Fence 在不理解某规则存在的理由之前,不要轻易废除它
“Leviticus,” 犹太教-基督教《圣经》中详述宗教仪规的篇章a book in the Judeo-Christian Bible that describes the finer points of some religious protocols
孔安国 (circa 156 – circa 74 BCE), 汉代传统注疏家
皇侃 (488–545), 南朝梁经学家
The Liji 礼记
Analects 11.12
丘(山丘;亦为孔子之名,孔丘)
荀子Xunzi, ch. 5 (《非相》)
The Spring and Autumn Annals ( 春秋)
孟子 Mengzi 7A16, 言舜为善之「明」(「践形」章,描述舜对德行领悟之迅捷)
生而知之 (a phrase that appears in multiple classical Confucian passages, 出现在多部儒家经典中,意指有些人天生即对伦理规范、礼之恰当与道有深切的领悟)
孔子与马厩失火故事的其他文献来源:《Liji 礼记》、《Kongzi Jiayu 孔子家语》(recently translated by Brian Bruya and Wenwen Li)
《创世记》(Genesis),犹太教-基督教《圣经》
Aristotle, De Anima (On the Soul) 《论灵魂》
「生命之梯」(ladders of life),又称"存在之大链"(great chains of being)
“graded love,” “care with distinctions” (爱有差等)
「孔子素王」说:指一种特定叙事,即孔子具备伟大统治者的品质,却终生未获治国之机 “Confucius as uncrowned king,” refers to a particular account of Confucius as someone who had the qualities of a great ruler but never had the opportunity to rule
The Liu Family, the Liu House of Han汉刘氏(刘氏汉室)
特别鸣谢 The Hong Kong Ethics Lab 的支持和赞助,以及 Warp, Weft and Way 网站对讨论环节的支持。
主持人:Richard Kim's website
Justin Tiwald's website
音频剪辑 & 中文 show notes: Lena