酒馆音乐剧板块《曲外之音》，跟璐璐和英国资深音乐剧人Oliver一起品名音乐剧背后的故事，让高雅艺术触手可得~公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】可以索要英语全文稿哦~ Hi, everyone. And welcome back to the Sound of Musicals. 欢迎回来【曲外之音】. Hi, Oliver. Hello again. This is our Part Two of Hamilton. The musical that you guys have been requested. Although for both me and Oliver, we have to admit that I wouldn't say this is my favorite. I do have to agree it's not my favorite, but it's still very good. Yes, the music is very good I give you that. And last time when we were talking about the storyline, and then Oliver you mentioned that although you loved the music, but the story you're not very familiar with, but that's history, right？And you are history buff. When you didn't learn that part of the history, I mean in school in the UK you guys don't learn that part of the history? We do learn it, but not in the same way as American students would learn it. It is the founding of their nation. They would learn it. I imagine they would learn it (in depth) in detail and in depth. Yes, they'd know lots of different people who did this and why, and in the UK we have much more of a broad view of history, and we look at big time periods. So studying the American War of Independence or the American Revolution, whichever you want to call it, we would study 100 years and a lot happens in 100 years. So we can't take too much time to focus on specific people. We would look at the events caused it, what happened afterwards, but we wouldn't study, for example, Alexander Hamilton, he would not be in a UK school because, I don't want to say not important to the UK, but he's not a specific character in UK history. Yeah. Honestly, I think there's patriotism. There's also that sense of national pride. I mean like, we said last time, every country has that type of works of art. If they put up a movie out or musical whatever you have it and then they focus on their own national history, and especially the founding of a nation, especially perhaps a very specific period in their national history. And it's not just to tell a story but also to evoke in their audience, in the audience in that nation to evoke a feeling of pride. That is your route. Yeah, definitely so. Definitely something that people, American people and people in the US should be proud of. It's the founding of their nation, you should be proud of those things. Yeah, it's just not the entire world doesn't learn it in their schools. So there are going to be gaps in knowledge for people from different countries. It's the same with Chinese history for me. I like Chinese history but we don't learn it in UK schools though. Exactly. I mean the other thing that I’ve noticed is that although a lot of these main characters, historically they're supposed to be white, but on stage they were played by clearly not white actors. That is intentional, right？It's not just because they just happened to have this actor or these actors. No, it was definitely an intentional move, yes. Historically, the founding fathers were all middle to upper class white men, but because of the way this show wants to become more modern, it wants to show modern America whilst telling a story of the founding of America intentionally chooses non-white actors to be these leading historical characters. And I think it's fantastic. I think it's great because that with the music shows that it's the history of a country, it's not the history of an ethnic group. It doesn't matter where your family is from, or where your history and your roots is, because this is a shared history from all American people. And I think that's fantastic. I think it's brilliant how it brings Americans together. Yeah, at least this is what they are aiming for. I mean whether it is idealistic or not. But they were making a conscious effort of trying to show cultural diversity, amalgamation of cultures, and styles as well.

《小酒馆·大世界》-世界各处的文化和精彩，在小酒馆触手可得哦~ 欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~ Lovely, and I am really curious because ice cream business sounds so sweet and exciting. And when you're testing the market, for example, if you want to promote a new flavor, do you actually have focus group and invite people to taste it and see how they feel about it? First of all, Dlight is a company which is now nearly 17 years old. We have I would say very dedicate palate like for example my Chinese partner Queency Wang has a very, very delicate palate. She will be one of the persons will definitely decide if an ice cream is good or not. So basically, the first thing we will do is that we will make sure that the ice cream that we want to create is to the level of quality we are looking for. Dlight as a true identity, we are not trying to copy what the others are doing. We are basically very little interested. Why? Because we want to give an experience to our customer. This experience we wanted to be absolutely unique. So to give something unique to the customer, you need to give something you believe in, we believe into absolute quality into what we are doing in terms of ice cream. And also because we are working with the B2B market, we have the chance through our professional customers to test the market. What is working, what is not working. And we can also add the feedback of the best chef on the market because we are working with more than 500 five-star hotels today, so which means that we have a lot of feedback from those professionals who are actually extremely sensitive about quality. And so basically, we are constantly adjusting in order to reach perfection. So you mentioned that your brand Dlight has been mostly focusing on B2B, so Business To Business that you're targeting the high end hotels directly tapping into the food and beverage experts of these hotels. Yes. But I know that now you're also switching to B2C. I just want to ask like why did you choose B2B, and how do you think B2B and B2C are different in the ice cream industry? When you speak about B2B, effectively, we're speaking about Horeca, food and beverage professional market, Horeca means hotel, restaurant, and cafe. Basically Dlight is specialized for the past 17 years into this market, but it's not only the hotel five stars. We are basically working with hotel five stars, chain of restaurants, chain of output, chain of social buffet. We are working with airlines; we are working with a multiple segmentation of the market. Why we mentioned about international five-star hotel is because we basically do not want to make a low grade quality. So basically our ice cream level is for what we call the first-tier market. That means the highest ranked hotel restaurant cafe and high-end market. Why did we choose B2B 12 years ago? Basically when I became a partner, it was basically because China market is a very big market. By the way it's not one market, it's a multiple dimensional market. So basically you need to have, it's my belief, you need to have a huge financial capacities to be able to enter B2C market, into the consumer market. To advertise, you need to have the financial sufficiency to be able to, I would say for a long period of time to be able to demonstrate that your product is a right product. To market it.

"欢迎来到英文小酒馆的迷你双语板块【Buzzword Mix】-新词特饮，短短几分钟，让不同段位的你掌握最新最地道的英文谈资！ 关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~" In today's Buzzword Mix, our buzzword is the GOAT or G.O.A.T. Now if someone calls you the GOAT on social media, you shouldn't feel offended, you should feel flattered. 如果你上国外的社交媒体, 就很可能看到过the GOAT或者G.O.A.T. So when we call someone the GOAT, what do we actually mean? The original word refers to an animal, but like goat这个词有山羊的意思, 所以有的时候你也会在社交媒体上看到这样一个山羊的emoticon表情符。 But now on social media, it is actually an acronym. 但是现在的社交媒体上, 它其实是一个首字母的缩写. G.O.A.T. refers to the Greatest of All Time. 是不是正好对应我们的YYDS-永远的神。 Nowadays you see many people using the GOAT or G.O.A.T. to talk about some famous athletes or sports legend. However, back in the days, the worst thing in the world of sports was being a GOAT. 现在我们经常看见,有人用G.O.A.T.来形容某一个体坛的巨星或者传奇人物, 但其实往回倒几十年, 在体育界如果被人称为GOAT, 其实是很糟糕的一件事儿。 Back then, the word goat derived from the word scapegoat. 因为在那个时候, goat这个词是从scapegoat替罪羊过来的。 And back then, the word GOAT used to refer to the guy who blew the game. 而当时那种因为自己的发挥失常, 而致使自己的球队输掉整场比赛的人就被叫做the GOAT.言下之意就是说不是替罪羊, 因为本来就是他的失误。 So when did the word GOAT change its meaning? Well, many people would attribute this to Muhammad Ali, the legendary boxer. 这就要说到当年的拳王阿里。 Muhammad Ali was a very, very confident person, even arrogant. And he always called himself the greatest of all time. 当年的拳王阿里一直都是自信满满, 认为自己是the greatest of all time. 而后来他妻子成立了公司的名字也叫做G.O.A.T. And fast forward to 2000, a popular rapper LL Cool J helped to popularize the word as a definition for greatest when he released an album titled G.O.A.T. - greatest of all time. 到了千禧年, 这股风潮就刮到了乐坛, 当时很火的一个叫做LL Cool J 的rapper推出了一张专辑就叫做G.O.A.T. Since then, rappers and professional athletes have used the acronym for themselves just as often as their fans crowned them with the title. 至此之后, G.O.A.T. - the GOAT这种说法就在乐坛和体坛流行开来。 And the term has broadened its meaning, for example, in 2004, Urban Dictionary entry defined GOAT as “exceptional”. 而它的意思也从最开始的字面意思,扩展到非常出色、非常出众, 就相当于我们的YYDS. Now the term GOAT or G.O.A.T. is often used with reference to sports legends like Serena Williams, LeBron James, and Lionel Messi. And it has also started to branch out of the sports and music world and pop out into the broader culture - on social media, for example. 除了用来形容体坛和乐坛的传奇人物, 其实它也更多的被广泛的流行文化所接受. So much so that it was included in major dictionaries, becoming part of the general vocabulary. 因为太火, 所以直接收录到一些主流的词典, 比如Merriam Webster, 正儿八经地成为了英语的一部分. Now let's move on to sample sentence. The acronym G.O.A.T. is often used to praise exceptional athletes, musicians, and other public figures. 你听懂了吗？关注公众号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】,来获取更多拓展内容.如果你喜欢新词特饮这个节目, 不要忘记关注主播来听听我们其他的精彩专辑。 So who do you think is the GOAT? 期待你的分享, 我们下期见.

酒馆音乐剧板块《曲外之音》，跟璐璐和英国资深音乐剧人Oliver一起品名音乐剧背后的故事，让高雅艺术触手可得~公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】可以索要英语全文稿哦~ Hi, everyone. And welcome back to The Sound of Musicals.欢迎回来【曲外之音】. Hi, Oliver. Hello. So actually I was gonna say, can I propose a musical that we're gonna talk about today? Of course. Yeah. It's actually a very new one. It's Hamilton. It has been requested a few times by our listeners. Have you watched or listened to the soundtracks in Hamilton? I have never seen the show, but after it was requested a lot by your audience, I did find the soundtrack online and listen to it, and I can see what’s requested. I did really enjoy the music from it, it was fantastic, it was really good. It's very different, isn't it. Very different from the other things we have talked about, yes, it's a much more modern show with an old topic. The storyline and the plots is historical, a few100 years old, but it's got a very modern take to it with modern music, and a modern cast, and for a modern audience. You say it's a historical musical, it's about the story of Alexander Hamilton，right? What Americans see as one of their founding fathers就是美国人都会视为是开国元勋之一的这个Alexander Hamilton. Yes, so the whole story the whole show is about the life of Alexander Hamilton, who is or was one of the founding fathers of the US, yes, he had a very interesting life. As people know, I like history and this was quite an interesting little section of history to look at, because I don't know much about it before this. Because it is American history, it's very America centric, this whole musical. Yeah, the musical is Americentric because it's the story of one of the people who created the country, it has significance to people in America. And one of the things I didn't understand all of the story that was put forward because a lot of it depends on this background knowledge and just cultural knowledge from living in and growing up in the US and being American which I don't have. But aside from that, it was still very interesting. There are a lot of cultural references in this.

《小酒馆·大世界》-世界各处的文化和精彩，在小酒馆触手可得哦~ 欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~ Hi, everyone. Welcome back to your favorite segment Global Village. We have in our studio today, a new guest. 他就是来自料理级法式冰淇淋品牌【简法】Dlight 的Vincent. He'll be sharing with us his life stories and love of ice cream. Welcome to the show, Vincent. (French) I will translate and I will say simply I’m very happy to be with you. Okay, good. So first of all, could you give us a very brief self-introduction？ Yes, my name is Vincent Giuge. I am French. I was born in Nice in 1971. And I arrived in Asia about 22 years ago. Wow. Yes. That's already quite a long time, 10 years in Vietnam and 12 years in China. I am now very happily married to a Chinese lady with whom I have a baby – Yangyang. I am expecting another kid, actually. Congratulations. Thank you very much. And basically I'm working for Dlight for the past 12 years since I arrived in China, because I became an investor of the company and I am basically in charge of the business development for 简法 for Dlight for the past 12 years. Ah, I see. So basically throughout the 12 years in China, you have been devoting yourself in developing Dlight and being involved in the ice cream business. But how did you get into the ice cream business? Have you ever had any experience in the industry before? Ah, it's an interesting question. Yes, I had a kind of experience, but it was a very long time ago. At that time, it was about 20 years before, when I was a very young man just after finishing my studies, I have been hired into the most famous ice cream parlor in Nice, which name is Fenocchio. And this was a very, very famous ice cream parlor, in which even all the tourists - Italian tourists were going to eat ice cream. And it has been I would say my first contact with what we called very high-quality ice cream, because this parlor was constantly full, and I had the chance to taste excellent ice cream at that time. Apart from that, what brought me to the ice cream business in *** experience. Basically, after 10 years of developing business for various company in Vietnam, I decided to become my own entrepreneur. A friend of mine was one of the partners of Dlight in China. He proposed me - at that time I was looking for investment, I was looking to be partner into a business. And then he proposed me to analyze the business situation. This is what I did, and I decided to change my life and to jump into this new experience because I was believing that their product was absolutely excellent. Yeah, if there's anything that you wanna try to jump into, ice cream has got to be one of the sweetest industries to jump into. Mentioning that, I've noticed that your brand Dlight is advertised as authentic French ice cream. So, I just want to ask what is authentic French ice cream. How is that different from, let's say, other types of ice cream?

"欢迎来到英文小酒馆的迷你双语板块【Buzzword Mix】-新词特饮，短短几分钟，让不同段位的你掌握最新最地道的英文谈资！ 关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，获取更多有趣节目内容和文稿哦~" Hi everyone, and welcome back to Buzzword Mix. 欢迎回到我们的迷你双语板块【新词特饮】，短短几分钟让不同段位的你掌握最新、最地道的英文谈资。 In today's Buzzword Mix, our buzzword is Microaggression. 我们知道凡是有Micro的，一般被翻译成“微什么什么”，所以Microaggression就是微歧视。 This is a term used for commonplace, daily, verbal, behavioral, or environmental slights. 所谓的”微歧视”就是指我们日常生活中言行方面的对于某一个群体或者某一些人的轻视和偏见。 The microaggression whether intentional or unintentional, communicate, hostile, derogatory or negative attitudes toward stigmatized or culturally marginalized groups. 不管是无心还是有意，这种微歧视，它实际上都在传达着一种贬低的负面态度，而它针对的对象就是stigmatized or marginalized groups，也就是在社会或者文化中通常会被污名化或者边缘化的群体。 Sounds too theoretical? How about some real-life examples based on my experience? So someone said to me, Lulu, you work in a university, that's a great job for a woman. 有人就跟我说，诶，女生在大学当老师好呀！ Or when I lived in other countries, someone said to me, Lulu, you are so liberal-minded, I don't think of you as Chinese. 或者比如说在国外的时候，有人就说，璐璐我觉得你的思维特别开放，我都不把你当成中国人。 On the surface, these sound like compliment, but they actually contain microaggression. That's because they are still based on some core prejudice and stereotypes. 是因为他们的根基依然是对于某一个群体的刻板印象和偏见。 We can trace the term “microaggression” back to 1970. The term was coined by Harvard University psychiatrist Chester M. Pierce to describe insults and dismissals, which he regularly witnessed non-black Americans inflicting on African Americans. 1970年，由哈佛大学的心理学家创造出来的这个词，最初是用来形容其他族裔对于非裔美国人，也就是美国黑人的歧视。 By the early 21st century, use of the term was applied to the casual degradation of any socially marginalized group. 而到了21世纪早期，microaggression就延展到对所有边缘化群体日常的这种轻视和贬低。 除了少数族裔，还可以针对 ***性少数人群，people living in poverty贫困人口, and people with disabilities以及残障人士。 Psychologists Derald Wing Sue defines microaggressions as brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to certain individuals because of their group membership. 心理学家Derald Wing Sue就把这种微歧视定义为在日常的交流里，对于某一个特定群体的人，发出的这种贬损贬低的信息。 I know a lot of people would ask, all these microaggressions that you have been describing, targeting a specific marginalized group. It just sounds like racism, sexism, and homophobia. 可能有人就会说，刚才提到的这些微歧视的定义，和我们平时说的racism种族歧视，sexism性别歧视，还有homophobia恐同，到底有什么不同呢？ There is a difference, otherwise, they won't be called microaggressions. Although microaggressions and these common discrimination, they are based on some of the same core ideas. But microaggressions are a little different from overtly racist, sexist, or homophobic acts or comments because they typically don't have any negative intent or hostility behind them. 这是因为比起那些overtly racist, sexist, homophobic acts or comments，明显的、公然的性别歧视，种族歧视等等, Microaggressions它通常的出发点并不是完全恶意和负面的; and also people who engage in microaggressions are ordinary people who generally see themselves as good moral, decent individuals, and microaggressions occur because they are outside the level of conscious awareness of the perpetrator. 而且这些发起微歧视的人，他们通常都是有正常三观的普通人。之所以会有microaggression，往往是因为在某一方面，他完全没有意识到已经对他人造成了冒犯。 But that is not to say microaggressions are not harmful. Microaggressions, although they're seemingly small and sometimes innocent offenses can take a real psychological toll on the mental health of their recipients. 不过虽然叫做微歧视，看起来似乎没有什么大不了的，但它也依然会给接受者造成不小的负面心理影响。

可以搜索公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】加入社群，查看文稿和其他精彩内容哦~ Hello, everyone. And welcome back to America Under the Microscope, advanced episode. Hi, Lulu. Hi, James. In our basic episode, we were talking about the generalities of political correctness. For this advanced episode, I want to get into the more nitty gritty of PC language, specifically how it's almost impossible to know what is PC now. Yeah. Has it been taken too far? I, me personally, I think some people do take it a bit too far. You can see this by how the standard just keeps changing. And there is no set standard of what is or is not PC, but it seems like people keep moving the goal post. It's like… it's like you can say this but not that. Now you can't say that either you have to say this, now you can't say this, you have to say those. It's like… what is right? Yeah. And who's to decide what's right? That's the other key, it’s like who gets to make the decision, because if it's say, if we're going to talk about like the common one that shows up a lot, let's say just simply, should you say black or should you say African American? OK. So who is the one who decides which is politically correct? If you're talking about the community that you're directly referring to, they don't… themselves have a consensus of what is or is not PC. So if you have the group, you're trying to avoid offending, who can't decide whether it is or is not offensive, then you're at a loss. The other thing is, you were talking about language being ever changing, especially this whole PC language. You know that the whole idea of reclaiming certain words. For example, that's just again use this idea of black. So white is okay but black is not, it's been for a period of time people thought that was not PC, you have to say African American, what not. And then there are people saying, no, why shouldn't we say black? We should reclaim that word and then just use it in a positive sense. You see, in a lot of aspects, language has been reclaimed to mean something positive because why should you think black is an offensive term if it's just a word? So, as… there's no good answer to that and I… sociologists and other much more educated people than us debate this all the time and they don't get anywhere with it. No, it's almost like debating for debating’s sake. I think that's what they get paid to do. They're talking heads. Yeah. The other thing that's very big, that's also relevant to PC language is the idea of cancel culture. Yes, cancel culture. This is a big one right now. And you see this a lot, like this is something big, you'll see in a lot of college campuses in America right now, is students trying to stop speakers from coming to the school to give presentations, because some of the students don't agree with the views or the things that speaker says, even though the university invited them to introduce different views and different opinions. And right now, cancel culture, I personally think cancel culture is extremely dangerous, just because somebody doesn't like something is not a reason that you should stop them from speaking. Because if you use like in a classroom, like I spend time in the classroom, we have questions and discussions, and students get to share their opinions. I don't always agree with my students’ opinions, but I'm not going to prevent them from sharing their views in class. And I'm also not going to let my students argue or insult students for sharing opposing views.

可以搜索公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】加入社群，查看文稿和其他精彩内容哦~ Hi, everyone. And welcome back to America Under the Microscope. 欢迎回来. 闲话美国. Hi, James. Hi, Lulu. Hi everyone. So what are we gonna talk about today? Right. So I have a question for you. And it is have you ever noticed how some Americans are always very careful about how they address or refer to other people? What do you mean? Let me give me an example. So a lot of students, when they learn English, they learn words like businessman, but we don't use that word anymore. It's now business person. Oh, ok. So you don't say businessman, you say business person. I know what you're talking about, are you talking about political correctness? PC. Yes, PC, political correctness is the topic of the day. PC直译的话就叫政治正确. I think if you watch a lot of American TV shows or talk shows, you definitely, definitely have heard of this expression, but I think many of our listeners probably don't really know the ins and outs of it. So first of all, James, give us a definition, what exactly is political correctness. Okay. So in simple terms, think of it as a way of using English that tries its best to avoid offending other people. 就是尽量不要冒犯别人的这种用词. So the original goal of this is try to be polite, not to offend. Right? It's kind of a combination of that. So it's about things like to avoid generalization or grouping people together or assuming things about others. It's even if it's talking about positive stereotypes. So if we take like a very common positive stereotype, like Asians are good at math that is not technically politically correct. Because it's a stereotype. That's a stereotype and a generalization, even though it's considered a positive stereotype, it's still not politically correct. It's about avoiding implying anything based on somebody's gender, race, nationality and so on. I see. When did this whole PC trend start? That's really kind of difficult to point down, but generally it got kind of big in the late 80s and 90s, and it's really big now. Yeah, and it's just constantly evolving as well. I think is it fair to say even for native speakers, even for Americans, not everyone's fully aware of all the PC terms that you should be using. This is quite complex, partially because the PC terms do change from time to time. I mean it's hard to keep up with what is or is not. Okay. Also, there is no agreement completely of what is or is not okay, because it's about not offending others. If you think about it, is it ever really possible to avoid not offending everybody? 搜索【璐璐的英文小酒馆】查看全文稿和其他精彩内容哦~

《小酒馆·大世界》-世界各处的文化和精彩，在小酒馆触手可得哦~ 欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~ Hi everyone. Today we are going to continue our talk on Prosecco and we have in our studio to more guest speakers, Joey and Daniele from the restaurant industry. Welcome to the show guys. Hello everybody. Good afternoon. First of all, I will actually give the floor to you guys to tell us a little bit about your restaurant experience. Let's start with Daniele. Hello. I’m Daniele Salvo from Italy, exactly from Napoli (Naples那不勒斯). And we are located in Beijing with Bottega. We arrived here for consulting. One enterprise approached my family for restaurant consulting and we arrived here 11 years ago exactly. I have to admit Bottega is actually one of my favorite pizza restaurants in Beijing. Thank you. And actually I’ve heard that you guys won the Best Pizza in Asia Award, right? Exactly. We take this massive award from 50 Top Pizza, which is a world guide of best pizzeria in the world. That’s impressive. And with them, we are working that in future as so in China there will be a real ranking of best pizzeria, not just in Asia. You basically have been around this industry, especially pizza since…basically since childhood, right? My father was a pizza chef, all these brothers are pizza chef, my grandfather is pizza chef. We grew up in a pizza environment. Sounds amazing. So what about you, Joey? Your restaurant is in fusion food, is fusion cuisine, right? Yes, that's right. My name is Joey. I’m from Singapore. I’ve been in Shanghai since 1995 and I used to work as a corporate guy in advertising. Restaurant was something that I started in 2015. My last restaurant was called UMAAMI Global Kitchen and Bar. What we do is basically Singapore style fusion food to get with a bar. Yes. I’m gonna ask both of you a basic question, what is it like to work in a restaurant or have a restaurant in Beijing and in Shanghai? What is unique about this experience? I mean, especially Daniele, you were always in food and beverage, how is it different? Totally different, for me it was a unique experience. First of all, the impact with this big city, Beijing 25 million people, we don't have this big city in South Italy. Also the communication was a big step for us, a big world. And the search of the ingredients, at beginning it was quite hard to find the right ingredients. Even simple basis was not easy to find. But over the years, I mean in the past 5 years or so, it's getting easier, I would assume? Definitely, with more importing company, I’m importing like made in Italy food like mozzarella, tomato, basil sauce, now it’s getting quite easier now to find products. Sounds amazing. And what about you Joey, in Shanghai, I mean obviously people have a much more open attitude and perhaps products are just easier to source. 《小酒馆·大世界》-世界各处的文化和精彩，在小酒馆触手可得哦~ 欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~

《曲外之音》-百老汇最“下流”的上流音乐剧 Hi, everyone. And welcome back to the Sound of Musicals. 欢迎回来【曲外之音】. Hi, Oliver. Hello, again. This is Part Two of our discussion on the Book of Mormon. Yeah, a great musical. Albeit controversial, because on the surface it looks like it’s anti-religion, it’s saying that religions are stupid, but it's not necessarily so, is it？ No, it does look like that at first glance, but it's not being offensive towards religions. I don't think so. If you look below the surface of it, it is just kind of making a commentary on people's beliefs, not necessarily religion, but any people's beliefs; and it's not offensive to them, it's just using comedy as a way to discuss them. I think it's not sort of criticizing religion as a concept, as a source of faith, source of hope, source of salvation. But it's more satirizing some of the very rigid rituals certain religions have, or all religions have, and saying that we shouldn't be focusing on all of these minute details of a religion, but we should focus on why people have religion or have religious belief to start with. It is really to have that hope. Yes, I agree. I think it is just making a comment on how people's beliefs might be a little bit unusual sometimes and may seem silly to others, but the outcome is that people have hope, they have belief. This lets them get through terrible situations, whatever their hope is, whatever their belief is. It's a coping mechanism in many ways. And that is something that everybody needs, no matter how you find it. Especially like the beginning and the end they use the same piece of music. Beginning it was saying the Book of Mormon, towards the end, it says the Book of Arnold, it doesn't matter whether it’s Book of Mormon or Book of Arnold. The idea is the same. It brings people hope. Yeah, the fact the music is the same. It shows that religions whilst they may seem different and have different names, they have the same goal in a way, which is this hope that people have. Yeah, and even for people who are self-claimed believers, and sometimes it's very difficult to say what they actually believe in. Is it the actual details about a certain god or certain deity, or is it more about the idea of religion？ For example, the villagers in Uganda, when Arnold Cunningham, one of the Mormon boys, when he was preaching, he added in a lot of nonsense, he added in a lot of Sci-Fi films and fantasy films. However, these people just believed him. So eventually they were trying to say to the villagers Look, I'm so sorry that was not real. A lot of those things we said was nonsense. And then the villagers were saying you know what, we didn't take it literally. We took it metaphorically, we never thought those were the absolute truth what you were saying, but we just took it as part of the belief system and that's just metaphorical. I think obviously we don't want to go into specific religions in the world now, but if you think about it, every religion has those stories. If you ask believers, do they truly believe in all of those stories that actually happened？Maybe not, but the messages these stories sent, they're very meaningful. Yeah. They're very meaningful. I am not religious myself, but I like the messages that they bring the faith and the hope that they give to people. But talking about that, actually a little bit about the music. One of the…perhaps can be construed as most offensive piece of music in this, is called Hasa Diga Eebowai. Yeah, we were just talking about nice messages of hope. This is a message of hope. This is a coping mechanism. It fits perfectly into what we were talking about even if the language is appalling for some people. Yeah.

《小酒馆·大世界》-世界各处的文化和精彩，在小酒馆触手可得哦~ 欢迎关注公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】，可以查看更多精彩内容，查看英语全文稿哦~ Hi, everyone. Welcome back to the show. If I ask you to imagine Italy, what pops up in your mind first, grand architecture, breathtaking landscape, gorgeous people, or exquisite cuisine? And now imagine you're appreciating the ancient architecture, chatting with people, and enjoying the food, still something is missing, it is that special bubbly drink that is quintessentially Italian, Prosecco. In this four-episode series, financed by the Prosecco DOC Consortium, according to EU regulation, we are going to embark on a fascinating journey into the world of Prosecco. 跟着酒馆一起来趟意大利文化之旅, 打开意大利国民起泡酒Prosecco的世界. So first things first, what is Prosecco to Italians？ -To me, Prosecco is all about music, parties, and friends. -Prosecco symbolize joy, victory, and celebration. -For me, Prosecco means weekends and holidays. -Prosecco is a relaxing moment in my garden at the end of the day. To understand this bestselling sparkling wine in the world, we’re honored to have a special guest in our studio today. Miss Tanya Barattin from the Prosecco DOC Consortium to share with us all about this beautiful and quintessentially Italian wine Prosecco. Welcome to the show, Tanya. Hello, thank you so much. I'm so excited to be here with you today. Great. I know that you work with Prosecco from an expert’s point of view, but for our listeners a lot of them probably don't really know that much about Proseccos, some of them probably have never heard of Prosecco, so first things first, what is Prosecco？ Yeah, we can say that Prosecco is the worldwide leading Italian sparkling wine, a representation of Italian excellence, coming from a specific territory located in Northeast side of Italy, switching between two beautiful regions which are Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia. Italians had a long history of making Prosecco. Yes. So when was Prosecco first made going back in history? If we look to the nowadays areas of production which is represented by these nine provinces between these two beautiful regions in Northeast of Italy, we found first wine production since the Roman Empire, so very long time ago. Wow. But the first, we can say oral mention about wine sounding Prosecco goes back to the 1382, and were in the most Northeast side of the region in Trieste province. That time some historical people, wine studying, Plinio, a Naturalis historia study of Plinio il Vecchio found this wine called ‘Pucino’, and they think that was the ancient name of Prosecco. (Prosecco Wine: History, Information, Interesting Facts - WebFoodCulture) That was the original. Yes. First we can say oral mention, because for the first written mention, we have to go back to the 1745, and we moved to the most West side of the area of production near Vicenza; and there was a poet, Aureliano Acanti wrote about Prosecco in a very shining way in the poem “Il Roccolo”. There are many vineyards in that region, right？Many people are actually involved in the Prosecco… Yes, exactly, especially in Treviso province because if we talk about when we started to produce Prosecco in a sparkling version, like we know it nowadays, we have to go back to the 1850, in Treviso, in the beautiful Conegliano, where was found the most historical Italian oenology school, it was the 1876 more or less, for the first time was applied to second fermentation, so the bubbling process to Glera grapes in order to make Prosecco. I see. But if we look to nowadays, Prosecco is made by a very big family because especially the DOC is represented by more than 12,000 grape lords, so the one that the cultivated grapes; 1,200 wine makers, the one that takes care to the base wine, production; and 360 sparkling houses, so the one that takes care of the bubbling, so the second fermentation and bottling.

可以搜索公号【璐璐的英文小酒馆】加入社群，查看文稿和其他精彩内容哦~ Hi everyone, and welcome back to Britain Under the Microscope. Hi, 安澜. Hi, Lulu. Hi everyone. So what are we gonna talk about today？ I really don't know. It's just too hot to think about anything. I know what you're talking about. I mean we have been experiencing heat waves in Beijing. It starts very very early in the morning, but also Europe is going through serious heat wave. Yeah, Britain, at the moment, this week is bracing for a heat wave. What is heat wave for Britain？I mean I used to live in London and the highest temperature I remember was barely 30. This heat wave is particularly unique because it looks like the temperatures are gonna go up to 40℃. In London? In the southeast of England. 40℃？Wow! The thing is it’s not so much the sun, it's more that certain times of the year we get the really hot winds coming from the Sahara in Africa. And it was never this bad. This is the first time in England at least that the temperature alert has ever reached red. It's always been amber, but for the first time in history is now red and the government have actually declared a national emergency. You know I guess for people in lots of parts of China, we would think isn't that exaggerating a little bit, and 40℃ is not really like that serious. It is a bit different in the UK. I don't think you guys have air conditioning. Office buildings like cinemas and other big public buildings have air conditioning. Homes generally don't. Most of British people don't even have fans. They do now. But that's the hot item now. But houses in the UK they're not built for heat, they actually built for cold and damp weather. So they’re designed to keep heat in, they're not designed to let it out. So that's why I felt… you answered the question that I always had in my head, like why are some of the, even expensive houses or properties in the UK, they don't seem to be very airy. No, because particularly the older houses like the Victorian houses and houses built in the early 20th century, they were built for cold and damp weather. So for example, the house where I grew up that was built in the 1920s, 1930s, and my room, even though it never got as hot as the day when I was a child, my room used to go up to about 35℃ if it was maybe 30℃ outside. So the temperature actually is much higher inside. Yes. It's kind of like living in the oven type of situation. It is. It’s absolutely horrible. That's one great thing about living in Beijing is that you can have the air con on. Yeah, but I guess it's also because before this whole maybe global warming extreme weather, people in Britain never really needed air conditioner. You wouldn't buy air conditioning just to use it once a year. Not even once a year, maybe once every 5 years in the past. But now as you say, temperatures are increasing, the global climate is changing. And one of the things most noticeable, particularly London, is London underground. We talked about that when we were talking about the tube, 伦敦的那个地铁, suffocatingly hot. During the summer it’s actually quite dangerous. And when it reaches maybe 28, 30 ℃ they would actually start putting on posters saying if you use London underground… Stay hydrated. Stay hydrated, take water. So when I used to work in central London, and during the summer, I would always make sure I had a bottle of water because I've seen too many times on the underground people fainting because of the heat. You can actually faint, and for people who had never been to London, if you are thinking about the sort of modern subway system in Beijing or Shanghai or in some other major cities in China, you think about the very very air conditioned carriages. Yeah. London underground does not have air conditioning, doesn't even have fans. No.