英音听力｜BBC & 经济学人等 - 节目列表

How reading shapes your brain Becca Hello. Welcome to 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Becca. Georgie And I'm Georgie. Now, Becca, do you read a lot? Becca Hmm, I don't read often. I just feel like I don't have the time, Georgie. How about yourself? Georgie I would love to read more, but I don't read very much at the moment. I read mostly before bed because I feel like it helps me relax and go to sleep. And today we're talking all about reading. We'll be hearing from some experts about how reading can change our brains, and as usual we'll be learning some useful new words and phrases. Becca Let's start with a quiz question. The longest novel in the world is widely thought to be by French author Marcel Proust, a book which, when translated into English, means Remembrance of Things Past. But how many words does the book contain? Is it: a) 130,000, b) 1.3 million, or c) 13 million? Georgie OK. The longest novel in the world. I still think 13 million words sounds too many, so I'm going to go with b) 1.3 million. Becca Alright. We'll find out at the end of the programme. Now, we might think of reading as like speaking. We're born with the potential to do it and then we learn. It's natural. If something is natural, it's something you were born with or that comes from nature. Georgie But Maryanne Wolf, author of the book Reader Come Home, says that this isn't true. Maryanne Wolf We think of language as natural, and reading is written language so it must be natural. But it isn't. It isn't natural at all. Becca Scientific studies suggest that when we're born, our brains already have the networks that allow our eyes to see and our vocal cords to produce sounds, but not with the pathways we need to read. Georgie Let's hear more from psychologist and neuroscientist Rebecca Gotlieb, speaking to the BBC World Service. Rebecca Gotlieb From an evolutionary timescale, our brain hasn't had enough time to develop a dedicated reading brain. And so, to build a reading brain network, we co-opt parts of the brain involved in vision and auditory processing, and language, and attention and affect. Reading is really a whole brain process. It involves activation in all four lobes of the cortex. The process of developing a reading brain alters everything, from brain activity to brain structure and brain connectivity. The power of deep reading is really fundamental to our humanity. When we read deeply, we change our brains and we change who we are. Becca Rebecca says that our brains haven't evolved to include a dedicated reading brain. Dedicated here means designed and used for one particular purpose. Georgie So, because we don't have a part of the brain designed specifically for reading, when we learn to read, we co-opt other parts of the brain. Co-opt here means to include someone or something, often against their will. Becca Right. Learning to read means using lots of different parts of the brain that are designed for other things, and this changes our brain structure compared to someone who hasn't learned to read. Georgie And the language we read also shapes our brain. Chinese characters, for example, use symbols instead of letters of the alphabet to represent words and ideas. Becca Research suggests that learning to read these symbols activates different areas of the brain to reading an alphabet-based system. Georgie Scientists studied a bilingual man who could read and speak Chinese and English. The man suffered a stroke, which affected parts of his brain, including his ability to read Chinese. But amazingly, he was still able to read English. Becca Maryanne Wolf explains more to the BBC World Service. Maryanne Wolf It's a beautiful example of how the brain's circuit reflects the requirements of Chinese, which inevitably means more visual memory and visual processing of those beautifully intricate symbols or characters. Georgie Maryanne says that the brain's circuit is shaped by learning to read Chinese. A circuit is a system of connections. Becca The visual qualities of Chinese symbols inevitably mean more visual areas of the brain are developed. Inevitably means in a way that cannot be stopped or avoided. Georgie Maryanne describes the symbolic Chinese characters as beautifully intricate. If something is intricate, it has lots of detail. Becca And something which also has lots of detail, or certainly lots of words – I asked you, Georgie, how many words are in Marcel Proust's Remembrance of Things Past. Georgie I said 1.3 million. Becca And you were correct! Georgie Yay! Becca The book also contains lots of very long sentences, including one with over 900 words. Georgie One sentence with 900 words? That is a lot. OK. It's time to recap the language we learned during this programme, starting with natural, which describes something you were born with or that comes from nature. Becca Dedicated can describe something that is designed and used for one particular purpose. Georgie If you co-opt someone or something, you involve them, sometimes against their will. Becca A circuit is a system of connections – for example, in the brain. Georgie Inevitably means in a way that cannot be stopped or avoided. Becca And intricate describes something which has lots of detail. Georgie That's it for this episode of 6 Minute English. Becca Thanks for joining us. Goodbye! Georgie Bye. 词汇表 natural [ˈnætʃrəl] adj. 天生的，本能的，固有的 dedicated [ˈdedɪkeɪtɪd] adj. 专门的，专用的 co-opt [kəʊˈɒpt] vt. 借用，挪用；拉拢，笼络 circuit [ˈsɜːkɪt] n. （大脑）回路，电路 inevitably [ɪnˈevɪtəbli] adv. 不可避免地，必然地 intricate [ˈɪntrɪkət] adj. 复杂的，错综复杂的 network [ˈnetwɜːk] n. 神经网络，网络 vocal cord [ˈvəʊkl kɔːd] 声带 pathway [ˈpɑːθweɪ] n. 神经通路，路径 neuroscientist [ˈnjʊərəʊsaɪəntɪst] n. 神经科学家，神经学家 evolutionary timescale [ˌiːvəˈluːʃənəri ˈtaɪmskeɪl] 进化时间尺度 auditory [ˈɔːdɪtəri] adj. 听的，听觉的 lobe [ləʊb] n. （脑等器官的）叶 cortex [ˈkɔːteks] n. 大脑皮层 connectivity [ˌkɒnekˈtɪvəti] n. 连接性，连通性 against one's will 违背某人的意愿 Chinese characters 汉字 alphabet-based [ˈælfəbet beɪst] adj. 基于字母的 bilingual [baɪˈlɪŋɡwəl] adj. 双语的，两种语言的 stroke [strəʊk] n. 中风 📝 字数限制，完整文本、词汇表、翻译及pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

The best time to exercise depends on your body clock, study finds This new study from Pakistan suggests synchronising exercise to match people's natural sleep-wake cycles or internal body clock could offer the greatest health benefits. Volunteers who tried it had better sleep, lower blood pressure and healthier blood sugar levels overall. In the study, a group of 40 to 60-year-olds with at least one heart risk were categorised: 70 as morning larks and 64 as night owls. Over three months, some did almost daily exercises at times that matched their body clock, while others did the opposite. The findings suggested that forcing a 5am workout on a night owl didn't give great results. Why? The researchers say because the body clock affects hormone and energy levels across the day, which in turn, could influence exercise performance and adherence. 词汇表 synchronise [ˈsɪŋkrənaɪz] v. （使）同步，（使）同时发生 sleep-wake cycles 睡眠觉醒周期 body clock 生物钟 blood pressure 血压 blood sugar levels 血糖水平 morning lark [lɑːk] 早起的人，百灵鸟型人 night owl [ˈaʊl] 夜猫子，晚睡的人 hormone [ˈhɔːməʊn] n. 激素，荷尔蒙 adherence [ədˈhɪərəns] n. 坚持，遵守 🗒️翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

What does effortless exercise look like? "No pain no gain!" That's a mindset applied to many things – from working long hours when starting a new business, to studying hard for an important exam. And gym culture often encourages people to push themselves to their limits, leading people to have an all or nothing attitude, where they feel they must either have an extremely tough fitness regime, or do nothing at all. But what if it doesn't have to be this way? What if you can improve your fitness and wellbeing with minimal effort? Meet the new trend gaining traction: zone zero exercise. Zone training is about your heart rate. For example, zone 1 exercise requires 50% of your maximum heart rate, up to zone 5 which is 100% effort. Activities range from a dog walk or easy warm-up in zone 1, to a sprint up the stairs at zone 5. Think of zone zero as any kind of movement that keeps your heart rate below 50%. This could be a gentle stroll, a few stretches in between long stints of sitting at your desk, even gardening or light housework. Terry Tateossian, a personal trainer and nutritionist, said that for many of her clients, "zone zero is the bridge between sedentary and sustainable". It is exercise that feels effortless. One major benefit of zone zero activity is accessibility. For those unable to do high-intensity workouts, such as those recovering from injury, light exercise may feel like a smaller mountain to climb. And with this comes another benefit – consistency. A routine based on zone zero activity is easier to sustain, meaning the long-term benefits are easier to achieve. A 2018 review of research, published in the International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, found that zone zero activity can support mental wellbeing, help regulate blood sugar and improve circulation. It can even lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. Of course, if you're gunning for a personal best, or wanting to significantly improve your fitness, you shouldn't stop at zone zero activities. You'll need to do challenging, high-intensity workouts to grow stronger. But even top athletes must embrace gentle movement. Endurance coach Stephanie Holbrook says, "it's often the missing piece that unlocks breakthrough performances because it facilitates genuine recovery." Maybe slowing down is the best way to move forward. 词汇表 no pain no gain 没有付出就没有收获，不劳无获 push oneself to their limits 挑战自身极限，把自己逼到极限 all or nothing 要么全力以赴，要么彻底放弃；走极端，全有或全无，孤注一掷 fitness regime [reɪˈʒiːm] 健身计划，健康养生法 gain traction [ˈtrækʃn] 获得关注，开始流行，逐渐兴起 zone zero exercise 零区运动（最大心率的50%以下的不费力活动，如悠闲散步、简单拉伸、园艺或轻度家务） sprint [sprɪnt] n. 冲刺，短跑，快跑 stroll [strəʊl] n. 散步，闲逛，溜达 stint [stɪnt] n. （从事某项活动的）一段时间 nutritionist [njuːˈtrɪʃənɪst] n. 营养师，营养学家 sedentary [ˈsedntri] adj. 久坐不动的，缺乏锻炼的 effortless [ˈefətləs] adj. 不费力的，轻松的 accessibility [əkˌsesəˈbɪləti] n. 可及性，易获得性，门槛低 high-intensity workouts [ɪnˈtensəti ˈwɜːkaʊts] 高强度锻炼/训练 a smaller mountain to climb 更容易实现的目标，较小的挑战 consistency [kənˈsɪstənsi] n. 持续性，连贯性 cardiovascular disease [ˌkɑːdiəʊˈvæskjələ(r)] 心血管疾病 be gunning for [ˈɡʌnɪŋ] 极力争取，冲击，追求 the missing piece 缺失的环节，关键一环 facilitate [fəˈsɪlɪteɪt] vt. 促进，推动，使便利 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Research suggests participating in the arts slows the ageing process Host: Want to slow the pace of ageing? Don't fancy exercising or improving your diet? Well, why not try a bit of culture? New research suggests that participation in the arts is not just good for your soul, but actually slows down your body's biological clock. The lead researcher is Daisy Fancourt, who's Professor of Psychobiology and Epidemiology at University College London. She spoke to my colleague Nick Robinson. Nick Daisy: We've been looking at a particular way of measuring biological ageing called epigenetic clocks. So essentially, we're all born with our set of DNA, but our lifestyles can decide which parts of our DNA get read out. So a bit like a recipe book, the recipes are there when it's printed, but we only choose to make some of them. And we've been looking at a process called DNA methylation, which is when a molecule called methyl attaches to our DNA, making it hard to read out, a bit like sticky pages in that recipe book. And as we get older, there are particular patterns of DNA methylation that tend to occur. So we can look at these patterns to see if someone is older or younger than the number of birthdays they've had. And we found that people who engage more in the arts have got this younger epigenetic age. Nick: And the problem with these sorts of studies is always you've got to try and screen out everything else that could have an impact. Lifestyle, age, geography and so on. You've done that, have you? Daisy: Exactly. That's been a big part of this study is considering the demographic and socioeconomic factors that could actually explain this relationship, but also disentangling this from the other kinds of lifestyle and behavioural factors that we already know influence epigenetic ageing. But interestingly, the relationship is there independent of those. And it's actually the same effect size for arts engagement that we see for physical activity. Nick: That's fascinating. Well, let's drill down a bit on what you mean by engagement. Do you literally mean if I read 10 pages before going to sleep or have the radio on or do you mean that I have to go and sing in a choir? Daisy: We've looked at a really broad range of activities within the index. So we looked at performing arts, so making things, crafts, music, dance as well as people going to cultural events whether that's museums or libraries or carnivals, gigs, festivals. We used a very broad inclusive index that captured a lot of modern and digital participation as well, but we found it's not just about frequency of engagement, diversity of engagement also appears really important. Nick: So doing different things, not just the one thing that obsesses you. And if people want some advice, really, I know you're not there to give advice, what would you say? Daisy: We're all used to the kind of advice we have for diet and physical activity, like get your five a day of vegetables and fruit or get your 10,000 steps. And I think it can be helpful if we start to frame arts engagement in a similar way, behaviourally. So trying to find a rule for ourselves that tries to prioritise even small amounts of engagement, but on that regular basis, ideally on a day-to-day basis. 🌟翻译，pdf及更多文本内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可加入【打卡交流群】

Why are young people looking so old? If you're aged between 30 and 40, you're part of Generation Y, also known as the Millennials. You may have already said to yourself that the next generation, Gen Z, looks much older than their age. But how is this possible? Millennials grew up amid the rise of the wellness industry and numerous public health campaigns that promoted healthy living. Think about the messaging around eating five fruits and vegetables a day, staying physically active and avoiding smoking. Not to mention, there was also a strong push for some protection awareness. Consequently, millennials have largely embraced skincare routines and self-care habits that keep them looking youthful. You'd think Gen Z would follow in their footsteps and look even younger. But according to some experts, that's part of the problem. Dermatologist Sabine Kazadem explains that this surge in skin care is leading to some young people using anti-wrinkle products too quickly, doing them more harm than good. If you start using active ingredients like retinol too early, she explains, you destroy the skin barrier, which leads to premature ageing of the skin. The rise of cosmetic treatments among younger generations could also play a role. Dr Ross Perry, quoted in the Daily Mail, notes that Botox, fillers and semi-permanent make-up procedures are becoming normalised among people as young as 20, creating an appearance that may look older. Social media's influence on beauty standards and a prevailing fear of ageing may also be fuelling this trend. Are many Gen Zers really getting these procedures? Despite the headlines suggesting otherwise, most Gen Z members aren't undergoing cosmetic procedures. Aesthetician Alison Leiterle told Daze that the trend appears widespread, but is mainly seen amongst influencers and celebrities who can afford it. While skincare is popular, most Gen Z don't pursue aesthetic treatments. Cultural theorist Professor Meredith Jones suggests that the perception of age is shifting. Older celebrities with cosmetic enhancements now look younger, creating a distorted standard. So instead of thinking that 40-year-old looks 20, we may perceive younger people with similar features as looking older. Ultimately, there's no clear evidence that Gen Z looks older than past generations at the same age. Changing beauty norms and evolving age perceptions may be driving this belief, especially as Gen Z move closer to their 30s. There you have it. 词汇表 Generation Y / the Millennials [mɪˈleniəlz] Y世代 / 千禧一代（指1981年至1996年间出生的人） Gen Z Z世代（指1997年至2012年间出生的人） skincare routine [ˈskɪnkeə ruːˌtiːn] 日常护肤，护肤流程 self-care [ˌselfˈkeə(r)] n. 自我保养，自我护理 youthful [ˈjuːθfl] adj. 年轻的，显得年轻的 dermatologist [ˌdɜːməˈtɒlədʒɪst] n. 皮肤科医生，皮肤学者 anti-wrinkle [ˌæntiˈrɪŋkl] adj. 抗皱的 retinol [ˈretɪnɒl] n. 视黄醇（用于护肤的一种维生素A） premature ageing [ˌpremətʃə(r)] 过早老化，早衰 cosmetic treatments [kɒzˈmetɪk ˈtriːtmənts] 美容治疗，医美项目 Botox [ˈbəʊtɒks] n. 肉毒杆菌素（用于除皱） filler [ˈfɪlə(r)] n. 填充剂（如用于面部填充） semi-permanent make-up [ˌsemi ˈpɜːmənənt] 半永久化妆（如纹眉、纹眼线等） normalised [ˈnɔːməlaɪzd] adj. 常态化的，正常化的 prevailing [prɪˈveɪlɪŋ] adj. 盛行的，普遍的 fuel [ˈfjuːəl] vt. 加剧，刺激，助长 undergo [ˌʌndəˈɡəʊ] vt. 经历，接受（变化或治疗等） cosmetic procedures [kɒzˈmetɪk prəˈsiːdʒə(r)z] 美容手术，医美项目 aesthetic treatments [iːsˈθetɪk ˈtriːtmənts] 美容治疗，医美项目 cultural theorist [ˈθɪərɪst] 文化理论家 cosmetic enhancements [kɒzˈmetɪk ɪnˈhɑːnsmənts] 医美改善，美容提升 distorted [dɪˈstɔːtɪd] adj. 扭曲的，失真的 beauty norms [nɔːmz] 审美标准，美貌规范 🪴翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进入【打卡交流群】

Keeping leftovers safe Overpriced shop-bought sandwiches, underwhelming food from your work canteen or pricey local restaurants. If those are the alternatives, then it's unsurprising that many of us think leftovers make the perfect lunch. Leftovers are a good way to cut down on food waste. If you've cooked them yourself, then you can be sure what all the ingredients are and where they've come from. But how safe are leftovers? Could there be a danger lurking in your lunchbox? It's not just you that loves your leftovers. The BBC's Trust Me, I'm a Doctor programme tells us that they are also great for bacteria like listeria, salmonella and campylobacter. They can nourish themselves on the food we love and multiply incredibly quickly. One campylobacter bacterium can multiply to 70,000 million bacteria in just 12 hours. Food poisoning caused by these bacteria usually makes people mildly unwell but can also cause more serious life-threatening illnesses. What do we need to think about to keep our leftovers safe? Temperature control is important to stop bacteria growing on your food. Food safety experts warn of a danger zone between 8C and 63C. At these temperatures, bacteria can grow easily on your leftover food. Refrigerating your leftovers slows bacteria growth, and this is why experts recommend putting your leftover food in the fridge within two hours. You should also cover any food in the refrigerator because air can contain contaminants, and also, many pathogens need oxygen to grow. However, do remember that fridges only slow bacteria growth, not stop it, so most leftovers should only be left in the fridge for two days. Temperature is also important if you are reheating leftovers. Instructions often recommend heating food until it's piping hot or steaming hot throughout. Clinical microbiology lecturer Primrose Freestone recommends that ovens are set to at least 163C and that food's internal temperature should reach at least 74C. Other experts tell us that food heated in the microwave should be stirred halfway through the process so that it's cooked all the way through. Leftovers can be an economical way to cut down on food waste. However, it's important that we store and reheat food carefully to make sure that it stays safe to eat. 词汇表 overpriced [ˌəʊvəˈpraɪst] adj. 价格过高的，昂贵的 shop-bought [ˈʃɒp bɔːt] adj. （食物）商店买来的，现成的 underwhelming [ˌʌndəˈwelmɪŋ] adj. 平庸的，索然无味的，乏善可陈的 pricey [ˈpraɪsi] adj. 昂贵的，价格高的 leftovers [ˈleftəʊvəz] n. 剩菜剩饭，吃剩的食物 food waste 食物浪费，食物残渣 ingredient [ɪnˈɡriːdiənt] n. （食品的）成分，原料 lurk [lɜːk] vi. 潜伏，潜藏 lunchbox [ˈlʌntʃbɒks] n. 午餐盒，饭盒 bacteria [bækˈtɪəriə] n. 细菌（bacterium [bækˈtɪəriəm] 的复数） listeria [lɪˈstɪəriə] n. 李斯特菌 salmonella [ˌsælməˈnelə] n. 沙门氏菌 campylobacter [ˌkæmpɪləʊˈbæktə(r)] n. 弯曲杆菌 nourish [ˈnʌrɪʃ] vt. 滋养，给…提供养分 multiply [ˈmʌltɪplaɪ] v. 繁殖，增殖，大量增加 food poisoning [ˈpɔɪzənɪŋ] 食物中毒 mildly [ˈmaɪldli] adv. 轻微地，温和地 life-threatening [ˈlaɪf θretənɪŋ] adj. （疾病）危及生命的，致命的 danger zone [zəʊn] 危险区域，危险地带 refrigerate [rɪˈfrɪdʒəreɪt] vt. 冷藏，冷冻 contaminant [kənˈtæmɪnənt] n. 污染物，致污物 pathogen [ˈpæθədʒən] n. 病原体，致病菌 reheat [ˌriːˈhiːt] vt. 重新加热，再热 piping hot [ˌpaɪpɪŋ] adj. 滚烫的，非常热的 steaming hot [ˌstiːmɪŋ] adj. 热气腾腾的，滚烫的 microbiology [ˌmaɪkrəʊbaɪˈɒlədʒi] n. 微生物学 oven [ˈʌvn] n. 烤箱，烤炉 internal temperature [ɪnˈtɜːnl] 内部温度 stir halfway [stɜː(r) ˌhɑːfˈweɪ] 中途搅拌 all the way through 完全地，彻底地，从头到尾地 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Should we eat ultra-processed food? Phil Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Phil. Pippa And I'm Pippa. Phil If you've eaten anything today, then it's likely that some of your food was ultra-processed – food containing artificial ingredients like additives and sweeteners. Ultra-processed foods are everywhere, from sliced bread to chocolate biscuits and crisps. Pippa They might taste good, but the bad news is that ultra-processed foods have been linked to poor health. They often contain lots of sugar and salt and have been linked to problems like obesity and diabetes. So, how can we tell what food is ultra-processed and what's not? Here's health reporter Annabel Rackham on BBC World Service programme What in the World? Annabel Rackham Ultra-processed foods are things that contain five or more ingredients, and things that you wouldn't find in your average kitchen. It's going to have things on there, like emulsifiers, preservatives, additives, dyes and sweeteners. Phil Annabel describes ultra-processed foods as things containing ingredients you wouldn't find in your kitchen. Do you eat much ultra-processed food, Pippa, or do you try to avoid it? Pippa I used to eat a lot of ultra-processed foods, and now I try to cook everything myself and not eat things like chocolate and snacks all day. How about you? Phil I think the same. I try to cook things using just normal ingredients, just so you know what's gone into it. Pippa In this episode, we'll be discussing ultra-processed food as well as learning some useful new vocabulary. Phil But now I have a question for you, Pippa. Fizzy drinks, like cola and lemonade, are another example of popular ultra-processed foods, but when were fizzy drinks invented? Was it: a) 1772, b) 1872, or c) 1972? Pippa Well, I think it was before 1972, but 1772 sounds like too early, so I'm going to say b) 1872. Phil We'll find out the answer at the end of the programme. One reason for the popularity of ultra-processed food is convenience. Let's hear more from health reporter Annabel, who talks here with Hannah Gelbart, presenter of BBC World Service's What in the World. Annabel Rackham So, I do think convenience – it is the main issue there. And again, with a ready meal, you put it in the microwave for a couple of minutes. It's done. It's hot. It serves you. Whereas, you know, sometimes cooking a fresh meal from scratch – that can take a really long time. Hannah Gelbart What's your ultra-processed guilty food? Annabel Rackham I'm a chocolate girl. A packet of biscuits – something like that. A cake. That is my... that's my guilty pleasure. Pippa Ultra-processed foods like ready meals are convenient. A ready meal is a meal from a supermarket that has already been prepared and can be heated up quickly in a microwave. That's a lot quicker and easier than cooking from scratch – an idiom meaning to do something from the very beginning without using anything that's already been made. Phil Even though ultra-processed foods are often unhealthy, they taste good. That's why Annabel calls chocolate her guilty pleasure. A guilty pleasure is something you enjoy but think you shouldn't and feel a little embarrassed about. Pippa Ultra-processed food is a tricky topic. We know these foods have been linked to poor health, but at the same time they're cheap, convenient and taste good. So, what should we do? Here's Hannah and Annabel discussing this for BBC programme What in the World: Hannah Gelbart Is it OK for me to have a packet of crisps once in a while? Should we be cutting ultra-processed foods out of our diets completely, or is there a way for us to still enjoy them from time to time? Annabel Rackham I think the best thing to do is just not to panic. Everything is fine in moderation. Phil Hannah asks if it's OK to eat ultra-processed foods once in a while, or from time to time. The phrases once in a while and from time to time mean occasionally – sometimes, but not very often. Pippa Annabel replies using the phrase everything in moderation, which advises us that it's best to avoid too much of anything. Phil That sounds sensible to me, and it also means I won't feel bad about eating chocolate now and then. OK. Pippa, it's time to reveal the answer to my question. Now, I asked you when fizzy drinks were invented. You said 1872. I'm afraid the correct answer was 1772. Apparently carbonated water was used to try to prevent scurvy on sea voyages. Pippa Wow, that is amazing. I wouldn't have thought it was that long ago. Phil Right. Let's recap the vocabulary we've learned, starting with ready meal – a meal from a supermarket that has already been prepared so you can heat it up quickly. Pippa If you do something from scratch, you do it from the very beginning, without using anything that's already been made. Phil A guilty pleasure is something you enjoy but feel guilty or embarrassed about because you think you shouldn't do it. 📝 字数限制，完整文本、词汇表、翻译及pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

Exhibition will explore the late Queen's fashion Across the gallery, mannequin after mannequin is dressed in some of the most memorable outfits of the Queen's life. Her wedding dress has been painstakingly restored, and there are shows of diplomatic dressing. The 1950s ball gown from her first state visit to America, and a glittering gown for a visit to India, adorned with lotus flower motifs. Also on display, her peach-coloured dress from the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics. Alongside it is a replica created for the stuntman, who was her body double to parachute into the stadium. Each item tells a story. Many mark significant events in British history. Others show the more private, dressed down moments of a monarch who was an early fashion influencer. 词汇表 gallery [ˈɡæləri] n. 画廊，展厅，美术馆 mannequin [ˈmænɪkɪn] n. （商店橱窗里的）人体模型，服装模特 outfit [ˈaʊtfɪt] n. 全套服装，装束 painstakingly [ˈpeɪnzteɪkɪŋli] adv. 煞费苦心地，精心地，悉心地 diplomatic [ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk] adj. 外交的；有手腕的，有策略的 ball gown [bɔːl ɡaʊn] 舞会礼服，晚礼服 glittering [ˈɡlɪtərɪŋ] adj. 闪闪发光的，华丽的，闪耀的 be adorned with [əˈdɔːnd] 装饰有，点缀着 lotus flower motifs [ˈləʊtəs][məʊˈtiːfs] 莲花图案 on display [dɪˈspleɪ] 展出，陈列 peach-coloured [piːtʃ ˈkʌləd] adj. 桃红色的，桃色的 replica [ˈreplɪkə] n. 复制品，仿制品 stuntman [ˈstʌntmæn] n. 特技演员，替身演员 body double 替身演员 parachute into [ˈpærəʃuːt] 跳伞进入，空降到 dressed down [drest daʊn] adj. 便装的，穿着低调的，穿着随意的 monarch [ˈmɒnək] n. 君主，帝王 🗒️翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

The 'superhero' oyster species helping to clean water There were oyster reefs in Belfast Lough until the early 20th century, when overfishing and pollution all but destroyed them. Over the last four years, oyster nurseries have been set up on the coasts of counties Antrim and Down. Now conservationists have placed 2,000 adult European oysters and more than 30,000 juveniles on the seabed of the lough. Scientists hope the shellfish will form a natural reef and improve the water quality because they remove pollutants. Northern Ireland's devolved government is supporting the project. It's led by the charity Ulster Wildlife, which has said the latest stage is a huge step forward in helping to restore a small but mighty ocean superhero. 词汇表 oyster reefs [ˈɔɪstə(r) riːfs] 牡蛎礁（是由大量牡蛎聚集形成的生物礁结构，能净化水质、提供栖息地，稳固海岸线等） lough [lɒk] n. （爱尔兰）湖，海湾 overfishing [ˌəʊvəˈfɪʃɪŋ] n. 过度捕捞 nursery [ˈnɜːsəri] n. 繁殖场，苗圃 conservationist [ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃənɪst] n. 自然保护主义者，环保主义者 juvenile [ˈdʒuːvənaɪl] n. 幼体，幼年动物 seabed [ˈsiːbed] n. 海底，海床 shellfish [ˈʃelfɪʃ] n. 贝类，甲壳类水生动物 pollutant [pəˈluːtənt] n. 污染物 devolved government [dɪˈvɒlvd] 自治政府，分权政府，权力下放政府 mighty [ˈmaɪti] adj. 强大的，强有力的，巨大的 🗒️翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

Is oversleeping bad for you? You're no doubt familiar with what it feels like to be extremely tired after a long sleep. It's a little like a hangover, really, sluggishness, irritability, perhaps a slight headache too, and there's actually a term for those sensations, sleep drunkenness. According to the sleep foundation, the average adult needs between 7 and 9 hours sleep per night, but optimal sleep duration is unique for each of us. It can vary due to factors like genetics, age, and lifestyle habits. So bear in mind if people call you a heavy sleeper because you sleep 9 hours every night, that doesn't necessarily mean you're oversleeping. It could just be that's the duration you need. How do we distinguish between the 2 then? Oversleeping disturbs our circadian rhythm, which is regulated by a group of 1000s of neurons located in the hypothalamus of the brain. When you keep on sleeping longer than needed, your cells have already begun to send chemical signals to awaken your cognitive and physical functions. That's what leads to daytime drowsiness. When we're experiencing an excessive need for sleep, daytime sleepiness or chronic exhaustion, we talk about hypersomnia, most often it's caused by a lack of sleep, in which case it's referred to as reactive hypersomnia. It can also be linked to pathologies such as sleep apnea, or much more rarely narcolepsy, which is characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks and extreme drowsiness. It can also be associated with Parkinson's disease and depression. Apart from those specific cases, does oversleeping have any other health consequences? Sleeping for a long time isn't dangerous as such. But if you sleep more than 10 hours per night and still don't feel rested, it's fair to say your sleep is ineffective, you should book an appointment with your GP to discuss it. A 2020 Harvard Medical School study suggested that in the long term, obviously, sleeping can lead to memory problems, and increase the risk of developing heart problems, type 2 diabetes and depression. That's also true for people who don't get enough sleep. There you have it. 词汇表 hangover [ˈhæŋəʊvə(r)] n. 宿醉（饮酒过量后的不适反应） sluggishness [ˈslʌɡɪʃnəs] n. 迟缓，呆滞，昏沉 irritability [ˌɪrɪtəˈbɪləti] n. 易怒，烦躁 sleep drunkenness [ˈdrʌŋkənnəs] 睡醉（睡太久醒来后的昏沉状态） optimal sleep duration [ˈɒptɪməl sliːp djʊˈreɪʃn] 最佳睡眠时长 genetics [dʒəˈnetɪks] n. 遗传学，遗传特征 heavy sleeper 嗜睡者，酣睡者，睡得沉的人 oversleep [ˌəʊvəˈsliːp] vi. 睡过头，睡得太久 circadian rhythm [sɜːˈkeɪdiən] 昼夜节律，生物钟 neuron [ˈnjʊərɒn] n. 神经元，神经细胞 hypothalamus [ˌhaɪpəˈθæləməs] n. 下丘脑（大脑中调节体温、饥饿、睡眠等的区域） drowsiness [ˈdraʊzinəs] n. 困倦，睡意，嗜睡 hypersomnia [ˌhaɪpəˈsɒmniə] n. 嗜睡症，睡眠过度 reactive hypersomnia [riˈæktɪv ˌhaɪpəˈsɒmniə] 反应性嗜睡症（由睡眠不足引起的过度嗜睡） pathology [pəˈθɒlədʒi] n. 病理学，病状 sleep apnea [ˈæpniə] 睡眠呼吸暂停（睡眠时呼吸反复停止的病症） narcolepsy [ˈnɑːkəlepsi] 发作性睡病，嗜睡症（一种无法控制的突发性睡眠障碍） Parkinson's disease [ˈpɑːkɪnsənz dɪˈziːz] 帕金森病（神经系统退行性疾病） GP 全科医生（General Practitioner） type 2 diabetes [ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz] 2型糖尿病 🪴翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进入【打卡交流群】

Does where you grow up shape your personality? Would you be the same person if you'd grown up in different surroundings? How might you be different if you'd grown up in an urban versus a rural environment, or in a different country altogether? This is the age-old, nature-nurture debate that has had people pondering for many years. Is your personality written in your genes or shaped by your experience? Most experts agree that it is a combination of both. Let's hear about ways this can be put to the test. A common way is to study twin pairs, because if personality came only from genes, you might expect identical twins to have the same, or a very similar, personality. Research called 'Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies' looked at 14 million twin pairs in 39 countries. Do identical twins, who share almost identical DNA, have more similar personalities than non-identical twins, who share about half? By comparing the two, the authors concluded that about 50% of the differences between people can be explained by genetic factors, meaning that our genes play a significant role in shaping who we are, but our environment and experiences are just as important. Other studies looked to see whether personality traits were more prevalent in certain geographical regions than in others. For example, in a 2015 study called 'Regional Personality Differences in Great Britain', researchers investigated how the 'Big Five' personality traits, which include extraversion, openness and agreeableness, were geographically distributed. They found there were areas where each trait was more prevalent. For example, agreeableness, which is about friendliness and trust, was more prevalent in the Scottish Highlands and Northern England – more rural areas with lower population densities. Whereas openness, which is associated with curiosity and intellect, was more prevalent in urban, densely populated areas like London, Manchester and Brighton, suggesting that a person's environment can help to foster various traits. While our DNA provides a starting point, it is only part of the jigsaw puzzle that makes our personality. As we go through life, we encounter obstacles, we make mistakes, and we learn what we enjoy through experience – all of which can change how we interact with the world. 词汇表 age-old adj. 古老的，由来已久的 nature-nurture debate [ˈnɜːtʃə] 先天与后天之争 ponder [ˈpɒndə] v. 沉思，琢磨，仔细考虑 gene [dʒiːn] n. 基因，遗传因子 identical twins [aɪˈdentɪkl twɪnz] 同卵双胞胎 meta-analysis [ˌmetə əˈnæləsɪs] n. 元分析，统合分析（对多项研究结果的统计分析） heritability [ˌherɪtəˈbɪlɪti] n. 遗传可能性，遗传性，遗传力 non-identical twins [ˌnɒn aɪˈdentɪkl twɪnz] 异卵双胞胎 genetic [dʒəˈnetɪk] adj. 基因的，遗传的 prevalent [ˈprevələnt] adj. 普遍的，流行的，盛行的 geographical regions [ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkl ˈriːdʒənz] 地理区域 'Big Five' personality traits 大五人格特质 extraversion [ˌekstrəˈvɜːʃn] n. 外向性，外倾性 agreeableness [əˈɡriːəblnəs] n. 宜人性，亲和力 population density [ˈdensɪti] 人口密度 densely populated [ˈdensli ˈpɒpjʊleɪtɪd] 人口密集的 foster [ˈfɒstə] vt. 培养，促进 jigsaw puzzle [ˈdʒɪɡsɔː] 拼图（游戏） 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Why are we all so stressed Neil Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil. Becca And I'm Becca. Worrying about work or exams, war and climate change in the news - it's no wonder that modern life is stressful. What makes you stress, Neil? Neil Oh, good question. I think not having enough time to do something, that really makes me stressed out. How about you? Becca Um. When I'm trying to do something that I've never tried before and I'm not very good at it, that makes me feel really stressed. Neil I find that stressful, too. Becca And how do you cope with stressful situations, Neil? Neil Well, I try to slow down, uh, pause, take a breath and think, 'at some point, probably later today, everything will be okay again.' How about you? Becca Yeah, same. But in my mind, I'm telling myself that, 'I will be better at what I'm doing. I just need to practise more.' Neil Hmm. Many young people who feel stressed about the modern world use the word overwhelm to describe their feelings. And overwhelm was also the topic of a recent BBC World Service programme, What in the World. Here's Iqra Farooq and Claudia Hammond. Claudia Hammond So, overwhelm is an emotional state where you are struggling with your current situation. So, you might feel overloaded, you might feel you can't cope, and that might be a temporary thing, hopefully. But if it's not in the longer term, if that becomes more of a kind of chronic kind of stress, then that that might lead to burnout in the end. Becca Feeling overwhelmed and unable to cope with life can become chronic, meaning that it lasts for a long time. Overwhelm can lead to burnout, mental or physical exhaustion caused by working too hard. Neil So how can we manage the stress in our lives and feel happier and healthier? That's what we'll be discussing in this episode, along with some useful new words and phrases. Becca But before we start, I have a question for you, Neil. One simple way of combating stress is taking time to rest. So, according to research conducted by BBC presenter and psychologist Claudia Hammond, which activity is thought to be the most restful? Is it: a) reading for pleasure, b) walking in nature, or c) listening to music? Neil Well, I think they're all quite relaxing, but I'm gonna guess b) walking in nature. Becca I'm surprised, Neil! I know you love music. And we'll find out the answer later. One of the most stressful things facing many young people is exams. Here, Claudia Hammond offers some advice for managing exam stress to BBC World Service's What in the World: Claudia Hammond …particularly in the exam itself, if you feel stressed, then just knowing that you may well perform better while you're stressed, that this… it concentrates the mind, it sharpens and you know nerves sharpen your thinking and allow you to really do your best. Neil It's normal to feel nerves before an exam. Nerves is an informal word for worry or anxiety, but according to Claudia, nerves aren't necessarily bad. Becca Yes, nerves can help concentrate the mind. The phrase concentrate or sharpen the mind means to think more clearly about something, like an actor or an athlete feeling nerves before a big performance can help them do their best. Neil Claudia recommends other ways to reduce stress as well. These include slowing down and accepting that it's ok to be 'good enough' rather than always trying for perfection. Here, she shares more top tips with Iqra Farooq for BBC World Service's What in the World: Iqra Farooq I guess it's - there's no one-size-fits-all as well, when it comes to this. So, if someone's listening and thinking, 'I want some top tips on just feeling overwhelmed generally in my life,' what would you say to them? Claudia Hammond So, first I would say accept that your to-do list is never going to end, it's always going to be there. So, even I know that might sound defeatist, but even if you get to the end of it today, tomorrow there will be something else on it. And that's just life, and that is just signs of a busy life. Becca There are many ways to combat stress, not a one-size-fits-all solution. The phrase, one-size-fits-all, describes trying to apply the same solution to many different problems. Neil Claudia's final piece of advice is don't worry too much about your to-do-list, the list of all the items you have to do. Why? Because it never ends. Every day there will be something new to add to the list. So, why stress? Becca Some good advice there, Neil. I think I'll try these techniques next time I feel stressed. And, speaking of ways to de-stress reminds me of my question I asked you earlier. According to research conducted by BBC presenter and psychologist Claudia Hammond, which activity is thought of to be the most restful? And you answered b) walking in nature. Unfortunately, Neil, the answer is a) reading. Neil Ah well, reading is really relaxing as well. 📝 字数限制，完整文本、词汇表、翻译及pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】