Why soil is one of the most amazing things on Earth | BBC Ideas Soil. it's one the most underrated and little-understood wonders on our fragile planet. Here's why. 土壤。它是我们脆弱地球上最被低估和鲜为人知的奇迹之一。原因如下。 Far from being lifeless dirt, it's estimated that in a single gram of soil, there could be as many as 50,000 species of microscopic organisms, or microorganisms. And in one teaspoon of soil, there are more microorganisms than there are people on the Earth. But much of what lies beneath, in this hidden and deep universe, is still alien to us. Despite being literally under our feet, humans have so far only identified a tiny fraction of the extraordinary life teeming underground. But these animals and microorganisms provide an invaluable role. 它绝不是无生命的泥土，据估计，在一克土壤中可能存在多达50,000种微生物。而在一茶匙土壤中，微生物的数量比地球上的人口还要多。但我们脚下这个隐藏的、深邃的宇宙中，还有许多东西对我们来说是陌生的。尽管这些生命就在我们脚下，但迄今为止，人类只发现了地下蕴藏的非凡生命中的一小部分。但是，这些动物和微生物却发挥着不可估量的作用。 Millions of years of evolutionary competition have led the microorganisms to produce antibiotic compounds to fight their neighbours. And these compounds form the basis of many of the antibiotics used by us humans. We literally make medicine from our soil. No-one knows how many new treatments could be lying under our feet, waiting to be discovered. 经过数百万年的进化竞争，微生物产生了抗生素化合物来对抗它们的邻居。这些化合物构成了我们人类使用的许多抗生素的基础。我们实际上是在用我们的土壤制造药物。没有人知道，在我们的脚下还有多少新的治疗方法等待我们去发现。 One of the most special creatures living in soil is the earthworm. Darwin was fascinated by them and said: "It may be doubted if there are any other animals which have played such an important part in the history of the world," due to their importance in making and sustaining soil. Earthworms journey down and around, creating breathing holes, like lungs in the soil. This creates space for plant roots to grow and keeps soil alive. 蚯蚓是生活在土壤中最特别的生物之一。达尔文对它们非常着迷，他说：“人们可能会怀疑是否还有其他动物在世界历史上扮演过如此重要的角色”，因为它们在形成和维持土壤方面发挥着重要作用。蚯蚓向下和四周爬行，在土壤中形成像肺一样的呼吸孔。这为植物根系的生长创造了空间，保持了土壤的活力。 Under the soil, there are also vast and intricate webs of fungal threads. Plants and fungi need each other to thrive, and so they do a deal. Fungi can't capture carbon dioxide to grow like plants can, but they're better than plants at mining the soil for nutrients, so they trade. Plants give fungi carbon to grow, and fungi give plants nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. It's a mutually beneficial relationship. And just one example of the interconnected ecosystem we're all part of. Plant matter decays and provides food for microbes. They provide food for worms. Worms are food for birds and so on…Soil provides us humans with almost everything we eat. But it's not just about what soils can do for us. It's important we value, appreciate – and crucially, protect – soil for a whole load of other reasons, too. Think about this for a moment. It takes more than 100 years to build just 5 millimetres – half a centimetre – of soil. But just moments to destroy, through chemical contamination, urbanisation, landslides, erosion and more. Some soil is really ancient – dating back millions and millions of years. The oldest soil on Earth is thought to be in South Africa and dates back three billion years. In the UK, our soil is around 15,000 years old, and it formed after the last ice age. Soil is also a really valuable carbon store – capturing carbon and locking it away in stable forms deep underground. It stores three times as much carbon as all the plants on Earth combined, including trees. But because it grows so slowly, we need to protect what we have. We are not succeeding. We know many of the problems. Intensive farming is one of them. It releases carbon from our soils and we're losing soil 50 to 100 times faster than it's able to re-build. In Europe, 60-70% of soils are thought to be unhealthy. And in croplands in the UK, in less than 30 years from the end of the 1970s, we lost more than 10% of the carbon the soil had stored for us. And since then? Well, we just don't know, because in many countries there's little data on soil. It's poorly protected and regulated. We grow on it, build on it, build from it. It filters and cleans our waters, reduces flooding, and regulates our atmosphere. It's one of the most biodiverse habitats on Earth and a vital part of the nitrogen and carbon cycle on our planet. But the sad truth is, right now, soil hasn't enough champions fighting for it. We literally treat it like dirt. And yet there is so much untapped potential, so much wonder, and so many secrets, just waiting to be discovered in the ground beneath our feet. 🌟字数限制， 完整翻译，视频版和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

The Carnivorous Plant's Hunting Strategy BBC Earth｜Water Worlds｜The Green Planet Swamps and bogs are also poor in nutrients. So several plants that live in such places catch insects too, if they can. 沼泽和泥塘同样缺乏养分。因此，生活在这样的环境里的一些植物也会捕捉昆虫，如果它们能够的话。 The leaves of Sundews are covered with long, red hairs, each tipped with a droplet. These glistening globules are, in fact, glue. Once the Sundews detect the taste of their victim's body, they flood it with digestive enzymes. The little body disintegrates. And the Sundew gets the nutrients it needs. 茅膏菜的叶子上覆盖着长长的红色细毛，每根细毛的顶端都有一颗小水滴。这些闪亮的小水珠实际上是胶。一旦茅膏菜检测到猎物身体的味道，它们就会用消化酶将其淹没。这个小小的身体解体了。茅膏菜获得了它所需的养分。 Another plant has an even more elaborate way of catching a meal. The Venus Flytrap has leaves that are lined with interlocking teeth. It attracts insects by producing a sweet perfume, just as a flower does. It, too, has a hair trigger. And another insect is caught. But the technique is more complex than it might seem. 另一种植物有着更为复杂的捕食方式。捕蝇草的叶子上排列着交错的牙齿。它通过产生一种甜美的香气来吸引昆虫，就像花朵一样。它也有一个灵敏的触发机制。又一只昆虫被捕获了。但这种技巧比看起来更为复杂。 The Venus Flytrap has a problem. It needs to avoid false alarms, snapping shut on something inedible, like a raindrop or a little bit of twig. That would be a waste of both time and energy. So how does it avoid that? Well, it does it by counting. If I touch this one, sensitive hair just there ..no reaction. That could be a false alarm, but the plant remembers that for 20 seconds. 捕蝇草遇到了一个问题。它需要避免误报，避免因为触碰到像雨滴或小树枝这样不可食用的东西而突然闭合。那样会浪费时间和精力。那么，它是如何避免这种情况的呢？它通过计数来实现。如果我触碰这根敏感的触毛，没有反应。那可能是一个误报，但植物会记住这次触碰长达20秒。 And if I touch it a second time within that time, then that's much more likely to be worth eating. And so ..it closes. So far, so good, but now it needs to be absolutely certain that it's got something worth eating, so it continues counting. Only after it has totted up five separate touches to those hairs will it give the final squeeze and then begin to produce the liquid from the surface of the leaf, which will dissolve the body of its unfortunate victim. 如果在这段时间内我第二次触摸它，那么这更有可能是值得吃的。于是...它闭合了。到目前为止，一切都好，但现在它需要完全确定它捕获的是值得吃的，所以它继续计数。只有在那些细毛上累积了五次单独的触碰，它才会给出最后的挤压，然后开始从叶子表面分泌液体，这种液体将溶解它不幸猎物的身体。 The Flytrap now has enough energy to produce flowers and attract pollinating insects. 现在，捕蝇草有足够的能量来产生花朵并吸引传粉昆虫了。 词汇表 carnivorous plant [kɑ:'nɪvərəs] 食肉植物，食虫植物（一种以捕食昆虫或其他小动物为生的植物，通常生长在营养贫瘠的土壤中） swamp [swɒmp] 沼泽，湿地 bog [bɒɡ] 沼泽，泥塘 Sundew [ˈsʌndjʊ] 茅膏菜（食虫植物，以粘性触须捕虫） be tipped with 尖端带有，被…覆盖尖端 droplet [ˈdrɒplət] 小水滴 glistening ['glɪstnɪŋ] 闪亮的，发光的 globule [ˈɡlɒbjuːl] 水珠，小球体 glue [ɡluː] 胶，胶水 digestive enzyme [daɪ'dʒestɪv][ˈenzaɪm] 消化酶 disintegrate [dɪs'ɪntɪ.ɡreɪt] 瓦解，解体 elaborate [ɪ'læbəreɪt] 复杂的，详尽的 Venus Flytrap ['viːnəs][ˈflaɪˌtræp] 捕蝇草（食虫植物，以快速闭合叶片捕食昆虫） interlocking teeth [ˌɪntə(r)ˈlɒkiŋ] 交错的牙齿 perfume [ˈpɜː(r)fjuːm] 香味，芳香 hair trigger 灵敏的触发机制 false alarm 误报，虚惊 snap shut [snæp] 突然闭合，啪地合上 inedible [ɪn'edəb(ə)l] 不能吃的，不宜食用的 twig [twɪɡ] 嫩枝，小枝 tot up [tɒt] 合计，累计 dissolve [dɪˈzɒlv] 溶解，分解 pollinating insect [ˈpɒləneɪtɪŋ] 授粉昆虫 🌟 视频版和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Social media apps are deliberately addictive to users Aza Raskin from the Centre for Humane Technology said social media companies deliberately use addictive technology in their apps in order to lure us in to spending as much time on their platforms as possible. 人文科技中心的阿扎·拉斯金说，社交媒体公司故意在他们的应用程序中使用让人上瘾的技术，以吸引我们尽可能多地呆在他们的平台上。 Aza Raskin invented the endless scroll – the app feature that means you don't have to click to get to the next page and can keep scrolling for far longer than maybe necessary or healthy. 阿扎·拉斯金发明了无限下拉滚动的功能，这个应用程序功能意味着你不需要点击进入下一个页面，你可以无限地下拉页面，但滚动的时间可能比必要的或健康的标准长得多。 Aza says he did not intend to hook users with it but says the business model of many social media companies is designed to maximise user time online. He says this encourages designers to come up with technological tricks that hook users. 阿扎说他发明这个功能的目的不是为了勾住用户，但他表示，许多社交媒体公司的商业模式旨在让用户呆在线上的时间最大化。他说，这鼓励设计师们想出一些能吸引用户的技术诀窍。 Sandy Parakilas, who was a platform operations manager at Facebook in 2011 and 2012, said there was definitely an awareness that Facebook was habit-forming when he worked at the company. 桑迪·帕拉吉拉斯在 2011年和 2012年间担任脸书的平台运营经理，他说他在任期间，公司内部确实意识到脸书容易让用户上瘾。 Facebook and Instagram have told the BBC that their apps are designed to bring people together and that they never set out to create addictive products. 而脸书和照片墙告诉 BBC他们的应用程序的设计理念是让人们聚在一起，而从未想开发让人上瘾的产品。 词汇表 Centre for Humane Technology [hjuːˈmeɪn] 人文科技中心（致力于推动科技以更符合人类福祉和价值观的方式发展的组织） deliberately [dɪ'lɪb(ə)rətli] 有意地，故意地 addictive [ə'dɪktɪv] 使人上瘾的，使人入迷的 lure [ljʊə(r)] 诱惑，吸引 endless scroll [skrəʊl] 无限下拉滚动 maximise ['mæksɪmaɪz] 使最大化，增至最大 hook [hʊk] 勾住，吸引住 business model 商业模式，运营模式 operations manager 运营经理 habit-forming （活动）易上瘾的 bring together 聚集，使……团结起来 set out（怀着特定目的）开始，着手 🌟更多英语听力和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

How rural life becomes a modern fantasy Rolling hills and endless green pastures – those images are easy to conjure when thinking of the idyllic country lifestyle. When lockdowns descended upon many countries across the world during the pandemic, social media seemed to be dominated by pictures of cottages and village life – people getting away from it all. So, why is living in the countryside becoming a modern fantasy – and are there benefits to considering a slower pace of life? 连绵起伏的山丘和一望无际的绿色牧场——当想到田园般的乡村生活时，我们很容易联想到这些画面。在疫情期间，许多国家实施了封锁措施，社交媒体似乎被乡村小屋和村庄生活的照片所占据——人们纷纷远离尘嚣。那么，为什么乡村生活成为了现代的幻想？考虑放慢生活节奏是否有益处呢？ It makes sense that some people would want to give up the crowded and noisy city streets for the perceived tranquillity of the traditional country life – especially during an event like a pandemic. The lockdowns and extensive periods of working from home have given people time to think about what they want from life. But it's not just about having a greener place to look at out your window. 一些人希望放弃拥挤嘈杂的城市街道，转而享受传统乡村生活的宁静，这是有道理的，尤其是在发生疫情这样的事件时。封锁和长时间在家工作让人们有时间思考自己想要的生活。但这不仅仅是为了让窗外有更绿的景色。 There is more evidence that relates to the benefits of rural living. Villages aren't normally subject to the stop-go traffic we see in city centres, the buses fighting with taxis for dominance, or metro systems with trains that scream from one station to the next. In short, there's less air pollution in your country retreat – a thing which increases the chances of developing respiratory conditions or heart disease. You also get more opportunities to take long walks and see the sights, meaning you can get more exercise. Less noise, more walks and better air can also lead to less stress and an increased life expectancy, according to studies such as one conducted by the British government in 2012. 有更多证据表明，农村生活好处多多。乡村通常没有我们在城市中心看到的“走走停停”的交通，没有公交车与出租车的争夺，也没有地铁系统中从一个站到另一个站的呼啸而过的列车。总之，乡村僻静处的空气污染较少，而空气污染会增加患呼吸道疾病或心脏病的几率。你也有更多的机会长时间散步和观赏风景，这意味着你可以得到更多的锻炼。根据英国政府在2012年进行的一项研究，噪音少、散步多、空气好还能减轻压力和延长寿命。 However, there are some things that need to be considered. Living far from the hustle and bustle of the city means that some people may feel isolated or even lonely. And as people get older, life far from doctors or public transport could become a bit of a challenge. So, if you're considering a change of pace and moving to a picturesque village, there is a range of pros and cons to consider before taking the plunge. 不过，有些事情还是需要考虑的。远离城市的喧嚣意味着有些人可能会感到与世隔绝甚至孤独。而且随着年龄的增长，远离医生或公共交通的生活可能会成为一种挑战。因此，如果你正在考虑改变生活节奏，搬到一个风景如画的村庄，那么在做出决定之前，需要考虑一系列的利弊。 词汇表 rolling hills [ˈrəʊlɪŋ] 绵延起伏的山丘 pasture [ˈpɑːstʃə(r)] 牧场，牧草地； idyllic [ɪˈdɪlɪk] 田园风光的，恬静的 lockdown [ˈlɒkˌdaʊn] 封锁，封城 descend upon [dɪ'send] 降临，突然来访 dominate [ˈdɒmɪneɪt] 支配，占据 cottage [ˈkɒtɪdʒ] 乡村小屋，村舍 village ['vɪlɪdʒ] 村庄，乡村 get away from it all 远离尘嚣；逃离纷扰 tranquillity [ˈtræŋkwɪlətɪ] 宁静，平静 extensive periods [ɪk'stensɪv] 长时间，长期 rural [ˈrʊərəl] 乡村的，田园的，农村的 be subject to 遭受，易受影响 stop-go traffic 走走停停的交通；间歇性拥堵 metro system [ˈmetrəʊ] 地铁系统 retreat [rɪˈtriːt] 退隐处，静居处，僻静处 respiratory conditions [rɪˈspɪrət(ə)ri] 呼吸系统疾病 life expectancy [ɪk'spektənsi] 预期寿命 hustle and bustle ['hʌs(ə)l]['bʌs(ə)l] 喧嚣，熙熙攘攘，忙碌 isolated [ˈaɪsəˌleɪtɪd] 与世隔绝的，孤立的 picturesque [ˌpɪktʃəˈresk] 风景如画的，美丽的 take the plunge [plʌndʒ] 决定尝试，打定主意 🌟 更多英语听力和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

From the Sky News Centre at two. A woman's been jailed for at least 36 years for murdering her parents and living at their family home in Essex for four years with their hidden bodies. Virginia McCulloch poisoned her father with prescription medication before stabbing her mother in Chelmsford in 2019. Essex Police Detective Superintendent Rob Kirby says the couple's daughter lied about almost every aspect of her life. She's an intelligent manipulator who chose to kill her parents callously without a thought for them or those who continue to suffer as a result of their loss. France, Italy and Spain have accused Israel of violating international law obligations. The countries have released a joint statement saying they're outraged after the IDF injured UN peacekeepers in Lebanon. Targeting Israel was what they were doing, say Israel. Police are still searching for a man in his 60s missing in the River Thames after a rowing boat capsized. Three of the five others rescued from near Sunbury Lock yesterday morning were checked over in hospital. Police are investigating 40 new allegations including rape and sexual assault against the late former Harrods owner Mohamed Al-Fayed. The Met says they're in addition to the 21 claims it knew about before a documentary aired last month into his behaviour. Sadia Chowdhury says officers fear there could be many more accusations. Some victim support groups and some law firms warned that the overall number of victims could be over 100, potentially several hundred. As they say, they've spoken to many more people than the police have announced. The government suffered a blow ahead of its investment summit next week as a logistic Giants scrapped the announcement of a £1bn cash boost into Britain. DP World will review its plans after some of the Prime Minister's top team criticised its subsidiary firm P&O Ferries. And Wales remain unbeaten under Craig Bellamy despite letting a 2-0 lead slip against Iceland in the Nations League. It finished 2-1 in Reykjavik after the host produced a second-half comeback. That's the latest. 翻译和更多英语听力见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”可加入【打卡交流群】

Why Adults Often Behave Like Children Sometimes at moments of particular stress, one adult will turn to another and say: 'Stop behaving like a child.' Or even, 'Act your age.' This isn't merely rude – though might be that too. It seems that in contact with given challenges, we can revert back quite quickly to an earlier stage in our development. We leave behind our adult faculties, the ones associated with reason, logic, calm, strength, and perspective, and slip very quickly into a child-like spectrum marked by panic, rage, despair, terror and appeasement. 在特别紧张的时刻，成年人有时会对另一个成年人说：“别表现得像个孩子。”或者甚至，“成熟一点。”这不仅仅是粗鲁——虽然可能也有点粗鲁。似乎在遇到特定的挑战时，我们会很快回到发展的早期阶段。我们抛弃了与理性、逻辑、冷静、力量和远见相关的成人机能，迅速陷入一个以恐慌、愤怒、绝望、恐惧和安抚为标志的儿童状态。 The specific occasions that shift us from adult to child are an individual guide to our own traumas. The reason why we behave like a child is that traumas selectively arrest emotional development. A part of us is going to remain fixed at whatever age we become traumatised at; so though we may be 28 or 72, we will to all intents – in contact with a certain inflammatory situation – resemble the frightened, bewildered and ashamed 3- or 5-year-olds we once were – though of course we'll be unlikely to notice this. No bell goes off in the mind to signal, 'You're now shifting from being 32 to being 2.' The transition happens in a flash, and it's the work of years of therapy and self-exploration to be able to notice the shift and take measures to soften the damage. 那些让我们从成年人变回孩子的时刻，实际上是我们个人创伤的向导。我们之所以表现得像孩子，是因为创伤会选择性地抑制情感发展。我们的一部分会停留在我们遭受创伤时的年龄；所以尽管我们可能已经28岁或72岁，在碰上某些刺激性情境时，我们实际上会表现得像曾经那个受惊、困惑和羞愧的3岁或5岁的孩子——尽管我们不太可能注意到这一点。脑海中没有铃声响起来提示，“你现在正从32岁变回2岁。”这种转变发生在一瞬间，而要察觉这种转变并采取措施减轻其伤害，需要多年的治疗和自我探索。 To guess at our original traumas, we need only to study triggering situations and then generalize outwards from them. Let's imagine that we get very worked up about a difficulty at passport control with a stern officer or about a dispute with a neighbour who is threatening legal action because a tree we planted is blocking their view. When we erase away the local details, we may be able to see an elemental structure and can then ask ourselves questions accordingly: a powerful man is adopting a bullying manner towards us. Does this remind us of anything in the past? Or: we're suddenly being accused of having done something 'bad' that we had no idea about and the repercussions feel severe. Does this sound in any way familiar? 要推测我们最初的创伤，我们只需要研究触发这些创伤的情境，然后从这些情境向外归纳。让我们想象一下，我们对一位严厉的官员在护照检查遇到困难，或者与一位邻居的纠纷会感到非常激动，因为我们种的一棵树挡住了他们的视线，邻居威胁要采取法律行动。当我们抹去当地的细节时，我们可能会看到一个基本的结构，然后可以相应地问自己问题：一个有权势的人对我们采取了欺凌的态度。这是否让我们想起了过去的什么事情？或者：我们突然被指责做了一些我们根本不知道是“坏事”，而后果感觉很严重。这听起来是否有些熟悉？ Memories tend to emerge. That stern passport officer might map with eerie precision onto an extremely frightening father. Or a legal dispute might in its psychological fundamentals hint at some awful bullying one suffered at school. 记忆往往会浮现出来。那个严厉的护照官员可能与一个极其可怕的父亲以惊异的准确度相吻合。或者，一场法律纠纷在心理上可能暗示了某人在学校遭受的可怕欺凌。 When there is a certain kind of crisis, we should notice how fast we can fall through the floors of adulthood, ten or twenty or forty years/storeys below the present to the child-like basement of the mind. A part of us needs to hold the other steady, see the hole blown in our minds by a triggering event and then ensure that we can step carefully around the gap and take a seat somewhere very safe on the edge of the room, while we wait for reason to repair the damage. 当某种危机来临时，我们应该注意自己能多快地跌穿成年的层层地板，无论是十年、二十年还是四十年，直到跌到心灵深处那个孩童般的地下室。我们内心的一部分需要稳住另一部分，注意到触发事件在我们心灵上炸开的洞，然确保我们能小心翼翼地绕过这个缺口，在房间边缘的某个非常安全的地方坐下，同时等待理智来修复损伤。 We're so afraid of patronising ourselves, we can find it very hard to accept the bewildering way in which, in certain areas, at times, we truly can be slammed back into being a frightened, panicky, perspective-less younger version of ourselves. The floors in our minds may be prone to collapse at moments of stress; but knowing the danger is more than half-way to a solution – and greater and deserved calm. 我们如此害怕以高人一等的态度对待自己，我们会发现很难接受这种令人困惑的方式，在某些领域，有时，我们真的会被猛地撞回到一个恐惧，恐慌，缺乏远见的年轻版的自己。我们头脑中的地板可能在压力时刻容易坍塌；但知道这种危险不仅仅是解决方案的一半——也是更大的和值得的平静。 🌟视频版和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进入【打卡交流群】

Are we born with resilience? Now, Georgina, how resilient are you? --Resilient? You mean able to cope with difficult situations. I have a pile of work to do today, but I'm remaining calm and not getting stressed. --Well, that's good, you are showing resilience. And today we're discussing whether we're born with resilience or we have to learn it. OK, Rob. But first I expect you're going to ask me a question-bring it on! --OK. Resilience is also a word used in science to describe the characteristic of a substance or object. But what does it mean? a) That it's very tough or hard, b) That it can return to its original shape after being bent, or c) It can turn from a solid into a liquid quickly? --I have a feeling it means b) an object that returns to its original shape after being bent. --OK, I'll let you know if you were correct at the end of the programme. But let's talk more about human resilience. There are many self-help books and motivational speakers all promising us we can learn to be resilient. Well, it is a useful trait to have, and it's something that can help you deal with many difficult situations from coping with the pressures of work to handling the death of a loved one. And it's more than just telling someone to 'toughen up' or 'get a grip', as Dr. David Westley knows. He is Head of Psychology at Middlesex University and talked about levels of resilience on the BBC World Service program, The Why Factor. First of all, there's our social supports, our communities, our families, the people who are important to us, the organizations we work for, so one way we can look at resilience is to measure that-the amount of social support available to us. Another way to think about resilience is to think about how we think about the situations we are in. So, for example, one way to look at that would be just to look at how optimistic people are as a guide to how resilient they might be when times get tough. And then a third level that we can look at for resilience is a biological level-how well we can soothe ourselves, calm ourselves down, how well we can actually regulate our own nervous systems at times of distress. Right, so Dr. Westley describes social supports-the people around us who we can talk to and support us and generally make us feel better. I think he's saying, with more support we'll feel more resilient. It's interesting to note that a resilient person isn't necessarily someone quiet, who doesn't make a fuss and gets on with things. Some experts think it's people who ask for help and use this social support network who are acting in a more resilient way. It's a good point. And another level of resilience is how optimistic someone is. Being optimistic means having positive thoughts about the future and believing things will turn out well. A positive mind means you can deal with situations that, at first, look tough. Another level Dr. Westley mentioned was our biological level-how our bodies cope in times of distress. Distress is the feeling you get when you are worried or upset by something. So, when we're distressed, a resilient person is able to soothe his or her body and regulate his or her nervous system, which helps them stay calm. But, Rob, the big question is, are we born with resilience or can we learn it? Experts speaking on The Why Factor programme tended to think it could be learned. Yes, one of them is Ann Masten, a professor at the University of Minnesota. From her studies, she found it was something that we learn when we need to. Ann Masten talks about how some of the children she studied manifest resilience from the start. When something manifests, it shows clearly and is easy to notice. They remain resilient despite adversity-a difficult time in their life they've had to face. Other children, what she calls the late bloomers, started off less resilient, struggled with adversity, but turned their lives around by becoming more resilient. Maybe we can learn resilience from having a bad experience? Well, one thing Ann went on to say was that families and friends can be a great support and help with resilience. Those that were 'late bloomers' only connected with adults and mentors later in life. Yes, she says that teachers or parents are role models in how to handle adversity. And children are watching; they're learning from the adults around them by seeing how they react when they get challenged by something. Time now to find out how resilient you are when you discover the correct answer to the question I asked earlier. I said that 'resilience' is also a word used in science to describe the characteristic of a substance or object. But what does that mean? Is it a) It is very tough or hard, b) It can return to its original shape after being bent, or c) It can turn from a solid into a liquid quickly? And what did you say, Georgina? --I said it was b) It can return to its original shape after being bent. 🌟 字数限制，完整文本和翻译见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

How architecture makes us feel More than half the world's population are city dwellers, and, by 2050, the United Nations predicts that seven in ten people will be. With that in mind, architects are having to consider how architecture influences our emotional wellbeing in urban settings. 超过一半的世界人口居住在城市中，而根据联合国的预测，到2050年，这个比例将达到七成。考虑到这一点，建筑师们必须思考建筑对我们在城市环境中的情绪健康有何影响。 According to Colin Ellard, a research psychologist at Waterloo University, Canada, there is a lot of evidence which shows "the profound impact that the design of buildings has on how we feel, how we treat one another, and our overall psychological well-being". A study from the University of Heidelberg concluded that people raised in the countryside are less likely to have mental disorders than those raised in the city. The city of Vancouver in Canada, which is surrounded by mountains and ocean, recognises this need to connect with nature. It has included protecting ocean and mountain views in its urban planning guidelines. For example, tall buildings are erected in strategic locations that don't block scenic views for downtown residents. 加拿大滑铁卢大学的研究心理学家科林·埃拉德表示，有大量证据显示“建筑设计对我们的感受、我们如何相互对待以及我们的整体心理健康有着深远的影响”。海德堡大学的一项研究表明，与在城市长大的人相比，在乡村长大的人不太可能患有心理疾病。加拿大的温哥华市被山脉和海洋环绕，认识到了与自然连接的需求。它在城市规划指南中包含了保护海洋和山脉景观的内容。例如，高楼大厦被建造在不会阻挡市中心居民观赏风景的巧妙位置。 The British designer Thomas Heatherwick wants to make architecture less soulless and boring. He told the Guardian newspaper, "We need to fearlessly demand interestingness… and make buildings that nourish our senses." He has written a new book, Humanise, where he lists seven characteristics of a boring building. These include being too flat and straight. He says lack of depth means light and shadow cannot play on surfaces, while straight lines are at odds with nature and make buildings monotonous. 英国设计师托马斯·赫瑟威克希望使建筑不再那么枯燥乏味。他在接受《卫报》采访时表示：“我们需要无畏地追求有趣……并建造能够滋养我们感官的建筑。”他在新书《人性化》中列出了无聊建筑的七个特征，包括过于平坦和笔直。他说，缺乏深度意味着光线和阴影无法在表面上产生变化，而直线与自然相悖，而使建筑显得单调。 However, making buildings interesting is not always easy, as architect Rafael Vinoly found out in 2013 when he created the 37-storey skyscraper known as the Walkie Talkie in London. The building was admired for its curved exterior walls covered in reflective glass. However, it acted like a magnifying glass and reflected light which melted nearby cars and almost set fire to a carpet. A screen had to be added to prevent the building causing further damage. 然而，使建筑变得有趣并不总是那么容易，建筑师拉斐尔·维诺利在2013年设计了37层的摩天大楼——伦敦的“对讲机”大楼时就发现了这一点。这座建筑因其弧形的外墙覆盖着反光玻璃而受到人们欣赏。然而，它像放大镜一样反射光线，熔化了附近的汽车，几乎点燃了地毯。于是不得不添加一个屏幕，以防止建筑造成进一步的损害。 So, for your own wellbeing, surround yourself with buildings that bring you joy, and ideally a view of nature. 因此，为了你自己的健康，请让自己被那些给你带来快乐的建筑所包围，最好还能看到大自然的景色。 词汇表 dweller [ˈdwelə(r)] 居民，居住者 architect [ˈɑː(r)kɪˌtekt] 建筑师；设计师 architecture [ˈɑː(r)kɪˌtektʃə(r)] 建筑物，建筑风格 emotional wellbeing 情绪健康（在情绪上的稳定和健康状态） Waterloo [ˌwɔːtə(r)ˈluː] 滑铁卢（比利时） Heidelberg [ˈhaidlbə:ɡ] 海德堡（德） mental disorders [dɪsˈɔː(r)də(r)]精神障碍，心理障碍 Vancouver [vænˈkuːvə(r)] 温哥华（加拿大） urban planning 城市规划 erect [ɪ'rekt] 建造，建立 strategic location 巧妙的位置 scenic view [ˈsiːnɪk] 优美景观 downtown resident [daʊn'taʊn]市中心的居民 soulless [ˈsəʊlləs] 毫无生趣的，呆板的，乏味的 interestingness 有趣之处，趣味性 nourish our sense [ˈnʌrɪʃ] 滋养我们的感官 lack of depth [depθ] 缺乏深度（指建筑缺乏起伏变化） at odds with [ɒdz] 不一致，有分歧 monotonous [məˈnɒtənəs] 一成不变的，单调乏味的 37-storey skyscraper [ˈstɔːri] [ˈskaɪˌskreɪpə(r)] 37层的摩天大楼 Walkie Talkie [ˌwɔːki ˈtɔːki] 对讲机大楼 curved [kɜː(r)vd] 曲面的，弧形的 exterior wall [ɪkˈstɪəriə(r)] 建筑外墙 reflective glass [rɪ'flektɪv] 反光玻璃 magnifying [ˈmæɡnɪfaɪɪŋ] 放大的 set fire to 点燃；纵火 🌟 pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

The Adventures of Marimo BBC Earth｜Water Worlds｜The Green Planet The frozen water world of Lake Akan in northern Japan. Home to one of the strangest and most primitive of plants. It's an alga, like those that appear so mysteriously in our ponds. 日本北部的阿寒湖是一个冰冻的水世界，一种最奇特最原始的植物的家园。这是一种海藻，就像那些神秘地出现在我们池塘里的海藻一样。 But this one is truly extraordinary. Each spring, the melting ice releases soft, velvety balls of interwoven threads called Marimos. This one is small. No bigger than a walnut. But there are lots of them here. 但这种藻类实在很特别。每年春天，融化的冰释放出柔软、丝绒般的交织线团，被称为球藻。这一个很小，不比核桃大。但这里有很多。 They attract the attention of visiting whooper swans. But there is one way for the Marimo to escape from the danger, and it depends on a change in the weather. Fortunately, in the spring, winds sweep across the lake, creating currents that carry some of the Marimos beyond the reach of hungry swans. It's the start of a remarkable journey. 它们吸引了来访的大天鹅的注意。但球藻有一种逃脱危险的方法，这取决于天气的变化。幸运的是，在春天，风掠过湖面，产生水流，将一些球藻带到饥饿的天鹅触及不到的地方。这是一段非凡旅程的开始。 They are gently carried back and forth by the currents so that the Marimos become more and more spherical. And, slowly, they travel into deeper water. Here, there are great numbers of them, certainly many millions. Some are the size of basketballs. 它们被水流轻轻地来回携带，使得球藻变得越来接近球形。慢慢地，它们游向更深的水域。在这里，有大量的球藻，肯定有数百万之多。有些有篮球那么大。 They're safe from swans, and the water is still shallow enough for some sunlight to reach them. It seems a perfect home. And so it is, almost. The snag is that these waters also carry a fine sediment that can clog the Marimo's surface, cutting off the all-important light. 它们远离了天鹅的威胁，而且水还不够深，足以让一些阳光照射到它们。这似乎是一个完美的家。差不多就是这样。问题是，这些水域还携带着一种细小的沉积物，会堵塞球藻的表面，切断了至关重要的光线。 But the Marimos are not entirely immobile. They dance. The winds blowing over the lake's surface create currents beneath that are sufficiently strong to move the Marimos. They rub against each other. And in just a couple of hours of gentle movement, they're all clean once more. As they spin, every part of their surface gets enough time in the sunlight to keep growing. 但球藻并非完全不动。它们会跳舞。湖面上吹过的风在水下产生足够的水流，足以移动球藻。它们相互摩擦。在几个小时的轻柔运动中，它们就又恢复了洁净。当它们旋转时，它们的每一个表面都有足够的时间在阳光下继续生长。 词汇表 Lake Akan [ˈɑ:ˌkɑ:n] 阿寒湖（位于日本北海道钏路市阿寒町，是阿寒摩周国立公园内的淡水湖泊，以球藻和鳟鱼闻名） primitive ['prɪmətɪv] 原始的，远古的，早期的 alga [ˈælɡə] 藻类，海藻 mysteriously [mɪ'stɪərɪəslɪ] 神秘地，不可思议地 pond [pɒnd] 池塘；水池 melting ice 融冰 velvety ['velvəti] 丝绒般的，柔和的 interwoven threads [ˌɪntə(r)ˈwiːvd] 交织在一起的线 Marimo [məˈriːmoʊ] 球藻，海藻球（一种淡水藻类，是由无数藻丝聚集形成的球形的绿藻） walnut [ˈwɔːlnʌt] 核桃，胡桃 whooper swan [huːpə(r) swɒn] 大天鹅，黄嘴天鹅（一种大型的天鹅，以发出类似呼啸的叫声而闻名） sweep across [swiːp] 掠过，席卷，横扫 current ['kʌrənt] 水流；气流；电流 spherical ['sferɪk(ə)l] 球形的，球状的 shallow [ˈʃæləʊ] 浅的，不深的 snag [snæɡ] 障碍，问题，麻烦 fine sediment [ˈsedɪmənt] 细小的沉积物 clog [klɒɡ] 堵塞，阻塞，妨碍 cut off 切断，中断，隔绝 all-important 极重要的，至关紧要的 immobile [ɪˈməʊbaɪl] 不动的，静止的，不能移动的 sufficiently [sə'fɪʃ(ə)ntlɪ] 足以，充分地 rub against [rʌb] 摩擦 spin [spɪn]（快速地）旋转 🌟 视频版和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Making old things last longer So, how are you today, Sam? --Don't ask, Rob! Today's been a nightmare! This morning I ripped my jeans and later my computer stopped working! Then, when I tried taking it to a repair shop, my car wouldn't start! --Oh, no, that's terrible! And the really bad news is that in today's consumer culture, when something breaks we usually throw it away and buy a new one, instead of trying to repair it. In this programme, we'll learn all about repairing broken things by asking what would happen if we stopped junking and got better at fixing. The world generates over two billion tonnes of rubbish every year. So we're visiting companies in Sweden making it easier to mend things when they break instead of replacing them - whether that's clothes, bikes or washing machines. And my quiz question is about one of those companies - Fixi, a repair service that collects broken bikes from your door and brings them back fixed. The company was started by Rafi Mohammad, a student of Industrial Innovation at the University of Stockholm. But what was the inspiration behind Rafi's idea? Was it a) he wanted to impress his girlfriend, b) he was sick of breathing in the city's car fumes, or c) he was late for his lecture because of a flat tyre? --I'll say, a) he wanted to impress his girlfriend. --OK, Sam, we'll find out about Rafi and his love life later on. But whatever the inspiration behind it, Rafi's idea was a success - Fixi took more than six hundred orders in its first six months. Rafi's isn't the only Swedish company helping people fix things instead of buying new. Denim company, Nudie Jeans, was started with a focus on ethics and sustainability. At 150 dollars a pair, Nudie jeans aren't cheap but they do promise free repairs for life, from ripped knees to torn pockets. BBC World Service programme, People Fixing the World, asked students Felix and Fabia Morgen, why they bought the jeans, despite the high price tag. It's just been a given that when your jeans break, you throw them away, so when I heard that you can repair them easily without any cost then it was a bit of a no-brainer for me. I really liked the way they looked, so for me it's worth it to buy more expensive but stuff that I really like. Felix says that throwing out old jeans is a given - something that is just assumed to happen. For him, buying Nudie jeans is a no-brainer - a decision that's very easy to make. And Fabia agrees. She doesn't mind paying more for stuff she really likes. Here, stuff is an informal way to say personal objects and possessions. Even though they're good at recycling, people in wealthy Sweden still buy lots of new stuff and they have a big carbon footprint for a country of just 10 million. But it's interesting that all the innovators behind these companies say that in their grandparents' day, it was normal to repair, fix and mend broken stuff. Jessika Richter is a researcher at Lund University. She thinks repairing is an endangered activity that we used to do more of, both individually and as a society. Here she is talking to BBC World Service's, People Fixing the World programme, about the need to get back in touch with older ways of doing things. It really is a peer effect and a culture that we're trying to foster here - changing a culture of consumption. The more people that are repairing and the more people that are choosing to buy repair services or more repairable products, the more we will see this going mainstream - and it used to be mainstream, so that's what makes me positive too, that it is in some ways a return to what we used to be able as a society to do more of. Stories about Sweden's repair shops spread between friends and Jessika thinks this creates a peer effect - the positive or negative influence friends have on the way you behave. She hopes this will foster, or encourage to grow, a new culture of sustainable consumption. So that fixing broken stuff will be mainstream, or be considered normal, once again. Yes, that's a big part of the problem - repairing was something we all used to do, but seem to have forgotten. Hopefully, we'll all be inspired to start fixing things again, or at least pay someone else to! And speaking of inspiration, what was the answer to your quiz question, Rob? --Ah, yes, I asked about the inspiration behind Rafi Mohammad's company, Fixi. --And I think he started the bike repair service to a) impress his girlfriend. Was I right? --Ah, Sam, that's very romantic, but the correct answer was c) he was late for his lecture because of a flat tyre. --Well, I'm sure if he had a broken heart, he'd be able to mend it. --Indeed. 🌟 字数限制，翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

The problem of urban artificial light pollution As well as obscuring our view of a naturally dark night sky with that all-too-familiar glow, artificial light can disrupt our sleep and affect our health. It also affects wildlife, disrupting the natural light-dark cycle that insects, birds and other animals are tuned into. 人造光源发出的熟悉的光亮不仅会模糊我们看夜晚漆黑天空的视线，它还会扰乱我们的睡眠，影响我们的健康。这种光亮也会影响野生动物，打乱昆虫、鸟类和其他动物所适应的自然昼夜循环。 To get to the root of the problem, the city of Tucson, Arizona, dimmed its 14,000 streetlights while researchers used a satellite to measure the effect. Capturing an image of the city at 01: 30 every morning revealed that 80% of the urban light that was wasted by being beamed upward into space was from non-streetlight sources, including billboards, signs, floodlights, and facades. 为了找到问题的根源，美国亚利桑那州图森市调暗了1.4万盏路灯，与此同时研究人员使用人造卫星来测量其影响。人造卫星在每天凌晨1点30分拍摄一张该城市的图像，结果发现，80%的城市光因被射向天空而被浪费掉，这些光亮来自非路灯光源，包括大型广告牌、招牌、泛光灯和建筑物立面。 The International Dark Sky Association estimates that unnecessary or inefficient artificial light wastes about three billion US Dollars every year. Turning it off could reduce our energy consumption while most of us are fast asleep. 国际暗天协会估计，不必要或低效的人造光源每年浪费约30亿美元。在我们大多数人熟睡时，关掉这类照明设备可以减少能源消耗。 词汇表 obscure [əbˈskjʊə(r)] 遮掩，使模糊 artificial light 人造光源，人工光 light-dark cycle 昼夜循环，光暗循环 tune into [tjuːn] 适应，习惯于 Tucson, Arizona [ˈtuːsən][ˌærɪˈzoʊnə] （美国）亚利桑那州，图森市 dim [dɪm] 调暗，使变暗 streetlight [ˈstriːtlaɪt] 街灯，路灯 satellite [ˈsætəlaɪt] 人造卫星，卫星 beam [biːm] 发光，照射 billboard [ˈbɪlˌbɔː(r)d] 大型广告牌，告示板 floodlight ['flʌdlaɪt] 泛光灯，探照灯 facade [fəˈsɑːd]（建筑物的）正面，立面 The International Dark Sky Association 国际暗天协会（致力于保护夜间环境和减少光污染的非盈利性组织） energy consumption [kən'sʌmpʃ(ə)n] 能源消耗 🌟pdf和更多英语听力见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Sky News｜Beirut blasts, police operation, free NHS checks From the Sky News Centre at 7. It's reported that three schools where displaced Palestinians were sheltering in Gaza have been attacked in the past two days, killing more than 20 people. It's as blasts have been heard in southern suburbs of Beirut following an evacuation order by Israel yesterday. U.S. President Joe Biden told a news conference Israel must do more to protect civilians. 据报道，过去两天内，加沙地带三所收容流离失所的巴勒斯坦人的学校遭到袭击，造成20多人死亡。在以色列昨天发出撤离指令后，贝鲁特南部郊区听到了爆炸声。美国总统乔·拜登在新闻发布会上表示，以色列必须采取更多措施保护平民。 The Israelis have every right to respond to the vicious attacks on them, not just from the Iranians, but from everyone from Hezbollah, the Houthis. But the fact is that they have to be very much more careful about dealing with civilian casualties. 以色列有权对来自伊朗、以及真主党和胡塞武装的残酷攻击做出回应，但事实是，他们在处理平民伤亡问题上必须更加小心。 A significant police operation is going to be in place later as events are held to mark the anniversary of the October 7th attacks. Demonstrators are demanding an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and for Britain to stop selling arms to Israel. Ben Jamal is from the Palestine Solidarity Campaign. 今天晚些时候，随着纪念10月7日袭击事件周年纪念活动的举行，将有一个重要的警方行动。示威者要求在加沙地带立即停火，并要求英国停止向以色列出售武器。本·贾马尔来自巴勒斯坦声援运动。 There have not been mobilisations of this length of time of this size since the suffragette movement. You know, that was the last time in British political history where so many people marched for such a length of time. And we continue to march because the genocide continues. 自妇女参政权运动以来，英国政治史上还没有出现过如此长时间的大规模动员。你知道，那是上一次在英国政治史上有这么多人长时间游行。我们继续游行，因为大屠杀仍在继续。 Free NHS eyesight, dental and ear checks are taking place in schools in England for young people with special educational needs. Autistic children and those with learning disabilities will benefit from the new programme starting next year. 英格兰的学校将为有特殊教育需求的年轻人提供免费的国家卫生服务视力、牙齿和耳朵检查。从明年开始，自闭症儿童和有学习障碍的儿童将从这个新项目中受益。 A family whose XL bully was put down because of an admin error has had an apology from Lancashire police. The animal had been seized by officers as it was a banned breed. 一个家庭的特大型斗牛犬因为行政错误被安乐死，兰开夏郡警方已经向他们道歉。这只动物之前被警察扣押，因为它是被禁养的品种。 South Africa has regained its top spot as the best value long-haul holiday destination for UK travellers. A report by Post Office Travel Money found costs have fallen by 12% since autumn last year. 南非重新夺回了英国旅行者最佳长途度假目的地的头把交椅。邮局旅行货币的一份报告发现，自去年秋天以来，成本下降了12%。 And Park Run's celebrating its 20th birthday. Around 200,000 people now take part every Saturday in more than 900 places across the UK. That's the latest. “公园跑步”庆祝其20岁生日。现在，每周六有大约20万人在全英900多个地方参加。这是最新的报道。 更多英语听力见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”可加入【打卡交流群】