英音听力｜BBC & 经济学人等 - 节目列表

I found myself dreading going into work. As soon as I saw the door, it was like this weight just went onto me. Inside, it was eating me up. I was smiling all the time, but it hurt, It's taken somewhere in the region of six years to be able to really regain my cofidence and get myself back to my former self. 'You lose part of your own identity when you go through this. Around 1/3 of people in the UK have experienced workplace bullying. In nearly 3/4 of cases, the bullying is carried out by a manager... How would you define bullying? So, bullying to one person may mean something completely different to the next person. It is quite subjective and it can be hard to define, or even to recognise when it's happening. What may seem trivial, such as just excluding someone from the coffee run every morning, over time, that creates a really oppressive working environment. And then you get the more extreme cases where there's verbal, maybe even physical behaviour. Sometimes people are permanently disabled with their mental health and they can never work again. Sadly, we have lots of clients who suffer with suicidal thoughts. What's not bullying?... Sometimes people will speak up and say that something is bullying when actually they're really just being managed - there's a performance issue. Assuming it's a reasonable request from your manager, then that is not workplace bullying, But for the most part, if somebody feels as though they're being bullied, that's the important thing. What does bullying feel like?... 'Ive worked at a restaurant where people used to sing the EDL song. "If you're not white, get out." Straight away, you know, they find out you're a Muslim:"You're a suicide bomber, you're a terrorist.""What's he got on his back?" I'm proud to be who I am, you know, proud to be a Muslim. I'm proud, you know, that I pray, I just want to get accepted like.everyone else. You know, not be judged due to colour, due to height or anything, just go to work and just have a peaceful day at work. I witnessed people in positions of power just yelling at co-workers in front of other people, demeaning them, making sexual comments. When the envitonment is like that at the top level, it really does trickle down to every facet of the workplace. Like, I actually found myself becoming a bit toxic as well. I had a bit of a mental breakdown, 我有点精神崩溃了。 I think bullying can be so detrimental and can be so sinister because it can be just even those little comments that are meant to chip away at your self-esteem and your self-worth, and I think that's where it starts to get really dangerous. I was bullied at work myself, and it went on for about two years before I actually felt able to do anything about it. After seeking colleagues' advice and even addressing her bully, Nicki went through formal processes unsuccessfully, then an appeal... And ultimately, I had to walk away because my health suffered so enormously as a result. The pressure, the strain, the extra mental health issues that I suffered really escalated during that formal process. What can you do if you feel you're being bullied?... 'It's trying to speak to somebody in confidence, preferably somebody senior, This could be a manager, your HR department; a trade union representative; the ACAS helpline... Make sure that those conversations happen early on about which behaviours are acceptable and which are not. If that doesn't work, you can make a formal complaint... There's usually a formal grievance policy that you can follow to escalate your concerns and have them investigated, but sometimes that might not be the right option for the employee, in terms of their health. You've got to put your health first, and only you know what's best for your health. Don't be afraid to walk away if that is the best thing for you. Keep a diary, keep a log of events, because if you do need to seek some legal advice, then that's really helpful. Written notes could include bullying-related feelings; dates and times; evidence e.g. emails/screenshots; any witnesses... Can the law protect you?... Bullying doesn't have a legal definition, which means it's very difficult to bring a case unless you do have a psychiatric injury, whereas harassment cases can be brought under the Equality Act. The Equality Act 2010 is a law which protects people from discrimination related to certain personal characteristics. These include race, religion, age, sex, disabilty, sexual orientation, etc... A legal definition would really help with those employers who are not prepared to take the action internally, and it would give a little bit more protection for people who want to be able to bring a case. Because it is so subjective, I think the courts have struggled to want to define it really strictly. There's a grey area where there's lots of people being subjected to bullying that they have nowhere to go, and the law doesn't support them. ✔更多文本内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，进入【打卡交流群】

Menstruation is an issue that's not often talked about, yet every month it affects billions of women around the world. 月经是一个不经常谈及的问题，但每个月它都会影响世界上数十亿女性。 Menstruation, or periods, are a natural process that typically happen once a month when women and girls bleed from their vagina for a few days as part of the reproductive cycle. 月经是每月发生一次的一个自然过程，妇女和女孩的阴道会流血几天作为生殖周期的一部分。 When this happens, women need special products like sanitary pads or tampons to manage the flow of blood and go about their day-to-day life. 当这种情况发生时，女性需要特殊的产品，如卫生巾或卫生棉条来控制经血流动，并进行日常生活。 Unfortunately, over 500 million people around the world either don't have access to these products or can't afford to buy them, and this is called period poverty. Period poverty has serious consequences, for example, girls on their periods not going to school affects their education, and women who can't work during their period have less income. What's more, it can cause health problems because, without sanitary products, its easy to get infections. In this programme, we'll be learning about one project fighting period poverty affecting thousands of women refugees. And, of course, we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well. But first, Georgie, I have a question for you. Periods affect girls and women of reproductive age, that's roughly half the female population, or 26% of the global population. But how many people is that? Is it: a) 2.1 billion people, b) 2.3 billion people or, c) 2.5 billion people? I'll guess it's about 2.1 billion people. OK, Georgie, I'll reveal the answer at the end of the programme. Ella Lambert was a student at Bristol University when she started The Pachamama Project in 2020 during the first Covid lockdown. She'd heard about period poverty and decided to put her lockdown time to good use by making sanitary pads, pieces of soft material used to absorb menstrual blood. Here's Ella explaining how her project got started to BBC World Service programme,'People Fixing the World': So I borrowed a sewing machine from a friend, I learned how to sew on YouTube, and then I just started making pads, And even now to this day, I can't sew anything else, only pads. Ella started making reusable sanitary pads which aren't a new thing. They're made from absorbent fabrics such as fleece and cotton sheets which means that they can be used over and over again after they're washed unlike disposable pads. Ella spent lockdown learning how to sew, how to join pieces of material by hand using a needle and thread, or with a sewing machine. In fact, Ella was so focused on sewing sanitary pads she didn't make anything else, and to this day, pads are the only thing she knows how to sew. Ella uses the phrase, to this day, to say: up to and including the present moment. Sanitary pads aren't easy to make. The outer layer has to be soft because it touches the skin, but they also need to be absorbent, able to soak up liquids like blood and hold them. What's more, Ella designed her pads to be washed and used again, unlike most sanitary pads bought in shops which are disposable, designed to be thrown away after they've been used. Ella's network of volunteers sewing reusable sanitary pads grew, and to date the Pachamama Project has donated tens of thousands of period products to refugees fleeing confict in Syria, Turkey and Lebanon, as well as women here in the UK. Plus, the project is helping in other ways too. Despite affecting so many people, and being necessary for life itself, many cultures consider menstruation unclean or shameful, not a topic of polite conversation. But Eilla thinks her project is giving refugees the confidence to talk about periods, as she told BBC World Service's, People Fixing the World: I have seen such major change in such a short short period of time, Like, the women originally who were distributing the pads would barely evenspeak about it and we had it behind a curtain, and now they'll chat away about the pads with their male colleagues, anyone that comes into the shop... Before, most women refugees would barely talk about menstruation, they would only just, scarcely talk about it. But now they're happily chatting away, passing the time talking to otherwomen, and even to male colleagues. I think it's time I reveal the answer to my question- as a number, how many women make up the 26% of the world's population who menstruate? I said it was 2.1 billion people... Which was... the correct answer. OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned in this programme starting with the verb to sew, to join material together using a needle and thread, either by hand or with a sewing machine. The phrase, to this day, means up to and including the present moment. absorbent means able to soak up and hold liquid, and the adjective disposable means designed to be thrown away after use. barely do something, you only just do it, by the smallest amount. to chat away means to pass the time by talking a lot with someone. ✔更多文本内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，进入【打卡交流群】

We all know that regular trips to the dentist are an important part of looking after our teeth. 我们都知道，定期去看牙医是保护牙齿的重要组成部分。 At the moment, there aren't enough dentists who can treat children for free on the NHS. 目前，没有足够的牙医可以在NHS上免费治疗儿童。 That means some children are going months or even years without their teeth being checked. 这意味着有些孩子几个月甚至几年都没有检查他们的牙齿。 A new survey has found that depending on where you live, anywhere between 12 and 42% of children could have signs of tooth decay. 一项新的调查发现，根据居住地的不同，12%到 42%的儿童可能有蛀牙迹象。 Okay, hands up if you've been to the dentist this year. 好的，如果你今年看过牙医，请举手。 And last year? 去年呢？ Have your parents ever struggled to get you a dentist appointment? 您的父母是否曾为让您预约牙医而费尽心思？ Yes, my mum has found it very difficult to find me a dentist appointment because it's usually very busy. 是的，我妈妈发现给我预约牙医非常困难，因为通常都很忙。 Is there anything you'd like to see change about dentists? 您希望看到牙医有什么改变吗? I would like the government to put more dentist shops around the streets so people wont be waiting in line for a long period of time. 我希望政府在街道上开设更多的牙医店，这样人们就不会长时间排队等候。 While these kids have been able to see a dentist, many families are struggling to get appointments on the NHS. 虽然这些孩子已经能够去看牙医，但许多家庭却很难在国民医疗服务体系(NHS)上预药。 This is John Mill, the president of the British Dental Association, who look after dentists across the country. 我是约翰·米尔，英国牙科协会主席，负责照顾全国各地的牙医。 Some new research has come out that says that in some parts of the country, levels of tooth decay in children are up to 42%, which is almost half. 一些新的研究表明，在该国的一些地区，儿童蛀牙的比例高达42%，几乎是一半。 So that's really high. 所以这确实很高。 How has that happened? 这是怎么发生的? It is sad, and it's also really sad in the modern society that we live in, that so many children are getting tooth decay. 令人悲伤的是，在我们生活的现代社会中，如此多的孩子正在蛀牙，这也是非常令人悲伤的。 But the answer is that there's more tooth decay in places where communities are poor, where there's less money, where the cost of living crisis is beginning to bite. 但答案是，在社区贫困、钱少、生活成本危机开始蔓延的地方，蛀牙现象更多。 It can be really difficult to get a dentist appointment. 预约牙医真的很困难。 I'm afraid the key reason is that the NHS in particular only funds the provision of dental care, NHS dental care, for about half the population and it's been like that for many, many years. 恐怕关键原因是 NHS 只为大约一半人口提供牙科护理、NHS 牙科护理提供资金，而且这种情况已经很多很多年了。 Can you just imagine how it would be if only 50% of the population could see a doctor when you needed to? 您能想象一下，如果只有 50%的人口可以在您需要时去看医生，那会怎样？ We simply don't fund enough dentists to do the job. 我们根本没有资助足够的牙医来完成这项工作。 To find out more, I've come to meet Andrea Ledsom. 为了了解更多信息，我来见安德里亚·莱德索姆(Andrea Ledsom)。 She's the minister in charge of public health, including teeth, for England. 她是英格兰负责公共卫生（包括牙齿）的部长。 So last year, only half of children in England saw an NHS dentist. 因此，去年，英国只有一半的儿童去看了国民保健服务(NHS)牙医。 Absolutely not good enough. 绝对不够好。 So what we're doing is we're announcing some extra ways to get more dentists to see children so that they can actually go and get a check-up. 因此，我们正在做的是宣布一些额外的方法，让更多的牙医去看孩子，这样他们就可以真正去做检查。 So what's the actual cause of this problem? 那么造成这个问题的真正原因是什么呢？ Because the number of children going to the dentist has been dropping for a long time. 因为去看牙医的儿童数量长期以来一直在下降。 What's behind it? 背后是什么？ Well, what's essential is that mums and dads take their children to the dentist, number one. 嗯，最重要的是爸爸妈妈带孩子去看牙医，这是第一。 Number two, there's got to be enough dentists for parents to take their children to see. 第二，必须有足够的牙医，供父母带孩子去看牙医。 And that has been a problem. 这一直是个问题。 Both of those things have been an issue for a long, long time. 这两件事长期以来一直是一个问题。 There's going to be extra money available for every dentist who sees a patient under the NHS who's not been able to get a dentist for the last two years and that's going to provide two and a half million more appointments which is really good news. 对于过去两年无法在 NHS 下看牙医的患者，每一位牙医都会获得额外的资金，这将提供额外的 250 万个预约，这确实是个好消息。 We're also increasing the work that dental therapists can do so that they'll be able to support dentists by going into family hubs and into nurseries and into schools. 我们还增加了牙科治疗师可以做的工作，以便他们能够通过进入家庭中心、托儿所和学校来支持牙医。 So speaking of check-ups and dentists, can you say that every child who wants a free NHS check-up will get one? 所以说到检查和牙医，你能说每个想要免费NHS检查的孩子都会得到一个吗？ That's what we're working towards. 这就是我们正在努力的方向。 We want everybody who needs an NHS dentist to be able to get one. 我们希望每个需要 NHS 牙医的人都能得到一位牙医。 And whether it's a dentist or a dental therapist doing the check-up and teaching you how to brush your teeth well etc, these will all help to get children to have much better oral health as we call it, which basically means no toothache and a lovely smile for life. 而且无论是牙医还是牙科治疗师做检查、教你如何好好刷牙等等，这些都将有助于让孩子拥有更好的口腔健康，我们称之为口腔健康，这基本上意味着没有牙痛，也没有牙痛。一生可爱的微笑。 If you're worried about your teeth and don't have a dentist, both John and Andrea suggest you ask your parent or guardian to ring NHS 111 for advice. 如果您担心自己的牙齿并且没有牙医，约翰和安德里亚都建议您让您的父母或监护人。 ✔更多文本内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，进入【打卡交流群】

A record amount of sewage was spilled into England's rivers and seas by water companies last year. 去年，自来水公司向英格兰河流和海洋排放的污水量创下了纪录。 But why is raw sewage allowed into our water in the first place? 但为什么首先允许未经处理的污水进入我们的水中呢? Here's more. 还有更多。 We all contribute to raw sewage. 我们都对未经处理的污水做出了贡献。 It's what runs down our plug holes and flush down our toilets. 它会流进我们的塞孔并冲进我们的厕所。 This sewage travels through a series of pipes and tunnels before arriving at a treatment works. 这些污水在到达处理厂之前会经过一系列管道和隧道。 At treatment works, this dirty water is cleaned before it's released back into waterways like rivers. 在处理厂，这些脏水在被排放回河流等水道之前会被净化。 But sometimes water companies are allowed to release raw sewage back into the environment without it being cleaned. 但有时自来水公司被允许将未净化的污水排放回环境中。 This can happen during long periods of heavy rain. 这种情况可能发生在长时间的大雨期间。 This can help to protect houses and other properties from flooding and stop sewage rising back up into people's homes and onto the streets. 这可以帮助保护房屋和其他财产免受洪水侵袭，并阻止污水回流到人们的家中和街道上。 But the issue is, raw sewage can contain rubbish, as well as viruses and bacteria 但问题是，未经处理的污水可能含有垃圾以及病毒和细菌 That can be harmful to humans, animals and plant life. 这可能对人类、动物和植物有害。 The Environment Agency, who regulate how much sewage that water companies are allowed to put in the water, found that sewage was spilled for 3.6 million hours into rivers and seas in England last year. 负责监管自来水公司向水中排放多少污水的环境署发现，去年英国污水流入河流和海洋的时间长达 360 万小时。 That's more than double the amount from 2022. 与 2022 年相比，这一数字增加了一倍多。 Water UK, who represent water and sewage companies, says it's unacceptable, but they think the levels are due to more rain than usual. 代表供水和污水处理公司的英国水务公司表示，这是不可接受的，但他们认为水位升高是由于降雨量比平时更多。 But the Environment Agency says water companies still have a legal responsibility to manage serious overflows, despite the wet weather. 但环境局表示，尽管天气潮湿，自来水公司仍然有法律责任来管理严重的溢流。 ✔更多文本内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，进入【打卡交流群】

The discovery of dinosaurs Jurassicspark Impossible Monsters An intellectual revolution began in 1811 when Mary Anning, a 12-year-old living in Lyme Regis, a harbour town in south-west England, excavated the first fossil of a marine reptile, the Ichthyosaurus. 1811年，一场思想革命开始了，12岁的玛丽·安宁居住在英格兰西南部的一个港口小镇莱姆里杰斯，她挖出了一种海洋爬行动物——鱼龙的首块化石。 It culminated in 1881 with the opening of the Natural History Museum in London, imperial capital of the world, by Richard Owen. 1881年，理查德·欧文在帝国主义世界的首都伦敦开设了自然历史博物馆，为这场革命画上了句号。 Those seven decades spanned a change in thinking as profound as thattriggered by the astronomers of the late Renaissance-and as disturbing to the established church. 这场横跨七十年的思想变革与文艺复兴后期的天文学家所引发的变革一样深刻，对教会来说也一样令人不安。 (In this case, the threatened church was that of England, not Rome.) Fossils sparked a revelation of biblical proportions: God had not created the world in six days a few thousand years before, as so many believed. (这一次，受威胁的是英格兰教会，而不是罗马教会。）化石引发了有关《圣经》的启示：上帝并没有像许多人相信的那样，在几千年前用六天时间创造了世界。 "Impossible Monsters" is a story about time-or, rather, two parallel stories. 《不可能的怪兽》是关于时间的故事，或者说，是关于时间的两个平行故事。 In one, time moves forward, as the players take turns making remarkable discoveries that help advance science and humans' understanding of their place in the world. 第一个里，时间向前移动，不同人物轮番上场，做出杰出的发现，帮助科学界和人类进一步理解自己在世界的位置。 In the second, it moves backwards, as the years needed to accommodate the findings of geologists and naturalists expand from thousands, to hundreds of thousands, to millions, pushing the date of "Creation" further away. 第二个里，时间向后移动，为了把地质学家和博物学家的发现纳入历史，所需的岁月从数千年延长到数十万年，再到数百万年，从而继续将“上帝创世”的日期往后推。 In writing "Impossible Monsters", the task of Michael Taylor, a historian, was to tell a much-told tale better than it had been told before. 在写《不可能的怪兽》时，历史学家迈克尔·泰勒的任务是把一个讲过多遍的故事叙述得比以前更精彩。 He has succeeded splendidly. 而他取得了辉煌的成功。 The cast is many and varied, including Anning, a lowly fossil-seller, who achieved international fame through her discoveries-Ichthyosaurus was but the first-yet was barred from joining the Royal Geological Society because of her sex. 书中的人物众多且五花八门，包括地位低下的化石销售商安宁，她因发现化石而获得了国际声誉——鱼龙化石只是众多发现的第一个——但由于是女性而被禁止加入皇家地质学会。 Many are memorably idiosyncratic, such as William Buckland, an eccentric Oxford don who once ate a mummified morsel of Louis XIV's heart. 书中的许多人都有难忘的个性，比如威廉·巴克兰，一位脾气古怪的牛津大学教师，曾吃过被防腐处理的路易十四的心脏。 He is better remembered for identifying and naming Megalosaurus, the first of the group subsequently dubbed "dinosaurs". 他更为人铭记是鉴定并命名了斑龙，斑龙是后被称为“恐龙”种群中的首个成员。 Some of the characters are familiar, like Charles Darwin (no introduction needed, unless you live somewhere his theory is banned from textbooks). 有些人物为人熟知，比如达尔文（不需介绍，除非你的出生地禁止他的理论出现在教科书）。 But many are less well known, such as Alfred Russel Wallace, a collector and seller of tropical specimens, who devised the idea of natural selection independently. 但许多并不是那么出名，如阿尔弗雷德·罗素·华莱士，他是热带标本的收藏家和商人，他独立提出了自然选择概念。 Thomas Huxley, Darwin's self-appointed "bulldog", became chief mover and shaker for all things official and scientific in Victorian Britain. 托马斯·赫胥黎，自封达尔文的“斗犬”，成为推动和动摇了维多利亚时代英国的所有官方和科学事务的主要人物。 Owen, Huxley's enemy, held out against Darwin's ideas, yet forced through the construction of the museum many now regard as evolution's temple. 赫胥黎的敌人欧文坚持反对达尔文的思想，但力促自然历史博物馆的建设，如今许多人认为这座博物馆是进化论的圣殿。 It is a grand pageant. 这是场宏大的盛会。 But Mr Taylor also conveys a sense of just how risky it was to believe in and promulgate the new ideas tied to the rocks and tropical forests where people hunted for specimens. 但泰勒先生也感觉到相信和传播那些与石头、热带森林有关的新想法是多么危险，也就是许多标本的搜寻之地。 Some clergymen, Buckland among them, performed intellectual contortions to reconcile the bones with the Bible. 一些神职人员，包括巴克兰，甚至扭转思想，以调和古生物的骨头与圣经之间的矛盾。 Even Darwin, wealthy and well-connected (and at one point himself destined for the church), at first lived in fear of the disgrace that might accrue if his ideas became public. 即使是富有且人脉广泛的达尔文（他自己曾经要去教会任职），起初也生活在恐惧中，担心思想被公开可能带来羞辱。 The intellectual climate changed, of course. However, lest readers congratulate themselves too readily on theirenlightenment, it is salutary to consider, as the book's prologue does, the case of James Ussher, an Anglo-Irish archbishop who lived in the 17th century. Ussher devoted his life to calculating the exact date of God's creation of the world. Unlike some of his 19th-century ecclesiastical successors, he cannot be accused of ignoring or twisting the evidence. He spent decades and a fortune assembling dusty tomes that gave him what he thought were the data points he needed to anchor biblical passages in time, just as a modern geologist might use the radiometric evidence of volcanic-ash layers to date a series of strata. Ussher's conclusion was that the world began on October 22nd 4004BC! It is an idea that sounds almost as prehistoric as a fossil. But who knows what widely accepted notions of today will also go extinct? ✔更多文本内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，进入【打卡交流群】

A key principle governing the natural world is that animals adapt to thrive in particular habitats; what we call an animal's character is essentially a set oftraits that gives it maximal opportunity to flourish in specific circumstances. 自然界的核心法则是：物竞天择，适者生存；本质上所谓的动物性格，就是特定环境塑造出来的最适合动物生存的一系列特性。 The owl is - for example - furtive and nocturnal to help it succeed in crowded habitats with heavy pressures on food supplies. 比如，猫头鹰选择了隐蔽和夜间生存的方式，是为了在食物竞争激烈的环境中求得生存的优势。 Stick insects are docile and skilled at disappearing into a background of twigs and branches to help them avoid the attention of rodents and spiders. 而竹节虫温顺，善于在树枝和树干之中隐藏自己，是为了避开了啮齿类动物和蜘蛛的注意。 And African wild dogs are collaborative and respectful of hierarchies to lend them the very best chances of cornering impalas and springboks. 非洲鬣狗集体猎食和尊从等级体系，是为了增加捕猎羚羊和跳羚的成功率。 We humans are - in the end, beneath a layer of civilisation - not so different. 事实上，脱掉文明的外衣，我们人类和动物没什么区别。 We too adapt our characters to suit our specific habitats, though what we mean by habitats are not corners of the jungle or grassland but rather our families of birth. 我们也会根据自己生活的环境，不是丛林或草原，而是我们出生的家庭，调整自己的性格。 Just like many animals, we arrive defenceless into highly distinctive circumstances to which we must adjust in order to thrive. 就像很多动物一样，我们毫无防备地来到这个世界，来到高度独特的环境中，必须适应才能生存下去。 In certain families, it will in short order become obvious - to the highly attuned psyche of a child - that success here requires that one keep a very low profile and never challenge the reigning figures of authority. 在一些家庭里，孩子们很快就能高度敏锐地意识到，要在这样的家境下长大成人，就必须保持极低的调子，绝不能挑战权威。 In other habitats, the child will learn that it must constantly entertain everyone in order to be noticed while in others still, a child might surmise it needs to act up and get into certain forms of trouble to lay claim to a scarce supply of attention. 在一些家境中，有的孩子需要不停地逗乐周围的人才能得到注意。而在另一些家境中，孩子们或许会觉得，他们需要淘气一些或惹点事儿才能抢夺有限的关注。 This thesis can be helpful- and opens up avenues of compassion - when we encounter people whose behaviour is especially puzzling or maddening. 这个论题的用处在于，让我们得以同情、理解、包容人类令人迷惑和难以容忍的行为。 Why does a certain person keep telling lies? 为什么会有人不停地说谎? Why does another person find it so hard to be emotionally warm? 又为什么会有人难以表达亲昵和传递温暖? We may need to look for answers in the adaptive strategies required by the habitats of their birth: evasions from the truth might be vital when there is someone furious and intolerant in the house; just as emotional reserve may be a highly intelligent adaptive move when there is a care-giver who is emotionally erratic or absent. 我们或许得从人类成长环境所需的适应策略中找到答案：在家中如果有个易怒且不能容不下人的照顾者，躲避可能就成为必要的生存策略；同样地，如果照护者情绪不稳定或者经常缺位，在情感上保持距离就可能是一种聪明的适应方式。 What makes life notoriously difficult for we humans, as for many animals, is that our habitats do not stand still. 就像许多动物一样，人类生活之所以充满挑战，原因是我们的生存环境是不断变化的。 As the places we dwell in alter, so the traits that we originally developed to cope with them risk becoming either redundant or plain problematic. 随着居住环境的改变，我们最初为适应原生家庭而形成的特性，可能会变得不再适用或者引起新的问题。 It might, for example, have made great sense to hone a shouty, aggressive manner in an early habitat populated by burly competitive siblings, but this manner may, in the context of an adult relationship or an office environment, give rise to severe malfunction and upset. 比如说，家里的兄弟姐妹粗鄙、好胜心强，在这样的成长环境中形成善于大声争吵和攻击性的行为，是有其道理的，但是这种行为模式放在成人世界或者办公室环境中，可能会引发严重的问题和困扰。 Similarly, it may once have made total sense to develop a hypervigilant outlook - with constant panic, lightning responses to threats and round the clock alarm - when the habitat of birth contained an abusive and unboundaried parent. 同样地，如果一个人成长的环境中，父母边界模糊、滥用权威，那么孩子发展出一种高度警觉、常常处于恐慌状态、对威胁反应迅速并且时刻保持警惕的心态，是完全合理的。 But what once guaranteed safety may now destroy any chances of the peaceful and settled adult existence one craves and deserves. The history of animal species is filled with melancholy examples of failures to adapt to new circumstances. To be a light speckled moth was wholly strategic before the Industrial Revolution - and a ticket to evolutionary disaster thereafter. It was once brilliant for a German Shepherd to try to bite most things that came its way - and yet a route to ostracism and extinction once it had to dwell in tightly-packed cities filled with young children. We may ourselves - without realising it - be behaving in ways that only ever really assisted us in the very specific habitat of our birth. Our closed characters, our deceitfulness, our manicjoy or round-the-clock fear may be legacies of habitats we left behind decades ago. Our angry father or manipulative mother, our jealous siblings or moralistic caregiver are no longer here - while the traits we needed to cope with them endure and continuously marr our relationships and our careers. It may be time to say farewell to much in our characters that was only ever a clever and creative strategy for survival in a narrow world that no longer exists. ✔更多文本内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，进入【打卡交流群】

Archaeological sites In ruins Climate change is unearthing and erasing history all at once. 考古遗址沦为废墟气候变化发掘出了历史，也清除了历史。 It looks, at first glance, like a pile of rubble. 第一眼看过去，这里就像一堆瓦砾。 But hidden beneath the sandbags and tarpaulin is the Knowe of Swandro, an archaeological site that contains the remains of lron Age and Norse settlements. 但隐藏在沙袋和防水布下面的是苏格兰斯旺德罗海湾的诺威考古遗址，这里有铁器时代和古斯堪的纳维亚定居点的遗迹。 Every summer a team of archaeologists descends on Rousay, one of the Orkney Islands, off the north coast of Scotland, to sift through the evidence. 每年夏天，一队考古学家都会来到苏格兰北部海岸的茹塞岛上（奥克尼群岛之一）筛选历史文物。 Time is not on their side. 但时间站在他们的对立面。 Rising sea levels and more frequent storms are washing away sediment where the site sits. 不断上升的海平面和越来越频繁的风暴正在冲走该遗址所在的沉积层。 Scotland now experiences more winter rainfall than had been predicted for 2050, according to a study by the James Hutton Institute, which conducts environmental research. 根据负责环境研究的詹姆斯·赫顿研究所的一项研究，苏格兰现在的冬季降雨量超过了对2050年的预测水平。 Coastal erosion has destroyed most of the Knowe's crown jewel, a dwelling from the Iron Age. 海岸侵蚀摧毁了诺威大部分最有价值的遗址：一个铁器时代的住宅。 "The final third" will break apart and disappear "within the next couple of years", predicts Stephen Dockrill, who co-leads the excavation. 共同领导这次发掘的斯蒂芬·多克里尔预测说，“最后三分之一的遗址”将在“未来几年内”瓦解并消失。 UNESCO, the cultural arm of the United Nations, estimates that one in six cultural heritage sites is threatened by climate change. 联合国的文化机构联合国教科文组织估计，六分之一的文化遗产受到气候变化的威胁。 Hundreds of sites on the Scottish coastline face threats similar to Swandro 苏格兰海岸线上的数百个地点面临着与斯旺德罗类似的威胁。 At Vindolanda, in the north of England, the waterlogged soil that preserved Roman tablets for millennia is drying out. 在英格兰北部的温多兰达，数千年来保护了罗马石碑的积水土壤正在干涸。 In Iraq, an ancient city is being buried under tonnes of sand. 在伊拉克，一座古城正被数吨沙子掩埋。 And in the Arctic, indigenous artefacts are being destroyed as the permafrost thaws. 在北极，随着永久冻土层的融化，当地土著的手工艺品正在被摧毁。 On the climate change to-do list, archaeological preservation is, understandably, not a top priority. 在气候变化的待办事项清单上，可以理解，考古保护不是首要任务。 The International Council on Monuments and Sites declared a climate emergency only in 2020. 国际古迹遗址理事会直到2020年才宣布进入气候紧急状态。 Archaeologists complain of shallow co-ordination efforts among climate policymakers. 考古学家抱怨，气候政策制定者之间协调不足。 Funding is the main problem. 资金是主要问题。 Archaeology tends to be bankrolled by land developers. 考古活动往往由土地开发商资助。 But when it comes to climate change, there is "no one to pay for it', says Jorgen Hollesen from the National Museum of Denmark. 丹麦国家博物馆的约根·霍勒森说，但是当涉及到气候变化时，“没有人为此买单”。 Moving sites and other mitigation efforts, such as building protective armour, is costly. 转移遗址和建造防护层等缓解措施的费用高昂。 Many just have to wait and see what happens. 许多人只能等待，看看会发生什么。 Digging deeper, it is not all doom and gloom. 深入挖掘一下这个问题，会发现情况并不全是厄运和黑暗。 Changing weather patterns and rising temperatures have brought some unexpected benefits. 不断变化的天气模式和不断上升的气温带来了一些意想不到的好处。 Several of the most exciting discoveries of recent years, from Nazi warships in the Danube to ancient rock carvings in the Amazon, were revealed after severe drought. 近年来最令人兴奋的考古发现，从多瑙河上的纳粹战舰到亚马逊河上的古代石刻，都是在严重干旱之后才重见天日的。 Storms can also expose hidden gems. 风暴也可以让埋藏的珍宝显露出来。 Skara Brae, a Neolithic site also in Orkney, was concealed by sand dunes until disturbed by a storm in 1850. 斯卡拉布雷也是奥克尼群岛的一个新石器时代遗址，它一直被沙丘掩盖，直到1850年的一场风暴将其发掘出来。 A centuries-old shipwreck reappeared under similar circumstances this year. 今年，一艘百年历史的沉船也在类似的情况下重现于世。 Archaeologists and heritage institutions must answer two pressing questions, says Dr Hollesen:"Which sites should be saved, and which sites should be allowed to decay?" In poor countries, paying for preservation can be hard to justify, though UNESCO provides funding to its designated World Heritage sites. 霍勒森博士说，考古学家和历史遗产机构必须回答两个紧迫的问题："哪些遗址应该被拯救，哪些遗址应该被允许朽烂？”尽管联合国教科文组织为其指定的世界遗产提供资金，但在贫穷国家，花钱保护遗址可能很难说是合理的。 (Sub-Saharan Africa has 103; Italy has 59.) Countries with fewer resources will get priority in funding, says Lazare Eloundou Assomo, the head of UNESCO's World Heritage Centre. (撒哈拉以南非洲有103个遗址，意大利有59个。）联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心负责人拉扎尔·埃隆杜·阿索莫说，资源较少的国家将优先获得资助。 Given the number of sites under threat and limited resources available, many will be lost. 鉴于受到威胁的遗址数量众多，而现有资源有限，许多遗址将不复存在。 As sites are damaged or disappear, historical knowledge and tourism may also go away. 随着遗址被破坏或消失，历史知识和旅游业也可能消失。 According to Mairi Davies of Historic Environment Scotland, which works on preservation, communities must come to terms with changing landscapes- and adapt accordingly. 根据致力于保护遗址的“苏格兰历史环境组织”的迈瑞·戴维斯，社区必须接受不断变化的环境，并相应地适应新环境。 Sites such as Swandro are turning to laser scanning and other technologies to capture a digital record for future generations. 斯旺德罗等遗址正在借助激光扫描和其他技术为后代留下数字记录。 "We have to have conversations about loss and what people value," Dr Davies says. In the end, what survives will be determined by what people "can come to terms with losing" There is not enough money to save them all. ✔更多文本内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，进入【打卡交流群】

University of Cambridge to scrap its state school targets 剑桥大学将取消公立学校招生指标 剑桥大学计划将取消面向公立学校学生设定的本科生录取名额指标。该校目前的招生指标是至少招收 69% 来自非私立学校的学生。 Only one in five of those who apply to the University of Cambridge is offered a place. Currently there is an admissions quota of at least 69% of places for state-educated pupils. Now, Cambridge is looking at using a more sophisticated set of measures, including whether an applicant has received free school meals and looking at individual exam results in the context of where their school is. 在每年申请剑桥大学的学生当中，只有五分之一的人能获得入学名额。目前，剑桥大学的招生计划中要求至少有69%的学生都是接受公立学校教育的学生。现在，剑桥大学正在考虑使用一套更复杂的衡量标准，包括查看申请者是否获得过免费校餐，以及综合申请者所在学校的情况来评估其个人的考试成绩。 Mike Nicholson, the director of admissions, told the BBC with many students achieving top grades, the university needed to make more subtle choices. Every university has to produce plans to show how they ensure fair and equal admissions for disadvantaged students. The Office for Students, which regulates England's universities, says it doesn't require a target for places for state pupils, but expected sustained work with schools by the most selective universities to raise the attainment of disadvantaged pupils. 剑桥大学招生办主任迈克·尼科尔森告诉英国广播公司，由于取得优异成绩的学生人数众多，因此大学需要做出更谨慎而细致的选择。每一所大学都必须制定招生计划，公开说明如何确保弱势学生能获得公平而平等的录取机会。负责管理英格兰大学的英国学生事务办公室表示，他们不要求大学为公立学校学生设定入学名额指标，但希望录取选拔最严格的顶尖大学能与各生源学校持续合作，提高弱势学生的学业成就。 Cambridge has been criticised for recruiting almost half its students from London and the South East, including from grammar schools which have a more privileged intake. The current vice chancellor, Deborah Prentice, has made clear she would like to encourage more applications from the brightest students across the North of England. 剑桥大学近一半的学生都来自伦敦和英格兰东南部的学校，包括文法学校，文法学校学生的家庭条件往往比较优越，因此受到批评。现任校长黛博拉·普伦蒂斯明确表示，她希望鼓励更多来自英格兰北部最优秀的学生申请剑桥大学。 词汇表 admissions 录取，入学 quota 定额，配额 state-educated 接受公立学校教育的 measures （判断的）标准 disadvantaged 弱势的，条件困难的 target 指标，目标 selective 筛选条件严格的 attainment 成就 recruiting 招收 grammar schools 文法学校 brightest 最聪明的 ✔更多文本内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，进入【打卡交流群】

The school high up in the Amazon treetops| Newsround Dawn rises on a new day in the Amazon rainforest in Peru and mist settles amongst the trees. The Amazon is home to hundreds of species of plants, animals and insects and one man is on a mission to protect them all. 新的一天，秘鲁亚马孙雨林的黎明升起，薄雾笼罩着树木。亚马逊是数百种植物、动物和昆虫的家园，有一个人肩负着保护它们的使命。 Every day there is something new to learn. Every day I come here and I feel this is my classroom. 每天都有新的东西要学。每天我来到这里，我都觉得这是我的教室。 This is conservationist J.J. Duran. He grew up in the forest and loves it here. And he wants to pass on that love to the next generation, his students. So he made a classroom to inspire them. This schoolroom is the tallest treehouse in the rainforest and the second tallest anywhere in the world. 这是自然保护主义者J·J·杜兰。他在森林里长大，喜欢这里。他想把这种爱传递给下一代，他的学生。所以他做了一间教室来激励他们。这间教室是热带雨林中最高的树屋，也是世界上第二高的树屋。 It's even online. It's one of the few places in the area with internet. It took four months and 30 people to build it and he uses it to show young people the Amazon from above, often for the first time. 这里甚至还可以联网。这里是该地区为数不多的有网络的地方之一。这间屋子花了四个月和30个人来修建。他用它向年轻人展示亚马逊河的壮观景象，这往往是他们第一次从高空俯瞰亚马逊河。 JJ wants to inspire young people here to stay in school rather than drop out and to get jobs that protect the forest rather than working in businesses that damage the plants and wildlife. With a classroom like this, their ambitions can be sky high. JJ 希望激励这里的年轻人留在学校，而不是辍学，找到保护森林的工作，而不是在破坏植物和野生动物的企业工作。有了这样一个教室，他们得以放飞理想。 ✔更多文本内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，进入【打卡交流群】

Robotic ships being remotely controlled from hundreds of miles away｜Newsround Have you ever played a video game simulator where you get to control a train, plane or boat? 您是否玩过可以控制火车、飞机或船只的视频游戏模拟器？ Well, what if we told you that could be real life? 好吧，如果我们告诉你这可能是现实生活呢？ Here's BBC's science editor Rebecca Murrell with more. 英国广播公司(BBC)科学编辑丽贝卡:默雷尔(Rebecca Murrell)为您带来更多精彩报道。 What you're looking at is a vision of the future. 你所看到的是未来的愿景。 A ship that needs only a few people on board to sail it and that can be controlled from anywhere in the world. 这艘船只需要船上几个人就可以航行，并且可以在世界任何地方进行控制。 The vessel's been put through its paces in a Norwegian fjord. 该船已在挪威峡湾进行了测试。 The company behind this, Ocean Infinity, are building a fleet of 23 of these 这背后的公司 Ocean Infinity 正在建造一支由 23 艘这样的船组成的舰队。 We fitted this vessel with extra sensors, extra servers, extra cabling, extra information systems. 我们为这艘船安装了额外的传感器、额外的服务器、额外的电缆、额外的信息系统。 This is definitely going to be a revolution. 这绝对将是一场革命。 There's almost no part of our operation which is going to be untouched by our approach to making it more robotic. 我们的操作几乎没有一个部分不会受到我们使其更加机器人化的方法的影响。 This ship is 78 metres long and usually a vessel like this would have a crew of 40 or 50 people, but this is operating with just 16. Instead, some of the jobs are being cartied out by a crew more than 700 miles away. 这艘船长 78 米，通常这样的船有 40 或 50 名船员，但这艘船只有 16 人。相反，一些工作是由 700 多英里外的船员执行的。 They're in a remote control centre, which in this case is in Southampton. 他们位于远程控制中心，在本例中位于南安普敦。 And this is that control room. 这就是那个控制室。 Everything you can see from on board the ship, you can see here on these screens. 您在船上能看到的一切，都可以在这些屏幕上看到。 Eventually, even the captain could be here, in charge of multiple ships in oceans around the world. 最终，连船长也可以在这里，负责管理世界各地海洋中的多艘船只。 For now, though, it's tasks like launching underwater robots. 不过，目前的任务是发射水下机器人。 You can do almost everything that you do on the vessel. 您几乎可以做船上能做的所有事情。 You can move around, you can steer it, you can have cameras, you can see the cameras here. 你可以四处走动，你可以驾驶它，你可以有摄像头，你可以在这里看到摄像头。 Some vessels are sailing with no one on board at all. 有些船只正在航行，船上根本没有人。 This boat is being tested in Plymouth Sound and its crew is in an office in Aberdeen. 这艘船正在普利茅斯湾进行测试，船员们在阿伯丁的一间办公室里。 Could you show us how you can control it from here? 您能向我们展示如何从这里控制它吗？ Like, could we do a figure of eight or something like that? 比如，我们可以做一个八字形或类似的东西吗？ Yeah, let's go for figure eight. 是的，我们来看看图八。 So now I'm moving forward. 所以现在我正在前进。 I send in command going forward. 我发出前进的命令。 The captain has precise control of the boat in real time. 船长可以实时精确控制船只。 That looks pretty good to me. 这对我来说看起来不错。 It's definitely innate. 这绝对是与生俱来的。 The technology is moving rapidly, but experts say the regulations now need to catch up to make sure these new-style vessels are safe at sea, because the next wave of shipping is already here. 该技术正在迅速发展，但专家表示，法规现在需要跟上，以确保这些新型船舶在海上安全，因为下一波航运已经到来。 ✔更多文本内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，进入【打卡交流群】

The safari park that's home to some snappy creatures | Newsround When you see these toothy terrors in action, it's easy to see why they need to be treated with respect and even a healthy bit of fear. 当你看到这些牙齿恐怖的动物时，你就会很容易明白为什么他们需要受到尊重，甚至需要有一点健康的恐惧。 Here in Australia's far north, humans and crocodiles are trying to find a way to live side by side. 在澳大利亚最北部，人类和鳄鱼正在努力寻找一种共存的方式。 Experts have been working hard to increase the croc population here for the last 50 years, since the species is on the verge of extinction. 在过去的 50 年里，专家们一直在努力增加这里的鳄鱼数量，因为该物种濒临灭绝。 But why is that? 但这是为什么呢？ The problem comes when the places where humans want to live and work clashes with where these fierce creatures already have their home. 当人类想要生活和工作的地方与这些凶猛生物已经拥有的家园发生冲突时，问题就出现了。 That can put humans in danger and can lead to crocs being hunted and killed. 这可能会将人类置于危险之中，并可能导致鳄鱼被猎杀。 So in Darwin, in the Northern Territory, they have thought outside the box and built the crocs their own home. 因此，在北领地的达尔文，人们跳出了框框，为鳄鱼建造了自己的家。 This park takes in the fiercest, most at-risk crocs in the area and tries to keep them happy, comfortable and out of trouble. 这个公园收容了该地区最凶猛、最危险的鳄鱼，并努力让它们快乐、舒适、远离麻烦。 Jess is a keeper at the park and says the crocs have a right to be here too. 杰西是公园的管理员，她说鳄鱼也有权利呆在这里。 We have got 47 of them in this river. 我们在这条河里找到了 47个。 The majority of them, again, are wild caught, so they've all been problematic out in the wild, causing grief, too close to human life. 同样，它们中的大多数都是在野外捕获的，因此它们在野外都存在问题，造成悲伤，与人类生活太接近。 Some of them were cattle eaters, so they've all just been taken out of the wild, brought into parks like this. 其中一些是食牛者，所以它们都刚刚从野外被带入像这样的公园。 She takes tourists on trips around the park, allowing them to get up close to the crocs, but not too close. 她带着游客游览公园，让他们可以近距离接触鳄鱼，但又不能太近。 They do seem terrifying, but if you respect them and their territory, I don't think that they would, you know, be as terrifying. 它们看起来确实很可怕，但如果你尊重它们和它们的领地，我认为它们不会那么可怕。 I don't think that they've got a very bad rap with their name, which I think is very unfair on them because, you know, at the end of the day, they've been here for millions of years and we've been here for not as much. 我不认为他们的名字有很糟糕的名声，我认为这对他们非常不公平，因为，你知道，归根结底，他们已经在这里存在了数百万年，而我们”我来这儿的时间不长。 But her message is clear. 但她的信息很明确。 Conservation isn't only about pandas, giraffes and cute koalas. 保护不仅仅涉及熊猫、长颈鹿和可爱的考拉。 Crocs may be super scary, but they need our protection too. 鳄鱼 可能非常可怕，但它们也需要我们的保护。 ✔更多文本内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，进入【打卡交流群】

How does heartbreak affect us? 心碎对我们的影响 Heartbreak has inspired thousands of songs, books and films, and, however much we try to avoid it, is something we are all likely to experience at some point in our lives. 心碎激发了数以千计的歌曲、书籍和电影的灵感，无论我们如何努力避免它，我们都可能在生命中的某个时刻经历过。 But what exactly is heartbreak, and how does it affect us? 但心碎到底是什么？它对我们有何影响? Heartbreak often occurs after a breakup, bereavement or the loss of a family member or friend. 心碎通常发生在分手、丧亲或失去家人或朋友之后。 When this happens, we experience grief, which heartbreak is a form of! 当这种情况发生时，我们会感到悲伤，而心碎就是其中的一种形式。 And it doesn't just have emotional effects - it affects us physically too. 它不仅会影响情绪，还会影响我们的身体。 The word 'heartbreak' comes from the physical response to loss, described on BBC's The Why Factor as feeling like someone is 'physically squeezing the heart, though our hearts dont experience any real damage. “心碎”这个词来自于对失去亲人的身体反应，BBC 的《为什么因素》将其描述为感觉有人在“身体上挤压心脏”，尽管我们的心脏并没有受到任何真正的伤害。 Psychologist Guy Winch told the BBC that, although we tend to feel pain viscerally, the pain of heartbreak actually comes from the brain, and is a by-product of love. 心理学家盖伊·温奇（Guy Winch）告诉BBC，虽然我们往往会感受到内心的痛苦，但心碎的痛苦实际上来自大脑，是爱情的副产品。 The emotional pain may be understandable, but why do we experience such physical pain? 情感上的痛苦也许可以理解，但为什么我们会经历这样的身体上的痛苦呢？ According to Florence Wiliams, author of Heartbreak: A Personal and Scientific Journey, when you connect with someone on an intimate level, your bodies can actually sync up. 根据《心碎：个人和科学之旅》一书的作者弗洛伦斯·威廉姆斯的说法，当你与某人建立亲密的联系时，你们的身体实际上可以同步。 Cortisol levels and respiration rates can align, and heartbeats might regulate during sleep. 皮质醇水平和呼吸频率可以保持一致，心跳可能会在睡眠期间调节。 When that partner is no longer there, our body reacts negatively to this change, causing us pain. 当那个伴侣不再存在时，我们的身体会对这种变化做出负面反应，导致我们疼痛。 The reason for this is evolutionary, Williams says, 威廉姆斯说，这是进化的原因。 The nervous system acts as though it is under threat because, as social animals, we feel far more comfortable and safe with others than when alone. 神经系统表现得好像受到了威胁，因为作为社会性动物，我们与他人在一起比独处时感觉更舒适和安全。 Therefore, the symptoms of heartbreak are a perfectly natural response, however hard they may be to cope with. 因此，心碎的症状是一种完全自然的反应，无论它们可能很难应对。 So, if you have a broken heart, what can you do? 那么，如果你的心受伤了，你能做什么呢？ Healthline suggests you should take time to grieve, reconnect with yourself, and surround yourself with supportive friends. Healthline 建议您花些时间悲伤，与自己重新建立联系，并与支持自己的朋友在一起。 词汇表 heartbreak 心碎，过度伤心 breakup （一段关系的）破裂 bereavement 亲友丧亡 loss 丧失，失去 grief （尤指因某人去世引起的）悲伤，悲痛 emotional 情绪上的，情感上的 physical response 身体反应 damage 损伤，损害 viscerally 发自内心地 by-product 附带产生的后果 intimate 亲近的，亲密的 sync up 同步 cortisollevel 皮质醇水平，氢化可的松水平 respiration rate 呼吸速率 heartbeat 心跳 nervous system 神经系统 under threat 受到威胁 grieve（尤指因某人去世而）悲伤，伤心 reconnect 重新建立良好的联系，重新了解 supportive 给予帮助的，给予支持的 ✔公众号【琐简英语】回复“打卡”，进入【英语晨读×全英交流群】