英音听力｜BBC & 经济学人等 - 节目列表

Glow-worms under threat due to light pollution from streetlights Glow-worms are beetles that live in gardens, hedgerows, and heathlands. Emitting a bright green light at night, the females climb up plant stems and glow in order to attract males, who have large eyes sensitive to that type of light. Zoologists, though, say the glare of white, artificial lights is putting the females in the comparative shade. 萤火虫是一种生活在花园、灌木树篱和荒野中的甲虫。在夜间发出明亮绿光的雌性萤火虫爬到植物的茎上并发光，以吸引对这种光敏感的大眼睛的雄性。然而，动物学家们表示，刺眼的白色人造光使雌性萤火虫黯然失色。 In order to verify their suspicions, the researchers did a little test – placing male glow-worms in an LED-lit, Y-shaped maze, they gradually made the lights there brighter until the males could no longer find a decoy female. The glow-worms, they believe, were unable to move towards the decoy because they were dazzled. 为了验证他们的猜测，研究人员们做了一个小型试验——将雄性萤火虫放在一个由发光二极管照明的 “Y” 形迷宫中，他们逐渐调亮迷宫里的人造光，直到雄性萤火虫再也找不到发光吸引它们的雌性萤火虫。研究人员们认为，雄性萤火虫之所以无法向起吸引作用的雄性萤火虫移动是因为它们被刺眼的人造光照得眼花缭乱。 The spread of bright lights, then, could have devastating consequences for glow-worm populations around the world. And some studies suggest they're disappearing altogether. And a widespread decline in insects could have serious consequences for agriculture and the ecosystems that depend upon those insects. 那么，愈发常见的明亮人造光可能会对世界各地的萤火虫种群造成毁灭性的后果。有一些研究表明，萤火虫正在成群消失。而昆虫数量的普遍减少可能会对依赖昆虫的农业及生态系统造成严重的后果。 词汇表 glow-worms 萤火虫 beetles 甲虫 hedgerows 灌木树篱 heathlands 荒原，荒野 emitting 发出，散发（光） stems （植物的）茎 glare 刺眼的光芒 put someone in the shade 使某人黯然失色，使某人相形见绌 maze 迷宫 decoy 吸引物，诱惑物 dazzled 被照得眼花缭乱的 widespread 普遍的，广泛的 🌟 更多英语听力见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

What is social jet lag? From Monday to Friday, many of us have an early start and a long day. By the time we've gone to bed and managed to fall asleep, we've been woken up by the alarm to do it all again. Come the weekend, and we're totally exhausted. We sleep in way past our usual wake-up time just to stay in sync enough to start again on Monday. 从周一到周五，我们许多人都早早起床，忙碌一整天。等到我们上床睡觉并好不容易入睡时，又被闹钟叫醒，开始新的一天。到了周末，我们彻底筋疲力尽。我们睡到比平时起床时间晚得多，只是为了保持同步，好在周一时有足够的精力重新开始。 Welcome to social jet lag. That's the term for the disparity between our working-week sleeping pattern, when our sleep times relate to our responsibilities, and the weekend, when we can wake when we choose. And depending on what type of person you are, the difference can be significant. 欢迎来到社交时差。这是指我们的工作周睡眠模式（当我们的睡眠时间与我们的职责相关时）和周末睡眠模式（当我们可以选择何时醒来时）之间的差异。这种差异可能很大，它取决于你是哪种类型的人。 For night owls - those whose natural rhythm is to wake and go to bed later - there can be significant health-related issues, according to a recent study published by Taylor and Francis Group online. The study concludes the further the divergence between working-week and weekend sleep times, the greater the health issues – including a higher risk of heart disease and other metabolic problems. And because so many jobs and tasks start early, night owls are effectively forced into harmonising with the early birds. 泰勒和弗朗西斯集团最近在网上发表的一项研究表明，对于夜猫子来说（他们的自然节奏是晚睡晚起），可能会有重大的健康问题。该研究得出的结论是，工作周和周末的睡眠时间差距越大，健康问题就越严重——包括增加患心脏病和其他代谢问题的风险。因为很多工作和任务都是很早就开始的，夜猫子实际上被迫与早起的鸟儿协调一致。 So what can night owls do: force themselves to integrate by sacrificing their lie in? 'It's the worst thing you can do' says Professor Till Roenneberg, professor of chronobiology at the Institute of Medical Psychology at Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich. This is because people's sleep pattern is half determined by genetics. The other half correlates with their age and environment. Getting less sleep is unlikely to realign your genetic tendencies. 那么夜猫子们能做什么：通过牺牲他们的睡眠来迫使自己融入社会吗？慕尼黑路德维希-马克西米利安大学医学心理学研究所的时间生物学教授蒂尔·罗恩伯格说:“这是你能做的最糟糕的事情。”。这是因为人的睡眠模式有一半是由基因决定的。另一半与他们的年龄和环境有关。睡眠不足不太可能重新调整你的遗传倾向。 Our bodies evolved to coordinate with the rise and fall of the Sun. We should feel sleepy as the light dissipates. But modern life, with its artificial light and modern devices, such as computers and smartphones, means we have deviated. Now we are exposed to more light for longer periods of time, keeping our bodies awake longer. For night owls, who already tend to sleep later, this delays things even further. 我们的身体进化得与太阳的起落相协调。当光线散去时，我们应该感到困倦。但现代生活中的人造光和现代设备，如电脑和智能手机，意味着我们已经偏离了这一规律。现在，我们暴露在更多光线下的时间更长，让我们的身体保持清醒的时间也更长。对于本来就睡得比较晚的夜猫子来说，这就进一步推迟了他们的睡眠时间。 One solution, beyond changing society's early-start tendencies, is to reorient our body clock by manipulating our exposure to light By taking more sunlight in the morning and minimising the amount of artificial light we are exposed to in the evening – particularly on electronic devices - we can rebalance our bodies to feel sleepy earlier. It's far from easy, but better that than losing your whole weekend to sleep. 除了改变社会的早起倾向，还有一个解决方案，那就是通过调整我们暴露在阳光下的时间来重新调整我们的生物钟。通过在早上吸收更多的阳光，在晚上尽量减少我们暴露在人工光线下的时间——尤其是在电子设备上——我们可以重新平衡我们的身体，使我们更早地感到困倦。这绝非易事，但总比整个周末都睡不着好。 词汇表 in sync 同步的，协调一致 social jet lag 社交时差， 假后返工时差，社会性时差（一个人在工作日和休息日睡眠时间之间的时间差异） disparity 差异，不一致 sleeping pattern 睡眠模式，睡眠习惯 night owl 夜猫子（晚上熬夜的人） natural rhythm 自然节奏（指人体内在的生物钟和生理节律） divergence 差异 metabolic 新陈代谢的 harmonise 和…保持一致，协调 early bird 早起者，早到者 integrate 融入（某群体） correlate 与…相关，相互关联 realign 重新排列，改组 dissipate （使）消散，散去 deviate 违背规则，偏离 reorient 重新适应，再调整 rebalance 再平衡 🌟 更多英语听力见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Culture Book review 文化板块 书评 The politics of Hollywood Anatomy of a cancellation 好莱坞的政治 撤销的解析 Charlie Chaplin vs America. By Scott Eyman. 《查理·卓别林 VS 美国》斯科特·艾曼著 In today's culture wars, Hollywood has a starring role. Films tend to trigger debates about America's history and values. That has long been the case, as a new book, "Charlie Chaplin vs America", shows. Chaplin, a British citizen, was harassed by the American government, culminating in the revocation of a re-entry permit in 1952. It is a sobering account of cancel culture in action. Indeed, it makes some of the current spats seem toothless by comparison. 在当今的文化战争中，好莱坞是主角。电影往往会引发有关美国历史和价值观的争论。正如一本新书《查理·卓别林vs美国》所述，这种情况一直存在。卓别林是英国公民，曾受到美国政府的侵扰，最终于1952年被撤销了再入境许可。书中对撤销文化的描述令人警醒。事实上，相比之下，它让当前的一些争吵显得无足轻重。 "I don't want to create revolution," Chaplin said. "I just want to create a few more pictures." But the FBI, suspecting Chaplin of communist sympathies, started surveilling the film-maker in 1922. In a paranoid climate, many looked for evidence of Marxism. Those convinced Chaplin was "red" pointed to his screen persona, the Tramp, an embodiment of the beleaguered everyman. They perceived it, too, in "Modern Times" (1936), a dramatisation of workers' plight due to unemployment and automation, and in "The Great Dictator" (1940), which called out America's isolationism. Officials did not take kindly to Chaplin speaking out about politics, especially when he called for a second front in the war to alleviate pressure on Russia. Some took umbrage that Chaplin made his fortune in America and deigned to comment on its policies but refused to become a citizen. None of this was illegal. But the FBI bedevilled him, using political groups and the press to whip up anti-Chaplin sentiment. The bureau fed journalists salacious titbits (which were not in short supply: the man was no stranger to a sex scandal). In the eyes of the public, he became "a louche degenerate with a propensity for young girls and communism", writes the author, Scott Eyman. When Chaplin set off to promote a movie in Europe, the attorney-general took his chance. The film-maker was blocked from returning under a provision that allowed people of questionable "morals, health or insanity" or those "advocating communism or associating with communist or pro-communist organisations" to be kept out. Chaplin was forced to give up his home and studio and move to Switzerland, where the quality of his work suffered. By the time he was exiled from America, the intelligence file had swelled to nearly 2,000 pages. It contained no proof of party ties. Instead, it was filled with "hearsay, rumour [and] bountiful examples of guilt by association". Readers will be shocked by how Chaplin was hounded with so little cause. The author convincingly argues that the auteur was "the most prominent victim of the Red Scare" and paints a portrait of a time when freedom of speech was even more embattled than it is today. 🌟 因存在未知违规字符，翻译见公众号【琐简英语】

The School Using Virtual Reality for Classroom Learning｜BBC Newsround As soon as we put the headsets on it just transports you to like a different world. I really like VR and how it lets us discover different places that we probably ain't discovered before. 一旦我们戴上头显，它就会把你带到一个不同的世界。我真的很喜欢虚拟现实，它让我们发现以前可能没有发现的不同地方。 Pupils at one primary school in Warwickshire are swimming with sharks, visiting the Egyptian pyramids and seeing Vincent van Gogh's famous paintings all without leaving their classrooms. It's thanks to virtual reality headsets which the school first started using during the coronavirus pandemic and they proved so successful that they've decided to keep them permanently. The technology has also helped the school children develop their English vocabulary as they have to describe what they've seen to their classmates. 沃里克郡一所小学的学生们不用离开教室就可以和鲨鱼一起游泳，参观埃及金字塔，欣赏文森特·梵高的名画。这要感谢学校在新冠肺炎疫情期间首次使用的虚拟现实头显，事实证明它们非常成功，所以学校决定永久保留它们。这项技术还帮助学校的孩子们发展他们的英语词汇，因为他们必须向同学描述他们所看到的。 (You're going to have a go at trying to draw what your partner told you they could see.) We're using the VRs to try and really get the children to look at the fine details and work move within the picture so they're able to really think about what it is that's there and be able to describe it in the best way that you can. (你将尝试画出你的同伴告诉你他们能看到的东西）。我们使用虚拟现实来让孩子们观察画面中的小细节，并在画面中移动，这样他们就能真正思考画面中的内容，并用最好的方式来描述它。 It's really fun because you can do a lot of stuff with it, you can do it with art, with ICT, you can do a lot of things with it. I like VR because say we can't go to Disneyland because it would be too expensive, on the VR we could go to that place. 它真的很有趣，因为你可以用它做很多事情，包括艺术、信息和通信技术，你可以用它做很多事情。我喜欢虚拟现实，因为我们因迪斯尼乐园太贵了而不能去，但在虚拟现实里我们可以去那里。 In fact, the school isn't unfamiliar with the idea of being transported to a different world. Reading is something that is very important to everyone at the school and as you walk around the building, each area is themed around a different book. (We have Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, we have The Wizard of Oz, currently at the moment we are standing in Diagon Alley from Harry Potter.) 事实上，学校对穿越到另一个世界的概念并不陌生。阅读对学校的每一个人来说都非常重要，当你在教学楼里漫步时，每个区域都以不同的书为主题。（我们有《查理和巧克力工厂》、《绿野仙踪》，现在我们正站在哈利·波特的对角巷）。 The schools say that the headsets have helped boost the pupils' performance in class and And they're looking forward to helping the children carry on learning through the technology. 学校表示，耳机已帮助学生提升了课堂表现，他们期待着帮助孩子们通过这项技术继续学习。 词汇表 headset 头戴式显示器，头显 transport 运送，使产生身临其境的感觉 virtual reality(VR) 虚拟现实 pupil 学生，小学生 Warwickshire 沃里克郡（英格兰郡名） Egyptian pyramids 埃及金字塔 Vincent van Gogh 文森特·梵高 coronavirus pandemic 新冠肺炎疫情期间 permanently 永久地，持久地 fine details 细微之处 ICT 信息与通信技术（information and communications technology） theme （休闲场所、活动）以……主题 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory 查理和巧克力工厂 The Wizard of Oz 绿野仙踪 Diagon Alley 对角巷（霍格沃茨魔法购买学习用品的地方） 🌟 视频版和更多听力见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Could chatbots replace human interaction? Now, I'm sure most of us have interacted with a chatbot. These are bits of computer technology that respond to text with text or respond to your voice. You ask it a question and it usually comes up with an answer! Yes, it's almost like talking to another human, but of course it's not – it's just a clever piece of technology. It is becoming more sophisticated – more advanced and complex, but could they replace real human interaction altogether? We'll discuss that more in a moment and find out if chatbots really think for themselves. But first I have a question for you, Rob. The first computer program that allowed some kind of plausible conversation between humans and machines was invented in 1966, but what was it called? Was it: a) ALEXA, b) ELIZA, or c) PARRY? --It's not Alexa – that's too new – so I'll guess c) PARRY.-- I'll reveal the answer at the end of the programme. Now, the old chatbots of the 1960s and 70s were quite basic, but more recently, the technology is able to predict the next word that is likely to be used in a sentence, and it learns words and sentence structures. It's clever stuff. I've experienced using them when talking to my bank - or when I have problems trying to book a ticket on a website. I no longer phone a human but I speak to a 'virtual assistant' instead. Probably the most well-known chatbot at the moment is ChatGTP. --It is. The claim is it's able to answer anything you ask it. This includes writing students' essays. This is something that was discussed on the BBC Radio 4 programme, Word of Mouth. Emily M Bender, Professor of Computational Linguistics at the University of Washington, explained why it's dangerous to always trust what a chatbot is telling u: We tend to react to grammatical fluent coherent seeming text as authoritative and reliable and valuable - and we need to be on guard against that, because what's coming out of ChatGTP is none of that. So, Professor Bender says that well written text that is coherent – that means it's clear, carefully considered and sensible – makes us think what we are reading is reliable and authoritative. So it is respected, accurate and important sounding. Yes, chatbots might appear to write in this way, but really, they are just predicting one word after another, based on what they have learnt. We should, therefore, be on guard – be careful and alert about the accuracy of what we are being told. One concern is that chatbots – a form of artificial intelligence – work a bit like a human brain in the way it can learn and process information. They are able to learn from experience - something called deep learning. A cognitive psychologist and computer scientist called Geoffrey Hinton, recently said he feared that chatbots could soon overtake the level of information that a human brain holds. That's a bit scary isn't it? But for now, chatbots can be useful for practical information, but sometimes we start to believe they are human, and we interact with them in a human-like way. This can make us believe them even more. Professor Emma Bender, speaking on the BBC's Word of Mouth programme, explains why we might feel like that: I think what's going on there is the kinds of answers you get depend on the questions you put in, because it's doing likely next word, likely next word, and so if as the human interacting with the machine you start asking it questions about 'how do you feel, you know, Chatbot?' 'What do you think of this?' And 'what are your goals?' You can provoke it to say things that sound like what a sentient entity would say. We are really primed to imagine a mind behind language whenever we encounter language. And so, we really have to account for that when we're making decisions about these. So, although a chatbot might sound human, we really just ask it things to get a reaction – we provoke it – and it answers only with words it's learned to use before, not because it has come up with a clever answer. But it does sound like a sentient entity – sentient describes a living thing that experiences feelings. As Professor Bender says, we imagine that when something speaks there is a mind behind it. But sorry, Neil, they are not your friend, they are just machines! It's strange then that we sometimes give chatbots names. Alexa, Siri. And earlier I asked you what the name was for the first ever chatbot. And I guessed it was PARRY. Was I right? You guessed wrong, I'm afraid. PARRY was an early form of chatbot from 1972, but the correct answer was ELIZA. It was considered to be the first 'chatterbot' – as it was called then, and was developed by Joseph Weizenbaum at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Fascinating stuff. 🌟 字数限制，完整文本和翻译见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】👥

Why time seems to fly as you get older? | BBC Ideas When I was a child, I was about eight years old, and I went to climb on a house that was under construction in our neighbourhood. So I stepped up to the edge and I fell, and the fall seemed to take a very long time, so then I was looking down at the ground watching the red brick floor come towards me and once I hit the ground then I went unconscious but it got me interested in the question of - how we perceive time. 在我小时候，大约八岁时，我去爬我们邻居正在建造的房子。于是我走到了边缘，然后摔了下来，摔落的过程似乎持续了很长时间，我看着下方的地面，看着红砖地面向我逼近。我一落地就失去了知觉，但这让我对我们“如何感知时间”这个问题产生了兴趣。 When I grew up and I became a neuroscientist, what I realised was we all come into the world with this idea that time is just a river that's flowing forward in one direction at a fixed speed, but what we know is that it can be different in your head and in my head, because it's somehow a psychological construct, time. In other words, your brain is locked in silence and darkness inside the vault of your skull and its job is to figure out what's happening outside but it has to do a lot of editing tricks. 当我长大后成为一名神经科学家时，我意识到我们来到这个世界时都有这样一个想法：时间只是一条以固定速度朝一个方向流淌的河流，但我们知道的是，它在你的脑袋里和在我的脑袋里可能是不一样的，因为时间在某种程度上是一种心理建构。换言之，你的大脑被困在头骨内的寂静与黑暗之中，它的任务是解读外界的情况，但为此它不得不施展许多编辑技巧。 Your vision and your hearing process signals at different speeds and yet, when you see somethinhg like a balloon pop or somebody clapping their hands, it appears as though the sight and sound are synchronised. And what that means is the brain has to be collecting all the information before it puts together a final story and serves that up to your conscious perception. It's like there's a buffer where it looks for other signals coming up the pipeline and as a result it means that we're all living a little bit in the past. What we think is happening right now has actually already transpired some time ago, probably in the ballpark of about half a second ago. 你的视觉和听觉处理信号的速度不同，然而，当你看到气球爆炸或有人拍手时，似乎视觉和听觉是同步的。这意味着，大脑必须先收集所有信息，然后才能整合出一个最终的故事，并将其呈现给你的意识感知。就像有一个缓冲区，在寻找即将到达信息通道的其他信号，这意味着我们都有点活在过去。我们认为正在发生的事情实际上已经发生在大约半秒钟前。 In the lab if I show you a photograph for half a second on the screen and then I show you that same photograph again for half a second and then again and again and again. And now I show you a different photograph for the same amount of time, it will seem as though the new photograph, the oddball, stays on the screen for a much longer time. Essentially when the brain sees something that's novel, it has to burn more energy to represent it because it wasn't expecting that. This feeling that things are going in slow motion is a trick of memory. 在实验室里，如果我让你在屏幕上看一张照片半秒钟，然后再让你看同一张照片半秒钟，然后一遍又一遍。现在我再给你看一张不同的照片，时间相同，似乎新照片，也就是怪照片，在屏幕上停留的时间会更长。本质上，当大脑看到新奇的事物时，它需要消耗更多的能量来表征它，因为它没有预料到这一点。感觉时间变慢是一种记忆的错觉。 In other words, when you're in an emergency situation a part of the brain called the amygdala comes online, this is your emergency control centre, it lays down memories on what amounts to a secondary memory track, these are very dense memories. And you're noticing everything around you and writing it all down. So when the brain reads that back out, there's such a density of memory there, that the brain's only conclusion is that must have taken a long time. And I think this offers an explanation for why people think that time seems to speed up as they grow older. 换句话说，当你处于紧急情况时，大脑中被称为杏仁核的部分就会启动，这是你的紧急控制中心，它将记忆储存在相当于二级记忆轨道的地方，这些记忆非常密集。你会注意你周围的一切，并把它们都记录下来。所以当大脑读取这些信息时，那里的记忆密度很高，大脑得出的唯一结论就是这肯定花了很长时间。我认为这可以解释为什么人们认为随着年龄的增长，时间似乎在加速。 And it's because when you're a child, everything's new to you. You're figuring out the rules of the world, you're writing down a lot of memory, and so when you look back at the end of a year, you have a lot of memory of what you've learnt. But when you're much older and you look back at the end of the year, you're probably doing approximately the same stuff you've been doing for the X number of previous years. And so it seems like the year just went by in a flash. 这是因为当你还是个孩子时，一切对你来说都是新的。你在摸索这个世界的规则，你记下很多记忆，所以当你在一年结束时回头看，你对你所学到的东西有很多记忆。但是，当你长大很多，在年末回首往事时，你可能会做着和前几年差不多的事情。所以这一年似乎只是在一瞬间就过去了。 Really the way to feel as though you've lived longer is to seek novelty. So you can start with something simple like putting your wristwatch on your other hand or brushing your teeth with your other hand. Something this simple just forces the brain into a new mode where it can't predict exactly what's going to happen but instead has to be engaged. And what that means is when you go to bed at night time you have a lot of footage to draw upon and it feels like your life is lasting longer. 想要感觉自己活得更长，最好的办法就是寻找新鲜事物。所以你可以从一些简单的事情开始，比如把手表戴在另一只手上，或者用另一只手刷牙。这么简单的事情只会迫使大脑进入一种新的模式，在这种模式下，它不能准确地预测将要发生什么，而是必须参与其中。这意味着当你晚上上床睡觉的时候，你有很多画面可以回味，感觉你的生命更长了。 ★原视频以及更多英语听力见公众号[琐简英语]

The Emotions of Motherhood in Primates｜BBC Earth All over the world, you can see animals wrestling with the emotions a newborn brings, but it's clearest in primates. 在世界各地，你都能看到动物们与新生儿带来的情绪搏斗，但在灵长类动物身上表现得最明显。 In Madagascar, ring-tailed lemurs have to stay together to survive, particularly in a drought. One of the babies is too weak to hold on. Lemurs can't easily carry their young, so the mother faces an appalling dilemma. If she's separated from the others for too long, they could attack her as an outsider. She has to choose between her baby and herself. 在马达加斯加，环尾狐猴必须呆在一起才能生存，特别是在干旱的时候。其中一只幼崽太虚弱了，不能抓紧母亲。携带幼崽对狐猴来说不是件易事，所以母亲面临着一个可怕的困境。如果她和其他人分开太久，他们可能会把她当作局外人攻击。她必须在孩子和自己之间做出选择。 The mother moves to follow the troop, but she returns five times. Her mind must be struggling back and forth. Many scientists believe she feels emotion and is thinking about her feelings. It's called affective consciousness. It's now thought likely all mammals are aware of their instinctive feelings. It could be hard to be a good mother without it. 母亲跟着大部队前进，但她又返回了五次。她的大脑一定在来回挣扎。许多科学家认为，它能感受到情感，并在思考自己的感受。这就是所谓的情感意识。现在人们认为，所有哺乳动物都可能意识到自己的本能感受。没有这种本能，很难成为一个好母亲。 As her baby got weaker, she left for the last time. We can't know for sure what she was thinking or feeling, but she behaved as though she'd come to a decision that she found very difficult. 随着她的孩子越来越虚弱，她最后一次离开了。我们无法确定她当时的想法或感受，但她表现得就像做出了一个她觉得非常困难的决定。 Emotions are just instincts that you can feel, that you are aware of. They're the voices of our genes and our past. But conscious minds can manipulate each other's emotions right from the start. 情绪只是一种本能，你能感觉到，你能意识到。它们是我们的基因和过去发出的声音。但有意识的大脑从一开始就能操纵对方的情绪。 A vervet monkey is born. The baby meets a young cousin. He may be a new friend, an ally or competition. It all depends on his mother's social standing. She is not the only one in her community having a baby. 一只青长尾猴出生了。这只小猴遇到了一个年轻的表亲。他可能是一个新的朋友、盟友或竞争对手。这一切都取决于他母亲的社会地位。她不是社区里唯一一个生孩子的人。 For the teenage sisters, it's a thrilling time. They beg any chance to hold the newborns. The high-ranking females don't beg, they grab babies and teach them who's boss. Junior mothers have to be more protective. 对于十几岁的姐妹们来说，这是一个激动人心的时刻。他们乞求任何抱住新生儿的机会。地位较高的雌性不会乞求，它们会夺走幼崽，告诉它们谁是老大。年轻母亲必须更加保护孩子。 词汇表 motherhood 母性，母亲身份 primate 灵长类动物 wrestle with 与…搏斗， 努力克服 newborn 新生儿，新生幼崽 Madagascar 马达加斯加岛（非洲岛国） ring-tailed lemur 环尾狐猴：因身体像猴，面部像狐，有着黑白相间的环状长尾而得名，喜欢成群活动 drought 干旱，旱灾 appalling dilemma 可怕的两难困境 outsider 外人，局外人，不合群的人 troop 一群（人或野生动物），部队 back and forth 反复地，来回地 affective consciousness 情感意识，指的是个体对自身情感状态的认识和理解 mammal 哺乳动物 instinctive feeling 本能感受 come to a decision 做出决定 manipulate 操纵，控制 vervet monkey 黑长尾猴，长尾黑颚猴：体型似家猫大小，具有高度社会化的行为和结构 ally 同盟，盟友 social standing 社会地位 high-ranking 高级别的，地位高的 ★视频版和更多英语听力见公众号[琐简英语]

Tiny fish as loud as a pneumatic drill This buzzing, chirping sound is the pulsing chatter of the tiny transparent Danionella cerebrum as heard by the human ear. Researchers in Germany were intrigued by the noise coming from the fish tanks in their lab and decided to investigate the source. Using underwater microphones, they quickly deduced that this species was no small fry when it came to communication. 你听到的这种嗡嗡的叽喳声是一种学名为 “Danionella cerebrum” 的透明小鱼的脉冲声。德国的研究人员们偶然听到了从实验室的鱼缸中发出的噪音，对此很感兴趣，所以决定找出这个噪音的来源。通过利用水下麦克风，研究人员很快就推断出，就交流方式而言，这个鱼类物种绝不可小觑。 This is the slowed down sound booming out like a heartbeat. The fish uses its muscles to strike its own swim bladder to produce a short loud sonic pulse. In the waters close to the fish, it taps out 140 decibels, which is as loud as a gunshot. 这段经调慢处理后的音频播放的是这种透明小鱼发出的像心跳一样低沉有力的声音。它们牵动自身肌肉冲击体内的鱼鳔，从而发出一个短暂而响亮的声波脉冲。在靠近这种透明小鱼的水域内，可以探测到它们发出高达 140 分贝的声音，如枪声一样响亮。 Researchers believe this quirky communication behaviour evolved in the murky streams in Myanmar, where the fish lives. Other fish, including the Plainfin Midshipman, and the Black Drum are louder, but also much bigger creatures. 研究人员们认为这种奇特的交流行为是在缅甸浑浊的溪流中进化得来的，那里是它们的栖息地。其它鱼类，包括斑光蟾鱼和多须石首鱼发出的声音更响亮，但它们的体型也更大。 词汇表 pneumatic drill 风钻，气钻（噪音水平达到120-130分贝） buzzing 发出嗡嗡声 chirping 发出叽喳声 pulsing chatter 脉冲声：一种有规律的声音，类似于心跳或机器的运转声 transparent 透明的 Danionella cerebrum 小脑丹鳉：生活在缅甸的浅水区域，普通人指甲盖的长度，是世界上体型最小的鱼类之一 intrigue 使着迷，激起…的兴趣 fish tank 鱼缸，水族箱 deduce 推断，推论 small fry 无足轻重的人或事物 boom out 发出轰鸣声，发出巨大的声音 swim bladder 鱼鳔 sonic pulse 声波脉冲 tap out 发出（轻拍音） decibel 分贝 quirky 古怪的，奇特的 murky 浑浊的，昏暗的 Plainfin Midshipman 斑光蟾鱼 Black Drum 多须石首鱼 ★更多英语听力见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”可加入[打卡交流群]

Why stress makes you fat? 为什么压力会让你变胖？ Have you ever had a stressful day? Many people do in the course of their daily lives. And on these high-pressure days, they might find themselves reaching for a sugary snack. Perhaps this is part of their daily routine. Or perhaps on this particular day, their self-control is a bit low and they feel compelled to take a sugar hit. 你有过压力很大的一天吗？在日常生活中，很多人都遇到过。在这些高压的日子里，他们可能会发现自己很想吃含糖零食。也许这是他们日常生活的一部分。又或者，在这一天，他们的自制力有点差，他们有一种想要吃点含糖食物的冲动。 Stress is natural. That feeling of strain or pressure is a biological response, and under the right circumstances can be a great source of motivation. However, too much stress, especially chronic stress, has been linked to sleep disruption, a higher likelihood of a stroke, heart-attack, ulcer or depression, among other things. But why should stress make a person comfort eat? 这种紧张或压力的感觉是一种生物反应，在适当的情况下可以成为一种巨大的动力来源。然而，过度的压力，尤其是长期压力，会导致睡眠中断，以及中风、心脏病发作、溃疡或抑郁症等风险增加。但为什么压力会让寻求安慰性进食呢？ Dr Giles Yeo, a member of the BBC's Trust Me, I'm a Doctor team, got together with scientists from Leeds University to conduct an experiment into the effect of stress on blood sugar. Dr Yeo was subjected to a stress test. In the first stage, he was forced to answer mathematical questions rapidly. In the second, he had to immerse his hand in a bath of ice-cold water for a period of time. BBC的“相信我，我是医生”团队成员Giles Yeo博士与利兹大学的科学家们一起进行了一项关于压力对血糖影响的实验。Yeo博士接受了压力测试。在第一阶段，他被迫快速回答数学问题。第二阶段，他不得不将手浸入冰水中一段时间。 Before and after these tests, the Leeds scientists would measure Dr Yeo's blood sugar levels. These are the levels which rise when we eat as our body takes in the energy of the food. In a healthy person, these levels quickly return to normal. However, when Dr Yeo was being deliberately subjected to stress, his blood sugar took six times longer to drop than on a stress-free day. 在这些测试前后，利兹大学的科学家们将测量Yeo博士的血糖水平。当我们进食时，身体会吸收食物中的能量，从而使血糖水平升高。对于一个健康的人，血糖水平会很快恢复正常。然而，当Yeo博士被故意施加压力时，他的血糖下降时间是无压力时的六倍。 When we become stressed, our bodies enter ‘fight or flight' mode. Because our body believes it's under attack, it releases glucose into the blood to provide energy for muscles. However, if we don't use that energy, our body then releases insulin to make the blood sugar levels drop. This drop causes a hunger response: you want to eat. And what you particularly crave is sugary food, which rapidly replenishes the energy you have lost. If this happens repeatedly, over a long enough period, these high-calorie foods can lead to obesity. 当我们感到压力时，身体会进入“战斗或逃跑”模式。因为我们的身体认为自己受到了攻击，所以它会向血液中释放葡萄糖，为肌肉提供能量。然而，如果我们不利用这些能量，我们的身体就会释放胰岛素来降低血糖水平。这种下降会引起饥饿反应：你想吃东西。你特别渴望的是含糖食物，它能迅速补充你失去的能量。如果这种情况长期反复发生，这些高热量食物就会导致肥胖。 So what can we do to combat the stress? In an article for the BBC, Dr Michael Mosley recommends ‘stress-busting' techniques, like exercise, gardening, mindfulness or another activities that you enjoy. But his strongest recommendation is trying to get a good night's sleep. A recent study carried out by researchers at King's College, London found that if you deprived people of sleep, they would consume, on average, an extra 385kcal per day, which is equivalent to the calories in a large muffin. So, try sleeping to decrease stress, and as a result make it easier to keep yourself a little trimmer. 那么我们能做些什么来对抗压力呢？在BBC的一篇文章中，迈克尔·莫斯利博士推荐了“减压”技巧，比如锻炼、园艺、正念或其他你喜欢的活动。但他最强烈的建议是尝试睡个好觉。伦敦大学国王学院的研究人员最近进行的一项研究发现，如果剥夺人们的睡眠，他们平均每天会额外消耗385千卡热量，这相当于一个大松饼的热量。所以，试着通过睡觉来减轻压力，这样更容易让自己保持苗条。 词汇表 sugary snack 含糖的零食 self-control 自控力 compelled 不得不地 a sugar hit 由糖带来的一时的刺激 chronic stress 慢性压力，长期不断的压力 sleep disruption 睡眠中断 stroke 中风 heart-attack 心脏病发作 ulcer 溃疡 depression 抑郁，忧郁 comfort eat 安慰性饮食 blood sugar 血糖 be subjected to 经历，接受（测试，训练等） stress-free 无压力的 glucose 葡萄糖 insulin 胰岛素 high-calorie 高热量的 obesity 肥胖 combat stress 克服、对抗压力 stress-busting 减压的 gardening 园艺 mindfulness 正念 trim 苗条而健康的，修长的 ★更多英语听力见公众号[琐简英语]，回复"1"可加入[打卡交流群]

Business Bartleby 商业版块 巴托比专栏 The matinee test 午后场测试 How to take proper breaks from work. 如何在工作之余好好休息 The year 1843 was a tremendous one for humanity. The Economist was founded. Almost as importantly, the modern weekend started to take shape. A campaign was launched in Manchester to give industrial workers half a day off on Saturdays, designed to ensure that more of them turned up ready to work on Monday morning. It succeeded, and the practice was eventually adopted into law; over time, a five-day week has become the norm in most countries. 1843年对人类来说是意义非凡的一年。即经济学家》创刊。同样重要的是，现代周末开始形成。曼彻斯特发起了一场运动，让产业工人在周六休息半天，以确保更多工人在周一早上做好工作准备。这场运动取了成功，这一做法最终被法律采纳；随着时间的推移，每周五天工作制在大多数国家已经成为常态。 Whether it is the weekend, the summer holidays that many people in the northern hemisphere are currently taking or the daily rest periods that companies give to their employees, the right for people to take breaks is uncontested. But for white-collar workers in particular, the boundaries between working time and non-working time have become very blurry. It is standard practice to eat lunch hunched over your desk: look down at your keyboard and you will see far more crumbs than characters. It is normal to look at emails in the evening, at weekends and on holiday. 无论是周末，还是北半球许多人正在享受的暑假，抑或是公司给予员工的每日休息时间，人们休息的权利都是无可争议的。但对于白领来说，工作时间和非工作时间的界限已经变得非常模糊。伏案吃饭是标准的做法：低头看看你的键盘，你会看到碎屑比字符多得多。晚上、周末、节假日看邮件很正常。 Deploring this development is too simple: the ability to choose when and where you work suits lots of people. But it has also created the impression that you are always contactable. As long ago as 2013, Melissa Mazmanian of the University of California, Irvine and Wanda Orlikowski and JoAnne Yates of the MIT Sloan School of Management coined the term "the autonomy paradox" to describe how greater flexibility for individuals has led to diminished freedom for everyone to switch off. 对这一发展表示哀叹太简单了：能选择工作时间和地点符合很多人的需要。但这也给人造成了一种印象：你总是可以随时联系到别人。早在2013年，加州大学欧文分校的梅丽莎·马兹马尼安·和麻省理工学院斯隆管理学院的万达·奥利科夫斯基和乔安妮·耶茨就创造了“自主悖论”一词，用来描述个人灵活性的提高如何导致每个人的自由度降低。 Breaking out of this trap is hard. As a little experiment to assess your own degree of freedom, try to follow a recommendation from Cal Newport, a thoughtful writer on how the performative busyness of modern work impedes the ability to get important stuff done. In his latest book, "Slow Productivity", Mr Newport advocates deliberately varying the intensity of work. Among other things, he suggests setting aside a weekday afternoon once a month to see a film. Taking three hours off every so often ought not to feel outlandish if you catch up on your work later. But few employers would react well to an out-of-office message that reads "I am watching Deadpool & Wolverine and will be slower to respond than normal." So an uncomfortable degree of subterfuge is required. First, following Mr Newport's advice, you label the time as a "personal appointment"; never has a calendar entry looked more suspicious. Before you enter the cinema you check around for colleagues. A handful of single people are in there: you wonder how many of them are also at a "personal appointment". You are told to turn off your phone, the ultimate working-hours transgression. The moment you leave you check it to make sure all hell has not broken loose in your absence. During the film you feel guilty that you have been munching popcorn while everyone else has been working. The whole experience is sufficiently draining that you need another rest. Managers may well feel that their workforce shouldn't be heading off to the cinema whenever it feels like it. But organisations should ensure that their employees do not mistake exhaustion for accomplishment or breaks for laziness. Mr Newport cites the example of 37signals, a software firm that works in six-week cycles. At the end of each cycle, developers take one or two weeks off scheduled projects to slow the pace. Slack, another software firm, ran a survey in which they found that only two in five of their employees felt comfortable taking breaks. It then conducted an experiment in which it prompted some of its workers to take time off during the day, and found that this led to marked improvements in their productivity and job satisfaction. If the encouragement of your employer is not forthcoming, some simple habits can still make for better breaks. If you decide to work at weekends or on holidays, only do so during set periods so that you get at least some extended time off the treadmill. During the workday, one tip stands out. A recent review of the research on work breaks by Zhanna Lyubykh of Simon Fraser University and her colleagues concluded that being outside was a better way to recharge. A study of nurses by Makayla Cordoza, now of Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, and her co-authors found that breaks in the hospital garden mitigated the risk of burnout more than staying indoors. Switching off is hard enough. Staying in the office makes it tougher still. ★字数限制，完整翻译见公众号【琐简英语】

How is Tik Tok Tackling Climate Change Misinformation? | BBC Newsround Videos on TikTok can make us laugh, cry, and even teach us interesting things about the world. But every now and again, posts containing harmful misinformation can end up on our 4U pages. TikTok上的视频可以让我们欢笑、哭泣，甚至让我们了解世界上有趣的事情。但时不时地，一些包含有害虚假信息的帖子也出现在我们的4U页面上。 (Wake up guys, global warming isn't real. There is no climate change in the manner in which they speak. )These are just some examples of videos containing false information about climate change. Some of the people posting or sharing these videos believe climate change to be made up or exaggerated. (醒醒吧，全球变暖不是真的。从他们的言论中，根本不存在气候变化。)这些只是一些包含气候变化虚假信息的视频的例子。一些发布或分享这些视频的人认为气候变化是编造或夸大的。 Climate scientists agree that human activity is responsible for the rapid climate change of the last hundreds years. Evidence shows that the increasing use of fossil fuels has led to a rise in CO2 and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which has led to global warming, rising sea levels and made extreme weather more intense and more likely. 气候科学家一致认为，人类活动是造成过去数百年气候迅速变化的罪魁祸首。有证据表明，化石燃料使用量的增加导致大气中二氧化碳和温室气体的增加，从而导致全球变暖、海平面上升，并使极端天气变得更加剧烈和更有可能发生。 Doug is a climate scientist at the Met Office, that's the UK's national weather service. After seeing so much misinformation on social media, he decided to take action by posting his own videos about the science of climate change. 道格是英国国家气象局的气候科学家。在社交媒体上看到大量虚假信息后，他决定采取行动，发布自己关于气候变化科学的视频。 Now that's a phrase that we're going to have to get used to. As a climate scientist, I want people to understand how it will impact them right now and in the future. There's a lot that you see which disputes the basic facts of climate change. (Three facts why climate change is not man-made. The banks of this world know it's not going to happen. ) And it's very easy to take away a false picture about how certain we are about climate science. I see this again and again and again. It makes me feel tired and it makes me feel like I want to do better in communicating the science of climate change. 现在，气候变化是一个我们必须习惯的短语。作为一名气候科学家，我希望人们了解气候变化在现在和未来将如何影响他们。你看到的很多东西都在质疑气候变化的基本事实。（气候变化不是人为的三个事实。这个世界的银行知道这不会发生。）而且，我们很容易对气候科学的确定性产生错误的认识。我一次又一次地看到这一点。这让我感到疲惫，也让我觉得我想在气候变化科学的传播方面做得更好。 Earlier this year, TikTok promised to crack down on so-called climate deniers and says it has suspended accounts that frequently share false information. However, the BBC put this policy to the test. They found 365 videos that broke the rules. Many of them claimed man-made climate change wasn't real. The BBC Click team flagged the videos to TikTok, saying they contained harmful misinformation and gave the social media platform time to react. 今年早些时候，TikTok承诺打击所谓的气候否认者，并表示已经暂停了那些经常分享虚假信息的账号。然而，英国广播公司对这一政策进行了测试。他们发现有 365 个视频违反了规定。其中许多视频声称人为气候变化并不真实。BBC Click 团队将这些视频标记给了 TikTok，称其包含有害的虚假信息，并给了社交媒体平台作出反应的时间。 But almost 95% of the videos were still on TikTok over 24 hours later. What's more, these posts had a combined 30 million views between them. TikTok say they have now permanently removed the content and accounts that the BBC found. TikTok also said they're working with fact-checkers and that people searching for content around climate change are shown a link to places where they can find correct information. 但几乎95%的视频在 24 小时后仍留在 TikTok上。更重要的是，这些帖子的总浏览量达到了3000万次。TikTok表示，他们现在已经永久删除了BBC发现的内容和账户。TikTok还表示，他们正在与事实核查人员合作，人们在搜索有关气候变化的内容时，会看到一个链接，指向他们可以找到正确信息的地方。 But as TikTok are finding, keeping misinformation off social media isn't an easy task when there are 600 million daily users of the app. However, many climate change scientists think it's important that misinformation is kept off social media and the facts are shared as widely as possible. 但是，正如 TikTok 发现的那样，当每天有6亿用户使用该应用时，要让虚假信息远离社交媒体并非易事。不过，许多气候变化科学家认为，重要的是不要在社交媒体上散布虚假信息，并尽可能广泛地分享事实。 词汇表 misinformation/false information 错误信息，虚假信息 4U pages 即FYP(For You Page) ，指社交媒体上的（尤其是TikTok）个性化内容推荐页面 global warming 全球（气候）变暖 made up 编造的，虚构的 exaggerated 夸大的，言过其实的 fossil fuel 化石燃料（如煤或石油） greenhouse gases 温室气体（尤指二氧化碳） Met Office 英国国家气象局 dispute 质疑，否认 take away 从（所读或所听中）获取，产生 false picture 错误的看法，错误的认识 communicate 传播（信息） crack down 打击，制裁 climate deniers 气候变化否定者：指那些不相信或拒绝接受人类活动导致全球气候变暖的观点的人。 suspend account 停用账号，暂停账号 put to the test 测试，评估，审查 man-made 人为的，非天然的 flag 给……做标记 combined 总和的，总计的 fact-checker 事实核查员：负责核实文章、新闻报道、演讲等内容中的事实真实性的人。 keep off 远离，避开 ★原视频和更多英语听力见公众号【琐简英语】

Why do we procrastinate? Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Sam. --And I'm Neil. Come on, Neil, let's make a start! I've got a deadline to meet today, and I haven't finished my work yet! --Let me guess, it's because you delayed, and delayed, and put your work off until the last minute - as usual! You're a real procrastinator, Sam – someone who keeps delaying things that need to be done. --What can I say? I work better when a deadline is approaching. I see, but did you know that that people who procrastinate have higher levels of stress and lower wellbeing? Procrastination is also linked with lower financial and career success, so there's a lot of reasons not to do it. --In this programme, we're discussing procrastination, the act of delaying things that must be done until later, often because they're difficult, boring or unpleasant. And, as usual, we'll be learning some new vocabulary along the way. So, without wasting any more time, I have a question for you, Sam. The fact that procrastinating, or putting things off, is bad for us doesn't stop people doing it. According to recent research by DePaul University in Chicago, what percentage of people procrastinate so much that it interferes with their day-to-day life? Is it a) 10 percent? b) 20 percent? or c) 30 percent? --I'll guess that around 10 percent of people have a serious procrastination problem. --OK, Sam. We'll find out the answer later in the programme. Sam is certainly not alone in putting things off until the last minute. Here's Ella al-Shamahi, presenter of BBC Radio 4's, Why Do We Do That? talking to the comedian, Eshaan Akbar, about his procrastination habit. Would you say, Eshaan, that you're a procrastinator?--I am a serial procrastinator without a shadow of a doubt. --Why? Why do you think you procrastinate? --Over the years, I've told myself that I procrastinate because I work better under pressure. That's what I've told myself. Eshaan thinks that he is a procrastinator without a shadow of a doubt, a phrase which is used to emphasise that you are completely certain of something. --Eshaan also says that, like Sam, he works better under pressure, when he feels stressed or anxious because of having too much to do. But maybe, also like Sam, Eshaan has a problem organising his workload and managing his time. --Hang on, Neil, my time management skills are OK, thank you! With me, it's more of an emotional response. I see a mountain of work, feel threatened, and think, "how on earth will I finish all that?" What Sam says is supported by a theory of human evolution which explains how putting things off is an emotional response. Back when we were living in caves, life was dangerous and short, and our ancestors were impulsive. They acted suddenly, on instinct, without thinking about the consequences of what they were doing. Back then, being impulsive was a good thing, but in modern life, with work goals and deadlines, when we are impulsive and get distracted, we procrastinate. So rather than being a problem with time management, Sam should blame her caveman ancestors who acted on impulse. Hmm. Let's listen again to comedian Eshaan Akbar talking how he feels when he procrastinates. A lot of stuff you read about procrastination focuses on the time management element of it. I probably got a better sense that for me it seems very squarely around the emotional aspect of it. Perhaps I get more emotional gratification from doing it last minute. And, I need to understand why I prefer that over the calm serenity of getting things done with oodles of time on my hands. In the same way that our ancestors felt good living on impulse, Eshaan thinks he gets gratification -a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction – from doing things at the last minute. What he doesn't understand is why he prefers to work under pressure, instead of finishing calmly with oodles, or lots of, time. --Unlike Eshaan, I'd rather finish my work feeling relaxed, but there never seems to be enough time. --Well, breaking down the task into smaller stages also breaks down the level of threat you feel from your workload. Also, forgiving yourself for procrastinating in the past seems helpful in avoiding procrastinating in the future. So, forgive yourself and start making changes, Sam, before you end up like the timewasters in my question: what percentage of people procrastinate so much that it interferes with day-to-day life. --Well, I guessed it was 10 percent. --Which was… the wrong answer, I'm afraid. In fact around 20 percent of us have a procrastination habit so strong it makes life difficult. ★因字数限制，完整文本和翻译见公众号［琐简英语］，回复"1"可加入【打卡交流群】