提示 1.每期为一篇听力题，每篇裁剪为若干片段，每个片段重复四遍。 2.可以前两遍盲听理解，后两遍根据文字内容精听。 3.根据中英文意思，听不懂的地方多听几遍。 原文 2018.12六级第一套 recording two We've talked recently about the importance of sustainable energy. 我们最近谈到了可持续能源的重要性。 We've also talked about the different theories on how that can be done. 我们还谈到了如何做到这一点的一些不同理论。 So far, our discussions have all been theoretical. Now I have a practical question for you all. 到目前为止，我们的讨论都是理论上的。现在我有一个实际的问题给大家。 Can you run a 140, 000 kilogram train on just the steam generated by solar power? 你可以用太阳能产生的蒸汽来运行14万公斤的火车吗？ Well, one engineer, Tim Casselman, believes it's possible. And his home city of Sacramento, California should see the technology's first test as part of the upgrading of its rail yard. 一位工程师Tim Casselman认为这是可能的。他的家乡加利福尼亚州萨克拉门托市作为其铁路场地升级的一部分，应该见证这项技术的第一次测试。 Casselman, who is an inventor and self-proclaimed steam visionary, is campaigning for a new steam train that runs without any fire and could run on an existing 10 kilometer line drawing tourist and perhaps offering city commuters a green alternative to their cars. Casselman是一位发明家，也是一位自称蒸汽梦想家的人，他正在推行一种新式蒸汽列车——无需火烧，并且可以在现有的10公里线路上行驶运载游客，或许也可以为城市上班族提供一种个人汽车的绿色替代品。 Casselman wants to build an array of solar magnifying mirrors at one end of the line to collect and focus heat onto water filled tubes. Casselman希望在生产线的一端建造一系列太阳能放大镜，以便将热量聚集到充满水的管子上。 This would generate steam that could be used to fill tanks on a small steam train without the use of fire. 这将产生蒸汽，可用于在不使用火的情况下，填充在小型蒸汽火车上的储罐上。 Supplying power to trains in this way would offer the shortest distance from well to wheels he says with the least amount of energy lost. 他说，以这种方式为火车提供动力，将使得气井到车轮的距离最短，从而能量消耗最少。 According to Harry Valentijn, a Canadian engineer who is researching modern steam technology, a special tank measuring 2 by 10 meters could store over 750 kilowatt hours of energy as high pressure steam enough to pull a two car train for an hour or so. 根据正在研究现代蒸汽技术的加拿大工程师Harry Valentijn所说，一个2米宽10米长的特殊水箱可储存超过750千瓦时的能量，高压蒸汽足以拉动两个车厢的火车一小时左右。 Energy to drive a steam locomotive can be stored in other materials besides water. 驱动蒸汽机车的能量可以存储在除水之外的其他材料中。 for example, a team at Tohoku University in Japan has studied materials that can store large amounts of heat when heated. 例如，日本东北大学的一个团队已经研究了可以在加热时储存大量热量的材料。 These materials turn from a solid into a liquid absorbing energy as they change phase. 这些材料吸收能量时发生相变，从固体变成液体。 The liquid is maintained above its melting point until steam is required at which point the liquid is allowed to turn back into a solid releasing its stored energy. 液体保持在其熔点以上，到需要蒸汽时，液体可以变回固体释放其储存的能量。 Another team at Nagoya University in Japan has tested calcium compound as an energy storage material. 日本名古屋大学的另一个团队已经测试了钙化合物作为储能材料。 Heating this chemical compound drives off carbon dioxide gas leaving calcium oxide. 加热这种化合物会驱除二氧化碳气体，留下氧化钙。 The gas can be stored under pressure in a tank to recover the energy. The gas is fed back over the calcium oxide. 气体可以在压力下储存在储罐中以回收能量。气体被氧化钙反作用。 In theory says Valentijn this can create a high enough temperature to generate superheated steam. Valentjn说，理论上这个过程可以产生足够高的温度来产生过热蒸汽。 问题： 19: A) The engineering problems with solar power. B) The generation of steam with the latest technology. C) The importance of exploring new energy sources. D) The theoretical aspects of sustainable energy. 20: A) The engineering problems with solar power. B) The generation of steam with the latest technology. C) The importance of exploring new energy sources. D) The theoretical aspects of sustainable energy. 21: A) Build a thank for keeping calcium oxide. B) Find a new material for storing energy. C) Recover super-heated steam. D) Collect carbon dioxide gas.

提示 一、十个句子每个句子念两遍，念完后从头再念两遍。 二、从听懂的词入手，理解句子含义。 三、根据中英文意思，听不懂的多听几遍。 词汇提示 1.chain 连环 2.pupil 学生 3.homosexuals 同性恋者 4.commoners 平民 5.merchants 商人 6.stroll 散步 原文 121. This robot does whatever I say. That's a big help when I'm too tired to do anything. Not too likely, huh? 我叫这个机器人做甚么，它就做甚么。我累得不想动的时候，它就很帮得上忙。-这种事不太可能吧？ 122. For example, if a chain-smoking teacher cautions a pupil for smoking, that warning is self-contradictory. 举例说，如果一个老师警告学生不要吸烟，但自己却每天吸个不停，那么这个警告就是自相矛盾的了。 123. Over the last hundred years, there have been twenty-seven recorded deaths from spider bites in Australia. 过去一百多年，澳大利亚共有二十七例蜘蛛咬人致死的记录。 124. The audio feature is only available in some sentences in Chinese, Dutch, French, German and Shanghainese. 音频功能仅适用在某些语言的句子中，如中文，荷兰语，法语，德语和上海话。 125. Because of the change in Canadian marriage laws, many American homosexuals came to Canada to get married. 由于加拿大婚姻法的改变，所以很多美国同性恋者去了加拿大结婚。 126. The more cheese, the more holes. The more holes, the less cheese. Thus: The more cheese, the less cheese. 越多奶酪越多洞。洞越多则奶酪越少。因此：奶酪越多就越少奶酪。 127. The term "hutong", originally meaning "water well", came from the Mongolian language about 700 years ago. “胡同”这个词，本意是“水井”，来源于700年前的蒙古语。 128. Farther from the palace and to its north and south were the commoners, merchants, artisans, and laborers. 远离宫殿的北方及南方是平民、商人、工艺师傅和工人。 129. On the one hand I called you to invite you to dinner, on the other to tell you my son is getting married. 我打电话给你，一方面是想请你吃饭，另一方面是想告诉你我儿子要结婚了。 130. When I first came to Beijing, I loved to stroll everywhere, but Beijing was not like what I had imagined. 我先来北京时，就去哪里都爱逛街，可是北京跟我想象的不一样。

听前提示 一、三遍英文，一遍中文，再一遍英文。 二、从听懂的词入手，理解句子含义。 三、根据中英文意思，听不懂的多听几遍。 词汇提示 1.cassette tapes 盒式磁带 2.compact disks 光盘 3.circumstances 情况 原文 121. Those brothers are both over6 feet in height. That's indeed tall. 那兄弟几人身高都超过了6英尺。这确实是高。 122. It's a strange story, but every word of it is true. 这个故事很奇怪，但每句话都是真的。 123. Cassette tapes seem to have given way to compact disks in popularity. 盒式磁带似乎已经让位于流行的光盘。 124. The woman to whom you were talking is my sister. 和你聊天的那个女人是我姐姐。 125. May Day is also a festival day for the workers in the world. 劳动节也是全世界劳动人民的节日。 126. Mike and I had a hamburger this afternoon and we talk. 迈克和我今天下午吃了汉堡，我们聊了聊。 127. If it were not for air and water, nothing could live. 如果没有空气和水，万物将无法生存。 128. It was so hot that she felt like eating ice cream. 天气太热了，她想吃冰淇淋。 129. We hope you will understand the difficult circumstances we're working under. 我们希望你能理解我们工作面临的困难情况。 130. As I was at a loss what to do, I asked my teacher for advice. 当我不知所措时，我会向老师寻求建议。

词汇提示 1.huts 小屋 2.beads 珠子 3.interior 内陆 4.companions 伙伴 5.dragged 拖拉 6.clubs 棍棒 7.plot 阴谋 原文 Pocahontas and John Smith In 1606, King James of England approved the establishment of two colonies along the eastern coast of America. The northern colony in Maine lasted only a year. The southern one at Jamestown in Virginia became England's first permanent settlement in America In 1607, the Virginia Company sent 104 settlers to Virginia. The settlers lived in tents all summer. By September, more than 60 were dead because they lacked good food or water. The leaders of the colony were not energetic and did little to make the settlers find food. One member of the company, Captain John Smith, was determined that the colony would survive. Smith pressured the colonists to build huts, a storehouse, and a church. He made daring trips to Indian villages, demanding that they give the settlers food in return for beads and copper. He threatened settlers who were trying to leave the colony and go back to England. On one of his trips to the interior, Indians attacked John Smith. They killed his two companions but captured him alive. He was taken first to the local chief. This chief was impressed by Smith's compass and spared his life. His captors dragged Smith from village to village. He finally arrived at the town belonging to Powhatan. Powhatan was the great chief for all of the tribes in that region. Powhatan and his advisors talked about what to do with Smith. Suddenly, Smith was dragged forward, and his head was pushed against a stone. The warriors raised their clubs to kill Smith. Then Pocahontas, who was Powhatan's twelve-year-old daughter, begged for his life. Her words had no effect, so Pocahontas ran to Smith. She took his head in her arms and laid her own head against his head. Smith was released and went back to Jamestown. Soon after Smith returned, one hundred new settlers from England arrived. It was a very cold winter, and in January, Jamestown was accidentally set on fire. The settlers suffered from cold and hunger the rest of the winter. Every four or five days, Pocahontas and her attendants came. They brought food for the hungry settlers. Even so, half of them died. In the summer, John Smith explored that part of the coast of America. He made a map that would be very valuable for future sailors and settlers. On his return, Smith was elected leader of the colony at Jamestown. However, some settlers did not like having to follow rules. Some encouraged the Indians to try to kill Smith. Chief Powhatan agreed. He also refused to supply food to the colony, hoping to starve them out. Pocahontas warned Smith about the plot against his life. Smith had to fight off several attempts to kill him. Finally, the colony seemed to be growing, and the Indians became peaceful. But in late 1609, Smith was injured in an explosion and returned to England. Pocahontas remained a friend to the colony. She married John Rolfe, one of the settlers. In 1616, she traveled to England with her husband and son. There she saw John Smith once again. She was so surprised to see him that she was unable to speak for several days. Pocahontas had believed that Smith was dead. The following year she died and was buried in England. Pocahontas' love for Smith, and Smith's determination to fight for the colony, had saved Jamestown and given the English their first colony in America. 翻译 波卡洪塔斯和约翰·史密斯 1606年，英国国王詹姆斯批准在美国东海岸建立两个殖民地。 缅因州的北方殖民地只持续了一年。 弗吉尼亚州詹姆斯敦的南部定居点成为英国在美国的第一个永久定居点 1607年，弗吉尼亚公司向弗吉尼亚州派遣了104名定居者。 定居者整个夏天都住在帐篷里。 截至9月，已有60多人因缺乏优质食物或水而死亡。 殖民地的领导人精力不足，几乎没有让定居者找到食物。 该公司的一名成员，约翰·史密斯上尉，决定该殖民地将继续生存下去。 史密斯推动殖民者建造小屋、仓库和教堂。 他大胆前往印第安人村庄，要求他们给定居者食物，用来交换珠子和铜。 他威胁那些试图离开殖民地回到英国的定居者。 在他一次内陆旅行中，印第安人袭击了约翰·史密斯。 他们杀死了他的两个同伴，活捉了他。 他首先被带到当地的酋长那里。 这位酋长对史密斯的思想印象深刻，因此饶了他一命。 抓捕他的人把史密斯从一个村庄拖到另一个村庄。 他终于到达了波瓦坦镇。 波瓦坦是该地区所有部落的伟大首领。 波瓦坦和他的顾问们讨论了如何处理史密斯。 突然，史密斯被向前拖，他的头被推到了一块石头上。 战士们举起棍棒要杀死史密斯。 波瓦坦12岁的女儿波卡洪塔斯向波瓦坦乞求生命。 波卡洪塔斯的话没有效果，所以她跑向史密斯。 她把他的头抱在怀里，把自己的头靠在他的头上。 史密斯被释放，回到詹姆斯敦。 史密斯回国后不久，100名来自英国的新定居者抵达。 那是一个非常寒冷的冬天，一月份，詹姆斯敦意外起火。 定居者在冬天剩下的时间里忍受着寒冷和饥饿。 每隔四五天，波卡洪塔斯和她的随从就会来。 他们为饥饿的定居者带来了食物。 即便如此，他们中的一半还是死了。 夏天，约翰·史密斯探索了美国海岸的那一部分。 他绘制了一幅地图，对未来的水手和定居者来说非常有价值。 史密斯一回来就被选为詹姆斯敦殖民地的领袖。 然而，一些定居者不喜欢遵守规则。 一些人鼓励印第安人尝试杀死史密斯。 波瓦坦酋长表示同意。 他还拒绝向殖民地提供食物，希望把他们饿死。 波卡洪塔斯警告史密斯，这是针对他生命的阴谋。 史密斯击退了几次杀害他的企图。 最后，殖民地扩张了，印第安人变得和平。 但在1609年末，史密斯在一次爆炸中受伤并返回英国。 波卡洪塔斯仍然是殖民地的朋友。 她嫁给了定居者之一约翰·罗尔夫。 1616年，她与丈夫和儿子前往英国。 在那里，她再次见到了约翰·史密斯。 她见到他非常惊讶，好几天都不能说话了。 波卡洪塔斯相信史密斯已经死了。 第二年，她去世，葬在英国。 波卡洪塔斯对史密斯的爱，以及史密斯为殖民地而战的决心，拯救了詹姆斯敦，并且成英国人在美国的第一个殖民地。 文稿及音频 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”

提示 1.每期为一篇听力题，每篇裁剪为若干片段，每个片段重复四遍。 2.可以前两遍盲听理解，后两遍根据文字内容精听。 3.根据中英文意思，听不懂的地方多听几遍。 原文 2018.12六级第一套 recording one Here is my baby niece Sarah. Her mum is a doctor and her dad is a lawyer. 这是我的小侄女莎拉。她的妈妈是医生，她的父亲是律师。 By the time Sarah goes to college the jobs her parents do are going to look dramatically different. 当莎拉上大学的时候，她父母的工作发生了巨大的变化。 In 2013, researchers at Oxford University did a study on the future of work. 2013年，牛津大学的研究人员对未来的工作进行了研究。 They concluded that almost one in every two jobs has a high risk of being automated by machines. 他们的结论是，几乎每两个工作中就有一个被机器自动化替代的高风险。 Machine learning is the technology that's responsible for most of this disruption. 机器学习就是造成这种混乱的原因。 It's the most powerful branch of artificial intelligence. 它是人工智能最强大的分支。 It allows machines to learn from data and copy some of the things that humans can do. 它允许机器从数据中学习并复制人类可以做的一些事情。 My company, Kaggle, operates on the cutting edge of machine learning. 我的公司，Kaggle，在机器学习的最前沿运作。 We bring together hundreds of thousands of experts to solve important problems for industry and academia. 我们汇聚了数十万的专家来为工业界和学术界解决重大问题。 This gives us a unique perspective on what machines can do, what they can't do and what jobs they might automate or threaten. 这为我们提供了一个独特的视角，可以了解机器可以做什么，不能做什么以及可以自动化或威胁哪些工作。 Machine learning started making its way into industry in the early 90s. It started with relatively simple tasks. 机器学习在90年代初开始进入工业领域。它从相对简单的任务开始的。 It started with things like assessing credit risk from loan applications, sorting the mail by reading handwritten zip codes. 它是从例如评估贷款申请的信用风险、阅读手写的邮政编码对邮件进行分类等开始的。 Over the past few years, we have made dramatic breakthroughs. 过去几年，我们取得了重大突破。 Machine learning is now capable of far, far more complex tasks. In 2012, Kaggle challenged its community to build a program that could grade high school essays. 机器学习现在能够完成更复杂的任务。2012年，Kaggle向其社区发起挑战，建立一个可以评价高中论文的程序。 The winning programs were able to match the grades given by human teachers. 获胜程序给出的成绩能够与人类教师的相匹配。 Now given the right data, machines are going to outperform humans at tasks like this. 现在给出正确的数据，机器在这样的任务表现上将胜过人类。 A teacher might read 10,000 essays over a 40-year career. A machine can read millions of essays within minutes. 在40年的职业生涯中，老师可能会阅读10，000篇论文。一台机器可以在几分钟内阅读数百万篇论文。 We have no chance of competing against machines on frequent high-volume tasks, but there are things we can do that machines cannot. 我们没有机会在频繁的大容量任务中与机器竞争，但仍然有一些我们可以做而机器无法做到的事情。 Where machines have made very little progress is in tackling novel situations. 机器在处理新情况方面取得的进步很小。 Machines can't handle things they haven't seen many times before. 机器无法处理之前没有反复见过的事情。 The fundamental limitation of machine learning is that it needs to learn from large volumes of past data. 机器学习的基本限制是它需要从大量过去的数据中学习。 But humans don't. We have the ability to connect seemingly different threads to solve problems we've never seen before. 但是人类没有这种限制。我们有能力连接看似不同的线索来解决我们以前从未见过的问题。 问题： 16: A) About half of current jobs might be automated. B) The jobs of doctors and lawyers would be threatened. C) The job market is becoming somewhat unpredictable. D) Machine learning would prove disruptive by 2013. 17: A) They are widely applicable for massive open online courses. B) They are now being used by numerous high school teachers. C) They could read as many as 10,000 essays in a single minute. D) They could grade high-school essays just like human teachers. 18 A) It needs instructions throughout the process. B) It does poorly on frequent, high-volume tasks. C) It has to rely on huge amounts of previous data. D) It is slow when it comes to tracking novel things.

提示 一、十个句子每个句子念两遍，念完后从头再念两遍。 二、从听懂的词入手，理解句子含义。 三、根据中英文意思，听不懂的多听几遍。 词汇提示 1.detect 探测 2.vibrations 震动 3.skull 颅骨 4.pale 灰白的 5.sack 解雇 6.superstitions 迷信 原文 111. If you have hope, then you'll certainly find happiness, and will become a role model for others as well. 如果你怀抱希望，那么你一定会找到幸福，而且也会成为其他人的榜样。 112. Instead, they detect sounds through their tongues and feel vibrations through sense organs in the skull. 相反，他们通过舌头来侦测声音，并通过头骨内的感觉器官来感受震动。 113. According to one study, Amazon's sales go down by 1% for every 100-millisecond lag in its loading times. 有研究称，打开速度每慢100毫秒，Amazon的销售额就下降1%。 114. By switching your lover from 3D to 2D, you may successfully reduce all social-interaction-related costs. 把恋人从3D换成2D可以有效地降低交际所需的费用。 115. In July of 2015, the highest temperature in the capital city of Iraq, Baghdad, was 51.1 degrees Celsius. 在2015年七月，伊拉克首都巴格达出现摄氏51.1度的高温。 116. Your face looks pale. Are you OK? Maybe it would be better if you went to the hospital, don't you think? 脸色这么差不要紧吗？要不还是去一趟医院比较好吧？ 117. I got the sack but I've a little saved up, so for the time being I won't be troubled by living expenses. 虽然我被公司解雇了，但是我还有点存款，所以目前不用担心生计问题。 118. In the past, Turks felt like foreigners on this street because so many international tourists were here. 以前，土耳其人在这条街上感觉就像外国人，因为这里的国际游客太多了。 119. There's not a lot of time left until the meeting starts. Let's go inside and have a look at who's there. 会议很快就开始了，我们进去看看有谁来了。 120. Superstitions derive from the inability of men to acknowledge that coincidences are merely coincidences. 迷信之所以存在，是因为人无法接受巧合只是巧合而已。

听前提示 一、三遍英文，一遍中文，再一遍英文。 二、从听懂的词入手，理解句子含义。 三、根据中英文意思，听不懂的多听几遍。 词汇提示 1.sake 目的 2.sufficient 满足 3.benevolent 仁慈的 4.mow 修剪 5.brink 边缘 原文 111. Students are supposed to turn in reports at the end of the school year. 学生应该在学年结束时提交报告。 112. To give up smoking is not easy, but you should for the sake of your health. 戒烟是不容易，但为了你的健康著想，你应该戒烟。 113. To begin with, the funds are not sufficient for running a grocery store. 首先，这笔资金不足以经管一家雑货店。 114. The paint on the seat on which you are sitting is still wet. 你坐的座位上的油漆还没干。 115. It was obvious that the driver had not been careful enough. 很明显，司机不够小心。 116. He got angry because he thought (that) everyone was trying to make a fool of him. 他生气了，因为他认为每个人都想愚弄他。 117. He was a benevolent old man who volunteered to mow his neighbors' lawns for free. 他是一个仁慈的老人，自愿免费为邻居修剪草坪。 118. We've talked over this matter in detail for half an hour already. Let's finish it off. 这件事我们已经详细地讨论了半个小时了，我们把它做完吧。 119. When we were on the brink of starvation, they saved our lives. 当我们快饿死的时候，他们救了我们的命 120. If she should come to Japan, Jane would be very happy. 如果她来日本，简会很高兴的。

词汇提示 1.plains 草原 2.buckskin 鹿皮 3.spear 矛 4.bow 弓 5.tame 驯服 6.creep up 爬过去 7.stamped 受惊 8.trample 踩踏 9.steep cliff 陡峭的悬崖 10.bullets 子弹 11.slain 杀死 12.teepees 圆锥形帐篷 13.nomadic 游牧的 14.rituals 仪式性的 15.warfare 战争 原文 Plains Indians The best known picture of an American Indian is a warrior in buckskin, riding a horse, wearing a headdress of eagle feathers and carrying a spear, or bow and arrow. This is a picture of a Plains Indian, and it appears in many Hollywood westerns and on the American five-cent piece. There were many tribes of Plains Indians for the Northern American prairies or plains stretch from the northern forest of western Canada down to the States of Oklahoma and Texas in southern U.S.A. It is interesting that our image of the Plains Indian is only true for the last couple hundred years. It was not until the 1600s that Plains Indians began to ride horses. There were no horses in America until Spanish soldiers brought them in the 1500s and 1600s. Some of these horses escaped and ran wild on the prairies of America. It was these wild horses that the Plains Indians learned to tame. Before they had horses, the Indians hunted buffalo on foot. Buffalo were huge bison, or wild cattle, which traveled in very large herds. A big herd might have millions of buffalo. It was difficult to cross the prairie because these animals blocked your way. The Plains Indians had various ways of killing buffalo. Before they had horses, Indian hunters would quietly creep up close to the herd; then they would fire their arrows together. There was always the danger that the herd would stampede and trample the hunters. Another method was to drive the buffalo over a steep cliff. There are a number of places on the plains where this was done. Once the Plains Indians had horses, they preferred to hunt buffalo on horseback. When the tribes started to use guns, they could kill many buffalo. Artist Paul Kane describes a buffalo hunt in the Red River Valley in 1846. The hunters carried their bullets in their mouths so that they could shoot faster. They would ride right into the herd, shooting at close quarters. They would drop an article of clothes on the slain buffalo to mark it for themselves. Then they would continue the hunt. After the hunt, the Indians would skin the animals,and the women would dry the meat and store it in fat. A single hunt might kill more than 30,000 buffalo. The Plains Indians received nearly everything they needed from the buffalo. Of course, they used buffalo meat for food. They also used the buffalo skins for clothing, blankets, and the covering of their teepees. These teepees were cone-shaped tents, which were easy to put up and take down. Plains Indians were nomadic, and followed the animals they hunted. Since these animals were plentiful, Plains Indians usually led a comfortable life. They developed complex religions and social rituals,as well as specialized societies or clubs. There were also rituals and customs for hunting and warfare. Many Plains Indians fought hard against the settlement of the Great Plains. The American government discouraged the hunting of buffalo,because without the buffalo the Plains Indians would not be able to fight. With the buffalo disappearing, the Plains Indians had to give up fighting and move into government-sponsored reservations. 翻译 大平原印第安人 最著名的美国印第安人照片是一位身穿鹿皮的战士，骑着马，头戴鹰羽毛的头饰，手持长矛或弓箭。 这是一张平原印第安人的照片，它出现在许多好莱坞西部片和美国五美分纸币上。 美国北部大草原有许多平原印第安人部落，从加拿大西部的北部森林一直延伸到美国南部的俄克拉荷马州和得克萨斯州。 有趣的是，我们对平原印第安人的印象只有在过去的几百年里才是真实的。 直到17世纪，平原印第安人才开始骑马。 直到16世纪和16世纪西班牙士兵把马带来，美国才有马。 其中一些马逃跑了，在美国大草原上狂奔。 平原印第安人学会驯服的正是这些野马。 在有马之前，印第安人步行猎杀水牛。 水牛是巨大的野牛，它们成群结队地迁徙。 一个大群可能有数百万头水牛。 穿越大草原很困难，因为这些动物挡住了你的路。 平原印第安人有各种杀死水牛的方法。 在他们有马之前，印度猎人会悄悄地靠近马群；然后他们会一起射箭。 牧群总是有踩踏和践踏猎人的危险。 另一种方法是把水牛赶出陡峭的悬崖。 平原上有许多这样的地方。 一旦平原印第安人有了马，他们就喜欢骑马猎杀水牛。 当部落开始使用枪支时，他们可以杀死许多水牛。 艺术家保罗·凯恩（PaulKane）描述了1846年在红河谷（Red River Valley）狩猎水牛的情景。 猎人们把子弹叼在嘴里，以便能射得更快。 他们会骑马进入牛群，近距离射击。 他们会把一件衣服扔在被杀的水牛身上为自己做标记。 然后他们会继续狩猎。 狩猎结束后，印第安人会剥动物的皮，女人们会把肉弄干并储存在脂肪中。 一次狩猎可能杀死30000多头水牛。 平原印第安人几乎从水牛那里得到了他们所需要的一切。 当然，他们用水牛肉做食物。 他们还用水牛皮做衣服、毯子和圆锥形帐篷的覆盖物。 这些圆锥形帐篷很容易搭建和拆除。 平原印第安人是游牧民族，他们追踪他们猎杀的动物。 由于这些动物数量众多，平原印第安人通常过着舒适的生活。 他们发展了复杂的宗教和社会仪式，以及专门的社团或俱乐部。 还有狩猎和战争的仪式和习俗。 许多平原印第安人奋力反抗大平原的定居。 美国政府不鼓励猎杀水牛，没有水牛平原印第安人就无法战斗。 随着水牛的消失，平原印第安人不得不放弃战斗，搬到政府资助的保留地。 文稿及音频 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”

提示 1.每期为一篇听力题，每篇裁剪为若干片段，每个片段重复四遍。 2.可以前两遍盲听理解，后两遍根据文字内容精听。 3.根据中英文意思，听不懂的地方多听几遍。 原文 2018.12六级第一套 Passage Two A good dose of willpower is often necessary to see any task through whether it's sticking to a spending plan or finishing a great novel. 通常良好的意志力对于完成任何任务都是必要的，无论是坚持一项支出计划还是完成一部伟大小说。 And if you want to increase that willpower, a new study suggests you just simply have to believe you have it. 如果你想增强意志力，一项新的研究表明你只需要相信你拥有它。 According to this study, what matters most is what we think about our willpower. 根据这项研究，最重要的就是我们对意志力的持有什么看法。 If we believe it's a finite resource, we act that way, we feel exhausted and need breaks between demanding mental tasks. 如果我们认为这是一种有限的资源，我们就会表现对应的举止：我们感到筋疲力尽，在高要求的脑力活动之间需要休息。 However, people who view their willpower as a limitless resource get energized instead. 然而，那些将自己的意志力视为无限资源的人却变得精力充沛。 The researchers used a psychological assessment tool to test the validity of the study. 研究人员使用心理评估工具来测试研究的有效性。 They asked 1100 Americans and 1600 Europeans to grade different statements such as after a challenging mental activity, my energy is depleted and I must rest to get it refueled again or I can focus on a mental task for long periods without feeling tired. 他们要求1100名美国人和1600名欧洲人对不同的说法进行评分，例如在经过挑战性的脑力活动之后我的能量消耗殆尽、我必须休息以再次恢复能量，或我可以长时间专注于脑力任务没有感到疲倦。 Although there was little difference between men and women overall, Americans were more likely to admit to needing breaks after completing mentally challenging tasks. 尽管男女之间整体上几乎没有什么区别，美国人更有可能承认，在完成具有挑战性的脑力任务后需要休息。 European participants on the other hand claimed they were able to keep going. 而另一方面欧洲参与者却声称他们能够继续前进。 Based on the findings, the researchers suggest that the key to boosting your willpower is to believe that you have an abundant supply of it. 根据研究结果，研究人员认为提高你的意志力的关键是相信你自己有充足的意志力。 Your feelings about your willpower affect the way you behave. But these feelings are changeable, they said. 你对意志力的感受会影响你的行为方式。但是他们说这些感觉是多变的。 Changing your beliefs about the nature of your self-control can have positive effects on character development. 改变你对自我控制本质的看法可以对人格发展产生积极影响。 This leads to healthier behaviors and perceptions of other people. 这会带来更健康的行为，也会改善对他人的看法。 问题： 12: A) A good start. B) A detailed plan. C) A strong determination. D) A scientific approach. 13: A) Most people get energized after a sufficient rest. B) Most people tend to have a finite source of energy. C) It is vital to take breaks between demanding mental tasks. D) It is most important to have confidence in one 's willpower. 14: A) They could keep on working longer. B) They could do more challenging tasks. C) They found it easier to focus on work at hand. D) They held more positive attitudes toward life. 15: A) They are part of their nature. B) They are subject to change. C) They are related to culture. D) They are beyond control.

提示 一、十个句子每个句子念两遍，念完后从头再念两遍。 二、从听懂的词入手，理解句子含义。 三、根据中英文意思，听不懂的多听几遍。 词汇提示 1.lousy 糟糕的 2.programmer 程序员 3.gorillas 猩猩 原文 101. After he had graduated from the university, he taught English for two years. 从他大学毕业以后，他教了两年的英语。 102. Why did you wake me up to tell me something that big? Now, I'll never be able to concentrate on my work! 你为什么要唤我起来，告诉我如此晴天霹雳的消息？现在你教我如何认真工作？ 103. That's the thing about people who think they hate computers. What they really hate is lousy programmers. 那些自认为讨厌电脑的人就是这么回事。他们真正讨厌的是差劲 的程序员。 104. In Thailand, bringing up the children isn't the father's responsibility; it's entirely up to the mother. 在泰国，照顾子女不是父亲的责任，而是由母亲一手包办的。 105. Gorillas cannot use their lips and tongues to speak, but they can communicate with people in other ways. 虽然猩猩不懂得开口说话，但他们能用其他方式和人类沟通。 106. If your friend reminds you kindly of your faults, take what he says not only pleasantly, but thankfully. 如果有朋友对你作出善意批评，你不止应该欣然接受，还要好好的感谢他。 107. The Japanese Parliament today officially elected Ryütarõ Hashimoto as the country's 52nd prime minister. 日本国会今天正式选举了桥本龙太郎作为全国第52届总理。 108. "What was that person saying?" "He couldn't communicate in Russian at all so I told him off in Russian." “那个人在说什么？” “他一点也无法用俄语沟通，所以我用俄语责备他。” 109. You're not entirely to blame; just then I was listening to music all along, and wasn't paying attention. 那也不能全怪你，刚才我一直在听歌，也没注意。 110. As much as 90 percent of happiness comes from elements such as attitude, life control and relationships. 高达百分之九十的快乐来自看法、生活控制、关系等因素。

听前提示 一、三遍英文，一遍中文，再一遍英文。 二、从听懂的词入手，理解句子含义。 三、根据中英文意思，听不懂的多听几遍。 词汇提示 1.weather 度过 2.inevitable 无法避免的 原文 101. In the U.S., you usually have to show identification in order to buy alcohol. 在美国，买酒通常需要出示身份证件。 102. Since then he had put his whole soul into his work. 从那时起，他就全身心地投入到工作中去了。 103. Until quite recently, most of the things we needed were made by hand. 直到最近，我们需要的大部分东西都是手工制作的。 104. The industrialist found a wealthy financier to help him weather the storm which was inevitable. 实业家找到了一位富有的金融家来帮助他度过这场不可避免的风暴。 105. This novel is so easy that even a child can read it. 这本小说很浅显，连小孩都能看懂。 106. The lady that is speaking to that boy is his teacher. 正在和那个男孩说话的那位女士是他的老师。 107. The engineer seeks not so much to know nature as to make use of it. 工程師与其说是想了解自然，不如说是想利用自然。 108. The children were so excited after the party that they couldn't sleep. 聚会结束后，孩子们兴奋得睡不着觉。 109. Nick can speak Portuguese very well. That's because he's been studying it for 5 years. 尼克葡萄牙语说得很好。那是因为他已经学习五年了。 110. In the car on the way home, he was making plans for the next day. 在回家的车上，他正在为第二天做计划。

词汇提示 1.forniter 边疆 2.wigwams 茅屋 3.measles 麻疹 4.smallpox 天花 5.vanish 消亡 6.canoe fleet 独木舟船队 7.sketches 素描 8.forts 堡垒 9.chief 酋长 10.tribes 部落 原文 Paul Kane, Frontier Artist Since Christopher Columbus first met American Indians in 1492, many Europeans had been fascinated by Indian life and culture. As a result, there was a demand in Europe for drawings and paintings of Native Americans. European artists who had never seen an Indian supplied most of this demand. But in the nineteenth century, several painters traveled into Indian Territory to make an authentic record of native life. One of the first artists to do this was the American painter George Catlin. In 1841, Catlin published a book of his work. Catlin's work helped inspire another important frontier artist, the Canadian Paul Kane. Paul Kane was born in Ireland in 1810. His family moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, when Paul was nine years old. The young boy was not very interested in school. At that time, there were still Indians living in wigwams in the Toronto area. Young Paul liked visiting the Indian village instead of going to school. Since Paul spent little time in school, he was largely a self-taught artist. He also became a surprisingly good writer,considering that he had not spent much time studying spelling or grammar. After working some years making and decorating furniture, Kane was ready to travel. He spent the years from 1836 to 1841 living and traveling in the United States. Then he traveled in Europe from 1841 to 1843, studying the great painters of the past. He was back in the U.S.A. until 1845, and then he returned to Toronto. Immediately upon his return, Kane headed into the wilderness areas around Georgian Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, and Lake Michigan. His plan was to sketch Indian life before it disappeared forever. American Indians were dying so rapidly from European diseases,such as measles and smallpox, that many people believed that they would soon vanish as a race. Their culture was threatened too. As white settlers demanded more land,Indians were being herded into small pieces of land called“reservations”. Here they could no longer practice their traditional way of life. Kane wanted to capture Native American life while it still existed. Kane returned to Toronto at the end of 1845. He had received one good piece of advice and that was if he wanted to travel into the wilderness，he would have to go with experienced people. He was able to get the support of the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, Sir George Simpson. In May 1846, Kane joined the annual canoe fleet of fur traders going west. Kane would travel all through the wilderness areas of western Canada and northwestern U.S.A. During this time, he made hundreds of sketches of Indian life. Although Kane faced incredible hardships during his travels,he was able to see what he wanted to see. He was able to take part in one of the last great Buffalo hunts and killed two large bison himself. Traveling west with the fur traders he visited many forts and trading posts. He saw and painted a prairie fire. He shot a grizzly bear at close range and killed several wolves that attacked his horses. He learned to travel long distances on snowshoes in winter. Finally, he arrived at the Pacific coast, where he made some fine drawings of the west coast Indians. European diseases had reached there just before Kane. Fifteen hundred Indians had died near Fort Vancouver in the summer of 1848. One wealthy chief had ruled 1,000 warriors and had ten wives, four children and eighteen slaves. Now he had only one wife, one child and two slaves. Kane had not come too soon. However, there were tribes still unaffected by western culture and western diseases. Kane also traveled widely around the Columbia River in northwestern U.S.A. Everywhere he went, he sketched Indian chiefs and scenes of native life. On his return trip, he encountered a large war party of 1,500 braves on the warpath against their traditional enemies. He was able to sketch the leading chief, Big Snake,who was later killed in single combat during the battle. When he arrived back in Toronto, Kane gave an exhibit of his sketches and watercolors. Most of the rest of his life was spent turning these drawings into finished paintings. 翻译 保罗·凯恩，边疆艺术家 自1492年克里斯托弗·哥伦布第一次见到美洲印第安人以来，许多欧洲人一直对印第安人的生活和文化着迷。 因此，欧洲对土著美国人的绘素描和绘画有需求。 从未见过印第安人的欧洲艺术家提供了大部分需求。 但在十九世纪，一些画家进入印第安人领土，真实记录当地生活。 美国画家乔治·卡特林是最早这样做的艺术家之一。 1841年，卡特林出版了一本他的著作。 卡特林的作品启发了另一位重要的边疆艺术家，加拿大的保罗·凯恩。 保罗·凯恩1810年出生于爱尔兰。 保罗九岁时，全家搬到加拿大安大略省多伦多。 这个小男孩对学校不太感兴趣。 当时，多伦多地区的维格瓦姆斯仍有印第安人居住。 年轻的保罗喜欢参观印第安人村庄而不是去上学。 由于保罗在学校的时间很少，他基本上是一个自学成才的艺术家。 他还成为了一个出人意料的好作家，尽管他没有花多少时间学习拼写或语法。 在制作和装饰家具几年后，凯恩准备旅行。 1836年至1841年，他在美国生活和旅行。 1841年至1843年，他在欧洲旅行，研究过去的伟大画家。 他回到美国直到1845年，然后回到多伦多。 凯恩一回来，就立即前往佐治亚湾附近的荒野地区，玛丽和密歇根湖。 他的计划是在印第安人永远消失之前勾勒出他们的生活。 美洲印第安人正迅速死于麻疹和天花等欧洲疾病，许多人认为他们很快就会作为一个种族消失。 他们的文化也受到了威胁。 随着白人定居者要求更多的土地，印第安人被放逐到称为“保留地”的小块土地上。 在这里，他们无法再实践他们的传统生活方式。 凯恩想抓住美洲土著人还在时的生活。 凯恩于1845年底返回多伦多。 他收到了一条很好的建议，那就是如果他想去野外旅行，他必须和有经验的人一起去。 他得到了哈德逊湾公司总裁乔治·辛普森爵士的支持。 1846年5月，凯恩加入了每年一度的皮草贸易商向西航行的独木舟船队。 凯恩将穿越加拿大西部和美国西北部的荒野地区。 在此期间，他绘制了数百幅印第安人生活的素描。 尽管凯恩在旅行中遇到了难以置信的困难，但他能够看到他想看到的东西。 他参加了最后一次大型野牛狩猎，并亲自杀死了两只大野牛。 他和毛皮商人一起向西旅行，参观了许多堡垒和贸易站。 他看到并画了一场草原大火。 他近距离射杀了一只灰熊，并杀死了几只袭击他的马的狼。 他在冬天学会了穿雪鞋长途旅行。 最后，他来到了太平洋海岸，在那里他画了一些西海岸印第安人的精美图画。 就在凯恩之前，欧洲疾病已经蔓延到了那里。 1848年夏天，1500名印度人在温哥华堡附近死亡。 一位富有的酋长曾统治着1000名战士，有十个妻子、四个孩子和十八个奴隶。 现在他只有一个妻子，一个孩子和两个奴隶。 凯恩来得不够早。 然而，仍有一些部落没有受到西方文化和西方疾病的影响。 凯恩还广泛游历了美国西北部的哥伦比亚河。 无论走到哪里，他都会勾勒出印第安酋长和当地生活的场景。 在返程途中，他遇到了一支由1500名勇士组成的大型作战队伍，他们正在与传统敌人作战。 他画出了首领大蛇的素描，大蛇后来在一场战斗中被杀。 当他回到多伦多时，凯恩展示了他的素描和水彩画。 他余生的大部分时间都在把这些画变成成品画。 文稿及音频 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”