How to tell if someone is lying to you | BBC Ideas
 
If we want to detect deception we need to stop looking for those visual behaviours that we think relate to deception, like eyecontact or fidgeting. Instead we need to start thinking about the pieces of information we can find in the world that match or mismatch with the statement being offered.
如果我们想要识别欺骗行为，我们就不应该再去寻找那些我们认为与欺骗有关的视觉行为，比如眼神接触或坐立不安。相反，我们需要开始思考我们在世界上能找到的与所提供的陈述相匹配或不匹配的信息。

If you want to be able to accurately detect somebody's lies or truths, what you need to do is, you need to listen to what they're saying and the way that they say it, not how they're acting. Think about when you are talking to somebody, you meet them for the first time, now any good poker player will tell you that it is very easy to control your face. Therefore facial cues really aren't good cues of whether or not somebody is lying or telling the truth. What you should be doing is you should be listening to what people say - the verbal cues and the way in which they say it - the vocal cues.
如果你想准确辨别某人是在说谎还是在说真话，你需要做的是，你需要听他们说的内容以及他们说话的方式，而不是他们的行为。想想当你第一次与人交谈时，任何优秀的扑克玩家都会告诉你，控制你的面部表情是非常容易的。因此，面部线索并不是判断某人是否在说谎或说真话的好线索。你应该做的是，你应该听人们说什么——言语线索以及他们说话的方式——声音线索。

A lie teller, because they are trying to think very hard, they will use probably the same word over and over again over a very short period of time. There's some general research that suggests we are about 54% accurate when it comes to detecting lies and truths and as I always say, "If that's the case, you might as well flip a coin - you'll be just as accurate."
一个说谎的人，因为他们在努力思考，可能会在很短的时间内反复使用同一个词。一些普遍的研究表明，，我们在辨别谎言和真相方面的准确率大约是54%，正如我经常说的，“如果是这样，你还不如抛硬币——你的准确率也就这么高。”

There are some people who think they are lie detection wizards. That they can read subtle clues that we give off. The research suggests that this isn't the case, that there aren't lie detection experts. Liars just don't give themselves away in any obvious fashion. There aren't good clues to deception, we don't avoid eye contact, we don't scratch our face when we're lying or telling the truth. These just aren't reliable indicators and so, expert or not, we have no good information on which to make that decision.
有些人认为自己是测谎奇才。他们能读懂我们发出的微妙线索。研究表明，事实并非如此，并不存在什么测谎专家。说谎者并不会以任何明显的方式暴露自己。没有可靠的欺骗线索，我们不会在说谎时避免眼神接触，也不会在说谎或说真话时挠脸。这些都不是可靠的迹象，因此，不管是不是专家，我们都没有很好的信息来做出判断。

We have this idea that if somebody is lying to us they can't keep our eye contact. Now of course, liars know this and what they will do is they will keep your eye contact ever so slightly longer than normal, just enough to make you feel uncomfortable. Number two misconception tends to be when people lie they move about a lot, they kind of get very nervous. In fact the opposite is true. When we lie, we have to think really hard. So imagine you've got a limited amount of energy, you will channel all of that energy into telling a lie and as a consequence, you will become ever so slightly stiller than you normally are. A third misconception is the idea that if we look up to the right or we look up to the left, it determines the type of lie or truth that we're telling.  A recent piece of research has in fact debunked the idea that looking up that way or looking up that way is a good way to detect deception, it's not.
我们有这样的想法，如果有人对我们撒谎，他们就不会和我们保持眼神接触。当然，说谎者知道这一点，他们会让你的目光接触比正常时间稍长一些，足以让你感到不舒服。第二个误解是，当人们说谎时，他们往往会走来走去，显得非常紧张。事实上恰恰相反。当我们说谎时，我们必须认真思考。因此，想象一下，你的精力有限，你会把所有的精力都用在说谎上，因此，你会变得比平时稍微安静一些。第三个误解是，如果我们抬头向右或向左看，就可以确定我们说的是谎言还是真话。  

My top tip for accurately determining whether somebody is lying or telling the truth is using something that we call the honest baseline. Now the honest baseline is understanding how people act and speak when they're not stressed and when they're being truthful. So when we ask them a question, now if we find a pretty even match between the way they normally act and the way that they're acting now, we will be fairly happy that they're probably telling us a truth. If we find a mismatch, it might indicate that there is something going on here that we need to follow up with in a bit more detail.

ALIED theory, or the adaptive lie detector theory, argues that when we try to decide if someone's lying or telling the truth, what we're doing is actually quite functional and informed with our past experience and with the information available in the world. For instance if I claim to have gone to France last week and I have a selfie of me in France that's a great piece of information that I was actually there. But often we don't have that sort of information, so what do we do? ALIED theory claims that we, rather than simply guess, rely on our past experience of the world to make an informed judgement. People tend to be truth biased, they tend to believe people are telling the truth, and that may be something we want to get rid of. The best thing to do is just try to keep an open mind and engage with the situation in a sceptical manner.

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