Terence Tao is widely considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians in history. He won the Fields Medal and the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, and has contributed to a wide range of fields from fluid dynamics with Navier-Stokes equations to mathematical physics & quantum mechanics, prime numbers & analytics number theory, harmonic analysis, compressed sensing, random matrix theory, combinatorics, and progress on many of the hardest problems in the history of mathematics. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep472-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/terence-tao-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Terence’s Blog: https://terrytao.wordpress.com/ Terence’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TerenceTao27 Terence’s Books: https://amzn.to/43H9Aiq SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:36) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (09:49) – First hard problem (15:16) – Navier–Stokes singularity (35:25) – Game of life (42:00) – Infinity (47:07) – Math vs Physics (53:26) – Nature of reality (1:16:08) – Theory of everything (1:22:09) – General relativity (1:25:37) – Solving difficult problems (1:29:00) – AI-assisted theorem proving (1:41:50) – Lean programming language (1:51:50) – DeepMind’s AlphaProof (1:56:45) – Human mathematicians vs AI (2:06:37) – AI winning the Fields Medal (2:13:47) – Grigori Perelman (2:26:29) – Twin Prime Conjecture (2:43:04) – Collatz conjecture (2:49:50) – P = NP (2:52:43) – Fields Medal (3:00:18) – Andrew Wiles and Fermat’s Last Theorem (3:04:15) – Productivity (3:06:54) – Advice for young people (3:15:17) – The greatest mathematician of all time PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Oliver Anthony is singer-songwriter who first gained worldwide fame with his viral hit Rich Men North of Richmond. He became a voice for many who are voiceless, with many of his songs speaking to the struggle of the working class in modern American life. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep469-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/oliver-anthony-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Oliver’s X: https://x.com/AintGottaDollar Oliver’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/oliver_anthony_music_ Oliver’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@oliveranthonymusic Oliver’s TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@oliveranthonymusic Oliver’s Website: https://oliveranthonymusic.com/ Oliver’s FaceBook: https://facebook.com/OliverAnthonyMusicOfficial/ Oliver’s Linktree: https://linktr.ee/oliveranthonymusic SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex Oracle: Cloud infrastructure. Go to https://oracle.com/lex Tax Network USA: Full-service tax firm. Go to https://tnusa.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (09:00) – Open mics (13:03) – Mainstream country music (22:10) – Fame (28:06) – Music vs politics (36:56) – Rich Men North of Richmond (47:06) – Popularity, money, and integrity (1:01:54) – Blue-collar people (1:13:57) – Depression (1:38:50) – Nature (2:01:26) – Three-legged cat (2:09:57) – I Want to Go Home (live performance) (2:13:36) – Guitar backstory (2:17:58) – Playing live this year PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Janna Levin is a theoretical physicist and cosmologist specializing in black holes, cosmology of extra dimensions, topology of the universe, and gravitational waves. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep468-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/janna-levin-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Janna’s X: https://x.com/JannaLevin Janna’s Website: https://jannalevin.com Janna’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/jannalevin Janna’s Substack: https://substack.com/@jannalevin Black Hole Survival Guide (book): https://amzn.to/3YkJzT5 Black Hole Blues (book): https://amzn.to/42Nw7IE How the Universe Got Its Spots (book): https://amzn.to/4m5De8k A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines (book): https://amzn.to/3GGakvd SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Brain.fm: Music for focus. Go to https://brain.fm/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:51) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (09:21) – Black holes (16:55) – Formation of black holes (27:45) – Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb (34:08) – Inside the black hole (47:10) – Supermassive black holes (50:39) – Physics of spacetime (53:42) – General relativity (59:13) – Gravity (1:15:47) – Information paradox (1:24:17) – Fuzzballs & soft hair (1:27:28) – ER = EPR (1:34:07) – Firewall (1:42:59) – Extra dimensions (1:45:24) – Aliens (2:01:00) – Wormholes (2:11:57) – Dark matter and dark energy (2:22:00) – Gravitational waves (2:34:08) – Alan Turing and Kurt Godel (2:46:23) – Grigori Perelman, Andrew Wiles, and Terence Tao (2:52:58) – Art and science (3:02:37) – The biggest mystery PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Tim Sweeney is a legendary video game programmer, founder and CEO of Epic Games that created the Unreal Engine, Fortnite, Gears of War, Unreal Tournament, and many other groundbreaking and influential video games. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep467-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/tim-sweeney-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Tim’s X: https://x.com/timsweeneyepic Epic Games: https://epicgames.com/ SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (08:25) – 10,000 hours programming (11:42) – Advice for young programmers (19:54) – Video games in the 80s and 90s (22:02) – Epic Games origin story (34:40) – Indie game development (40:34) – Unreal Engine (1:06:30) – Technical details of Unreal Engine (1:11:23) – Constructive solid geometry (1:17:21) – Dynamic lighting (1:21:51) – Volumetric fog (1:25:19) – John Carmack (1:27:05) – Evolution of Unreal Engine (1:33:21) – Unreal Engine 5 (1:44:32) – Creating realistic humans (1:53:41) – Lumen global illumination (1:58:11) – Movies (2:12:53) – Simulating reality (2:25:08) – Metaverse (2:27:44) – Fortnite (2:31:40) – Scaling (2:47:04) – Game economies (2:48:33) – Standardizing the Metaverse (2:56:46) – Verse programming language (3:18:19) – Concurrency (3:25:56) – Unreal Engine 6 (3:30:34) – Indie game developers (3:33:32) – Apple (3:48:12) – Epic Games Store (4:11:03) – Future of gaming (4:17:03) – Greatest games ever made (4:22:39) – GTA 6 and Rockstar Games (4:25:58) – Hope for the future PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips SOCIAL LINKS: – X: https://x.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman – TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman – Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman – Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman – Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Robert Rodriguez is a legendary filmmaker and creator of Sin City, El Mariachi, Desperado, Spy Kids, Machete, From Dusk Till Dawn, Alita: Battle Angel, The Faculty, and his newest venture Brass Knuckle Films. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep465-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/robert-rodriguez-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Robert’s X: https://x.com/rodriguez Robert’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/rodriguez/ Brass Knuckle Films: https://brassknucklefilms.com/ Rebel without a Crew (book): https://amzn.to/3G7gtQJ Rebel without a Crew (audiobook): https://amzn.to/3Ri5wyc SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Invideo AI: AI video generator. Go to https://invideo.io/i/lexpod Brain.fm: Music for focus. Go to https://brain.fm/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (10:04) – Explosions and having only one take (17:39) – Success and failure (26:28) – Filmmaking on a low budget (38:41) – El Mariachi (50:10) – Creativity (1:12:06) – Limitations (1:18:22) – Handling criticism (1:34:32) – Action films (1:45:53) – Quentin Tarantino (1:55:52) – Desperado (1:56:54) – Salma Hayek (2:01:40) – Danny Trejo (2:06:55) – Filming in Austin (2:13:05) – Editing (2:22:35) – Sound design (2:27:43) – Deadlines (2:31:14) – Alita: Battle Angel (2:39:36) – James Cameron (2:52:39) – Sin City (3:06:48) – Manifesting (3:18:12) – Memories and journaling (3:27:56) – Mortality PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

ThePrimeagen (aka Michael Paulson) is a programmer who has educated, entertained, and inspired millions of people to build software and have fun doing it. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep461-sc See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: ThePrimeagen’s X: https://twitter.com/ThePrimeagen ThePrimeagen’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/ThePrimeTimeagen ThePrimeagen’s Twitch: https://twitch.tv/ThePrimeagen ThePrimeagen’s GitHub: https://github.com/theprimeagen ThePrimeagen’s TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@theprimeagen ThePrimeagen’s Coffee: https://www.terminal.shop/ SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Invideo AI: AI video generator. Go to https://invideo.io/i/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (10:27) – Love for programming (20:00) – Hardest part of programming (22:16) – Types of programming (29:54) – Life story (39:58) – Hardship (41:29) – High school (47:15) – Porn addiction (57:01) – God (1:12:44) – Perseverance (1:22:40) – Netflix (1:35:08) – Groovy (1:40:13) – Printf() debugging (1:46:35) – Falcor (1:56:05) – Breaking production (1:58:49) – Pieter Levels (2:03:19) – Netflix, Twitch, and YouTube infrastructure (2:15:22) – ThePrimeagen origin story (2:30:37) – Learning programming languages (2:39:40) – Best programming languages in 2025 (2:44:35) – Python (2:45:15) – HTML & CSS (2:46:05) – Bash (2:46:45) – FFmpeg (2:53:28) – Performance (2:56:00) – Rust (3:00:48) – Epic projects (3:14:12) – Asserts (3:23:26) – ADHD (3:31:34) – Productivity (3:35:58) – Programming setup (4:11:28) – Coffee (4:18:32) – Programming with AI (5:01:16) – Advice for young programmers (5:12:48) – Reddit questions (5:20:20) – God PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Volodymyr Zelenskyy is the President of Ukraine. On YouTube this episode is available in English, Ukrainian, and Russian. Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided in English, Ukrainian, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed language version, please select the English (UK) audio track audio track. The default is English overdub. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep456-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/volodymyr-zelenskyy-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: President Zelenskyy’s X: https://x.com/ZelenskyyUa President Zelenskyy’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/zelenskyy_official President Zelenskyy’s Website: https://www.president.gov.ua/ SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor. Go to https://gh.io/copilot AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (20:17) – Language (30:06) – World War II (46:54) – Invasion on Feb 24, 2022 (53:30) – Negotiating Peace (1:13:47) – NATO and security guarantees (1:26:39) – Sitting down with Putin and Trump (1:46:09) – Compromise and leverage (1:51:38) – Putin and Russia (2:01:30) – Donald Trump (2:12:01) – Martial Law and Elections (2:24:21) – Corruption (2:33:06) – Elon Musk (2:37:10) – Trump Inauguration on Jan 20 (2:40:18) – Power dynamics in Ukraine (2:43:50) – Future of Ukraine (2:48:32) – Choice of language (2:58:02) – Podcast prep and research process (3:06:27) – Travel and setup (3:12:13) – Conclusion PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips SOCIAL LINKS: – X: https://x.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman – TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman – Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman – Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman – Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Adam Frank is an astrophysicist studying star systems and the search for extraterrestrial life and alien civilizations. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep455-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/adam-frank-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Adam’s Website: https://adamfrankscience.com Adam’s X: https://x.com/adamfrank4 Adam’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/adamfrankscience Adam’s Books: The Little Book of Aliens: https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP Light of the Stars: https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C The Blind Spot: https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K The Constant Fire: https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4 SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management. Go to https://encord.com/lex Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (14:22) – Planet formation (19:32) – Plate tectonics (26:54) – Extinction events (31:04) – Biosphere (34:02) – Technosphere (38:17) – Emergence of intelligence (44:29) – Drake equation (48:43) – Exoplanets (51:28) – Habitable zones (54:30) – Fermi Paradox (1:03:28) – Alien civilizations (1:12:55) – Colonizing Mars (1:25:11) – Search for aliens (1:41:37) – Alien megastructures (1:47:43) – Kardashev scale (1:52:56) – Detecting aliens (1:59:38) – Warp drives (2:05:45) – Cryogenics (2:09:03) – What aliens look like (2:17:48) – Alien contact (2:28:53) – UFO sightings (2:40:38) – Physics of life (3:06:29) – Nature of time (3:22:53) – Cognition (3:27:16) – Mortality

Saagar Enjeti is a political journalist & commentator, co-host of Breaking Points with Krystal and Saagar and The Realignment Podcast. He is exceptionally well-read, and the books he recommends are always fascinating and eye-opening. You can check out all the books he mentions in this episode here: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep454-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-enjeti-2-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Saagar’s Book Recommendations: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books Saagar’s Substack (where he recommends more books): https://saagarenjeti.substack.com/ Saagar’s X: https://x.com/esaagar Saagar’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/esaagar Breaking Points: https://youtube.com/@breakingpoints The Realignment Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/@therealignment Saagar’s Linktree: https://linktr.ee/esaagar SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (09:47) – Why Trump won (14:48) – Book recommendations (18:24) – History of wokeism (25:54) – History of Scots-Irish (32:32) – Biden (36:34) – FDR (38:36) – George W Bush (40:59) – LBJ (46:15) – Cuban Missile Crisis (53:48) – Immigration (1:25:46) – DOGE (1:52:27) – MAGA ideology (1:55:39) – Bernie Sanders (2:04:00) – Obama vs Trump (2:21:00) – Nancy Pelosi (2:24:14) – Kamala Harris (2:40:00) – 2020 Election (3:03:49) – Sam Harris (3:14:55) – UFOs (3:20:47) – Future of the Republican Party (3:27:24) – Future of the Democratic Party (3:35:21) – Hope

Javier Milei is the President of Argentina. This episode is available in both English and Spanish. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep453-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/javier-milei-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Javier Milei’s X: https://x.com/JMilei Javier Milei’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/javiermilei Javier Milei’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/JavierMileiEconomista SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (14:44) – Economic freedom (20:09) – Anarcho-capitalism (30:02) – Presidency and reforms (49:22) – Poverty (55:54) – Corruption (1:04:32) – Freedom (1:18:43) – Elon Musk (1:24:11) – DOGE (1:26:13) – Donald Trump (1:32:13) – US and Argentina relations (1:39:22) – Messi vs Maradona (1:48:16) – God (1:50:22) – Elvis and Rolling Stones (1:54:02) – Free market (2:01:03) – Loyalty (2:03:40) – Advice for young people (2:05:06) – Hope for Argentina PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips SOCIAL LINKS: – X: https://x.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman – TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman – Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman – Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman – Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Dario Amodei is the CEO of Anthropic, the company that created Claude. Amanda Askell is an AI researcher working on Claude’s character and personality. Chris Olah is an AI researcher working on mechanistic interpretability. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep452-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/dario-amodei-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Claude: https://claude.ai Anthropic’s X: https://x.com/AnthropicAI Anthropic’s Website: https://anthropic.com Dario’s X: https://x.com/DarioAmodei Dario’s Website: https://darioamodei.com Machines of Loving Grace (Essay): https://darioamodei.com/machines-of-loving-grace Chris’s X: https://x.com/ch402 Chris’s Blog: https://colah.github.io Amanda’s X: https://x.com/AmandaAskell Amanda’s Website: https://askell.io SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management. Go to https://encord.com/lex Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (10:19) – Scaling laws (19:25) – Limits of LLM scaling (27:51) – Competition with OpenAI, Google, xAI, Meta (33:14) – Claude (36:50) – Opus 3.5 (41:36) – Sonnet 3.5 (44:56) – Claude 4.0 (49:07) – Criticism of Claude (1:01:54) – AI Safety Levels (1:12:42) – ASL-3 and ASL-4 (1:16:46) – Computer use (1:26:41) – Government regulation of AI (1:45:30) – Hiring a great team (1:54:19) – Post-training (1:59:45) – Constitutional AI (2:05:11) – Machines of Loving Grace (2:24:17) – AGI timeline (2:36:52) – Programming (2:43:52) – Meaning of life (2:49:58) – Amanda Askell – Philosophy (2:52:26) – Programming advice for non-technical people (2:56:15) – Talking to Claude (3:12:47) – Prompt engineering (3:21:21) – Post-training (3:26:00) – Constitutional AI (3:30:53) – System prompts (3:37:00) – Is Claude getting dumber? (3:49:02) – Character training (3:50:01) – Nature of truth (3:54:38) – Optimal rate of failure (4:01:49) – AI consciousness (4:16:20) – AGI (4:24:58) – Chris Olah – Mechanistic Interpretability (4:29:49) – Features, Circuits, Universality (4:47:23) – Superposition (4:58:22) – Monosemanticity (5:05:14) – Scaling Monosemanticity (5:14:02) – Macroscopic behavior of neural networks (5:18:56) – Beauty of neural networks

Rick Spence is a historian specializing in the history of intelligence agencies, espionage, secret societies, conspiracies, the occult, and military history. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep451-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/rick-spence-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Rick’s Website: https://www.uidaho.edu/class/history/faculty-staff/richard-spence Rick’s Courses: https://bit.ly/40dIZbw SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (09:04) – KGB and CIA (23:21) – Okhrana, Cheka, NKVD (38:53) – CIA spies vs KGB spies (45:29) – Assassinations and mind control (52:23) – Jeffrey Epstein (59:15) – Bohemian Grove (1:11:09) – Occultism (1:22:20) – Nazi party and Thule society (2:02:38) – Protocols of the Elders of Zion (2:35:43) – Charles Manson (3:02:30) – Zodiac Killer (3:13:24) – Illuminati (3:20:48) – Secret societies PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips SOCIAL LINKS: – X: https://x.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman – TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman – Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman – Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman – Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman