Why do we keep eating when we feel full? Dr. Christine: Our research at the University of Leeds shows that our overall hunger stems from a drive to eat, and that's determined by our resting metabolic rate, which is the energy that our body expends to sustain our everyday bodily functions and to a lesser extent, by our physical activity levels. But there's also an episodic mechanism. So on a meal-to-meal basis, signals such as an empty stomach, low blood glucose and appetite related hormones can also trigger or signal hunger. Host: And what about if you feel hungry and then you don't eat and it goes away, even though you haven't responded to that feeling of hunger? Dr. Christine: So hunger feelings can go away after a while. So during prolonged fasting or any kind of food deprivation situations, our body produces ketone bodies and these have been proposed to suppress appetite. But this is really early days in that area of research. Hunger is not only influenced by internal factors, but also external factors, and we can forget that we're hungry under some circumstances because we're distracted or that we're busy. Some people love to eat and they're very in tune with their hunger sensation, so it's definitely not a one size fits all kind of common. (But why do we sometimes still feel like eating even when we're not hungry?) Dr. Christine: So we have several appetite systems in the brain, and one of them is the hedonic system. Even though we're not hungry, we can still want to eat because we have that pleasure system in the brain, which can override these sensations of fullness, for example. So let's say, for example, we're at a restaurant and we see the dessert menu, but we've just had the big meal and we're full, but we still want that dessert because it's so tasty. Host: And Charles, can I bring you in at this point? Is this a physical thing or is this really more about psychology? Prof Charles: Oh, I think definitely a bit of both. Because as a psychologist myself, I'm sort of more interested in those external factors, such as, you know, the smell of appetising food when we wander through a train station or a shopping centre, more often than we realize, it's these external cues, too energy dense. You know, great-smelling food, that suddenly make us think "ah, maybe I will order, eat, drink one of those things". When before having smelled or seen that external kind of food cue, we weren't really thinking about food at all. We may even have sort of evolved our kind of visual systems to be able to, you know, look at a scene and almost instantaneously decide if there's something edible out there. And if so, what's the most energy dense, highest fat food? And then our brain immediately pays attention to that. And if that food is in movement or in motion, it's even more attractive. And this is something I think that the food marketers are sort of intuitively picked up on showing those pictures, you know, oozing cheese, coming out of a burger, say, or a slice of pizza or lasagne. And that just becomes something that's a very powerful cue that draws our attention that we can't ignore to, to order or to eat more than we otherwise might. 词汇表 stem from [stem] 起源于，来自 resting metabolic rate [ˈrestɪŋ ˌmetəˈbɒlɪk reɪt] 静息代谢率（人体在静息状态下维持基本生理功能所需的能量消耗） episodic [ˌepɪˈsɒdɪk] 偶发的，不定期的 low blood glucose [ˈɡluːkəʊs] 低血糖 appetite related hormones [ˈæpɪtaɪt rɪˈleɪtɪd ˈhɔːməʊnz] 食欲相关激素 prolonged fasting [prəˈlɒŋd ˈfɑːstɪŋ] 长期禁食 food deprivation [ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn] 食物匮乏，食物剥夺 ketone body [ˈkiːtəʊn] 酮体（在长期饥饿或低碳水饮食时增加，以满足身体对能量的需求） be in tune with [tjuːn] 与…协调一致，能敏锐感知 hunger sensation [ˈhʌŋɡə(r) senˈseɪʃn] 饥饿感 one size fits all 一刀切的，通用的 hedonic [hiːˈdɒnɪk] 享乐的，快乐的，享受的 override [ˌəʊvəˈraɪd] 压倒，优先于，凌驾于 sensations of fullness [senˈseɪʃnz əv ˈfʊlnəs] 饱腹感 dessert [dɪˈzɜː(r)t] 餐后甜点，甜食 appetising [ˈæpɪtaɪzɪŋ] 开胃的，诱人的，引起食欲的 wander through [ˈwɒndə(r)] 漫步于，穿梭在 energy dense [ˈenədʒi dens] 高能量密度的（指食物或饮料中含有高热量的能量） instantaneously [ˌɪnstənˈteɪniəsli] 瞬间地，即刻地 edible [ˈedəbl] 可食用的；食物 intuitively [ɪnˈtjuːɪtɪvli] 直觉地，本能地 pick up on 注意到，意识到，领悟 oozing cheese [ˈuːzɪŋ tʃiːz] 渗出的芝士，流淌的芝士 lasagne [ləˈzænjə] 千层面（一种意大利分层烤面食） 💡 翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Which cooking oil is the best for our health Georgie Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Georgie. Neil And I'm Neil. Georgie, today we're talking about cooking oils and which products are best for our health. What do you use to cook with? Olive oil? Butter? Maybe avocado oil? Georgie Hmm, when I want my food to be rich and creamy, I use butter, but usually for everyday meals I just use olive oil. What about you? Neil Yes, it varies, but I guess for East Asian food, I might sometimes use sesame oil. Now, there are so many different oils we can use for our food, and some of them are very expensive and claim to have big health benefits. Today we'll be finding out whether these products are worth the money and can really help us eat more healthily. OK. Georgie, let's start with a question. In the UK, a popular oil to cook with is olive oil, but which country produces the most olive oil? Is it: a)Italy b)Greece c)Spain Georgie Ooh, that's difficult. I know that Spain produces a lot, but I think I'm going to go with Italy. Neil OK. Well, we'll find out if that's the right answer at the end of the programme. Now, lots of us are careful about the amount of fat we eat. We might avoid fast food and treats like chocolate or cake, but lots of the fat we eat comes from the oils we use to cook with. Georgie Yes, and some expensive oils claim to contain other vitamins that are good for us. But are these claims true? It can be confusing. Presenter of BBC Radio 4 programme Sliced Bread, Greg Foot, has lots of emails about the problem. Greg Foot I'll tell you what, Sarah – we have had an absolute wok-load of emails sent to [email protected] asking about cooking oils. Listener Alastair in Midlothian wrote that: "For years we were told to cook with polyunsaturated oils like sunflower oil. But now all the YouTube doctor experts are telling us seed oils are harmful. They advocate consuming extra-virgin olive oil, but as I understand it that's not suitable for frying a fish. Also, I hear that over a certain temperature olive oil turns harmful. What the heck do I use for frying and roasting?" Neil Greg says that he has received a wok-load of emails. A load of something is a lot of something. You'll also commonly hear the expressions shed-load or truck-load. These are used to emphasise how much of something there is. Georgie Yes, and Greg uses wok-load as a fun expression, because he's talking about cooking oils and a wok is a kind of pan. Neil Greg reads one of the emails from a confused listener, Alastair, who says that he's watched YouTube videos that argue that oils like sunflower oil are bad for you. These videos advocate using extra-virgin olive oil. If you advocate something, you encourage people to use it. Georgie But Alastair has also heard bad things about olive oil, and that you can't use it at high temperatures. He asks, what the heck can he use for roasting and frying? What the heck is an informal phrase we can use to express frustration or surprise. Neil It does seem like there's a lot of advice about cooking oils and that not everyone agrees. Georgie Yes, and some of the advice is to use very expensive options such as coconut oil and avocado oil. People who advocate using these oils say they are wonder products. A wonder product is an item, usually a food or medicine, that is very effective or beneficial for people. Neil But not everyone is convinced that expensive cooking oils are worth the money. Nita Forouhi is professor of population health and nutrition at the University of Cambridge and she talked to BBC Radio 4's Sliced Bread host, Greg Foot, about expensive cooking oils like avocado oil. Greg Foot What do you think, Nita? What might justify the price tag? Nita Forouhi Certainly, avocado oil is good for all the reasons mentioned, but is it worth justifying the cost? If you're a particular connoisseur of the taste it brings, and you prefer it and you have the money, then knock yourself out. But there's lots of myths about these super foods and wonder oils and wonder this and that. And it's just all, I'm afraid, hogwash. Georgie Nita says that avocado oil does have some health benefits, but she's not sure they are worth the cost of a bottle. She says if you like the taste and are happy to spend the money then 'knock yourself out'. The expression knock yourself out means go ahead. Neil But Nita is also concerned about all the health claims about expensive wonder products like avocado oil. She says that many claims are hogwash: they are nonsense, and products are not worth spending money on. Georgie OK. Maybe I'll stick to my olive oil then. And that reminds me of your question, Neil. 📝 完整文本、词汇表、翻译及pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

Why Do We Care So Much About What Others Think? It is natural for most of us to spend time worrying about our reputation: what others think of us, whether we are deemed good or bad by the community… This can quickly become a painful topic, and our thoughts can descend into bonfires of worry. What if we are accused of something? What if we are ostracised and mocked? What if we become a pariah? A useful way out of the panic was suggested many centuries ago by the Stoic thinkers of Ancient Greece and Rome. They suggested that we divide the topic of reputation into two parts. On the one hand, who we are and what we think of ourselves. And on the other: what other people may decide to declare or say about us. Now, the Stoics reminded us of an important detail. We can never be certain of the second part of the equation; we cannot control the world beyond a certain point. There is always the possibility that someone vengeful, mean or disturbed is going to say something about us and try to damage us. We can never be completely assured that they won't. This could sound like alarming news, but the Stoics wished us to take it on board with courage and then gain strength from focusing on the first part of the equation: what we think of ourselves. And here, things are far, far brighter, because we are far more in control. We can calmly evaluate what we've done, what our hearts are like – and we can then come to a view of what sort of people we are, which can provide us with a vital bulwark against the possible vagaries and tempests of public opinion. We have a solid anchor. We can know who we are. Modern psychotherapy would add an important detail to this analysis. Our sense of who we feel we are is often highly distorted in a negative direction by our past – which can make us far more jittery about public opinion than is sound. Our sense of self is the result of how other people viewed us in childhood, especially our parents or caregivers. Some of us wander the world with an acute sense of shame and self-distrust that we absolutely don't deserve, and we project a lot of paranoia and fear onto other people – primarily because we've been treated with disdain in our early years. We are going to start to feel a lot more solid and immune from the ups and downs of gossip once we become conscious of how negatively biased we've been and settle in our minds what we think we are worth – irrespective of either what figures from our past said or what someone around us now might suddenly decide. 词汇表 reputation [ˌrepjuˈteɪʃn] 名声，名誉 deem [diːm] 认为，视为，觉得 descend into [dɪˈsend] 陷入，沦为 bonfire [ˈbɒnfaɪə(r)] 篝火，营火，火堆 ostracise [ˈɒstrəsaɪz] 排斥，排挤；放逐 mock [mɒk] 嘲笑，嘲弄；模仿 pariah [pəˈraɪə] 被社会抛弃的人，被排斥者；贱民 Stoic [ˈstəʊɪk] 斯多葛学派的；斯多葛派学者（古希腊哲学流派，强调理性、自制与承受苦难） equation [ɪˈkweɪʒn] 等式，方程式 vengeful [ˈvendʒfl] 复仇心重的，报复的 disturbed [dɪˈstɜːbd] 心理不正常的，精神紊乱的 take on board 接受，理解，考虑 bulwark [ˈbʊlwək] 壁垒，防御物，保障 vagary [ˈveɪɡəri] 变幻莫测，反复无常 tempest [ˈtempɪst] 暴风雨，骚动，风波 solid anchor [ˈsɒlɪd ˈæŋkə(r)] 稳固的锚点（喻指坚定的自我认知） psychotherapy [ˌsaɪkəʊˈθerəpi] 心理治疗，精神疗法 distorted [dɪˈstɔːtɪd] 扭曲的，受到曲解的 jittery [ˈdʒɪtəri] 紧张不安的，神经过敏的 caregiver [ˈkeəɡɪvə(r)] 看护人，照料者 wander [ˈwɒndə(r)] 徘徊，游荡，闲逛 acute [əˈkjuːt] 强烈的，剧烈的 self-distrust [ˌself dɪsˈtrʌst] 自我怀疑，没有信心，畏缩 project [prəˈdʒekt] 投射（将自身情感转移给他人） paranoia [ˌpærəˈnɔɪə] 多疑，恐惧；妄想症，偏执狂 disdain [dɪsˈdeɪn] 轻蔑，鄙视，抛弃 immune from [ɪˈmjuːn] 不受…影响的，免除的 ups and downs [ʌps ənd daʊnz] 起伏，兴衰，起起落落 gossip [ˈɡɒsɪp] 流言蜚语，闲言碎语 negatively biased [ˈneɡətɪvli ˈbaɪəst] 负面偏见的 irrespective of [ˌɪrɪˈspektɪv] 不管，不顾 🏫翻译、视频版和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进入【打卡交流群】

China Leads Solar Surge Amid Rising Global Demand The amount of the world's electricity generated by solar panels continues to rise sharply to nearly 7% of global supply. China is at the forefront, with more than half of the rise taking place there. Wind power also continues to grow, while hydroelectric remains the world's largest single source of renewable energy. But a warming planet means more heatwaves and more demand for electricity to cool us down. So a hot 2024 caused a rise in overall demand and a slight increase in the amount of fossil fuels used, mainly at coal and gas-powered stations. 词汇表 solar panel [ˈsəʊlə(r) ˈpænl] 太阳能电池板 at the forefront [ˈfɔː(r)frʌnt] 领先，处于最前沿 hydroelectric [ˌhaɪdrəʊɪˈlektrɪk] 水力发电的 renewable energy [rɪˈnjuːəb(ə)l] 可再生能源 heatwave [ˈhiːtweɪv] 热浪（持续时间较长的异常高温天气） fossil fuel [ˈfɒs(ə)l ˈfjuːəl] 化石燃料 coal and gas-powered stations [kəʊl] 以煤炭和天然气为燃料的发电站 🗒️翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

Why do we enjoy the 'pain' of spicy food? You know the feeling – your ears start to warm up, your tongue goes numb, you start sweating and taking deep breaths. You've just eaten something spicy knowing it would be painful, and, yet, you chose to do it anyway. Are humans just masochistic, or is there something else going on? The answer lies in both science and history. Let's start with the science. Spicy isn't actually a taste like salty, sweet, sour and bitter – it's a sensation. This sensation is triggered by a chemical compound found in chilli peppers called 'capsaicin'. When we eat foods containing capsaicin, our bodies are tricked into thinking the temperature is actually rising. In trying to temper the burning sensation, our bodies release endorphins which control pain and, at the same time, give a feeling of pleasure – like painkillers. This is what is happening chemically, but there is also a conscious side to choosing spicy food. Dr Tamara Rosenbaum, Cognitive Neuroscientist at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, explains in an interview with the BBC that this is because we are rational beings – we know that the burning sensation of chilli does not physically harm us. Furthermore, we derive pleasure from the other ingredients chilli is generally cooked and eaten with – including fat, sugar and salt. So – like skydiving – eating chilli is a form of thrill-seeking or 'benign masochism', where we get pleasure from a seemingly negative sensation. This masochistic relationship with capsaicin has been a long one, starting in the Andes of South America, where chilli peppers originate. Humans were one of the few mammals on Earth that developed a taste for capsaicin so, archaeological evidence suggests, they started cultivating chilli peppers about six thousand years ago. Human intervention changed the chilli pepper to suit human tastes and needs – including the pepper's colour, size and capsaicin content – helping to explain the many different types of chilli peppers now available. Fast-forward to today, and our love affair with the chilli pepper is going strong. We eat around 57.3 million tons of peppers globally each year, and chilli is a key ingredient in traditional dishes from Mexico to Korea. Maybe we are masochistic after all. 词汇表 go numb [nʌm] 发麻，失去知觉 masochistic [ˌmæsəˈkɪstɪk] 受虐狂的，自虐的，自讨苦吃的 sour [ˈsaʊə(r)] 酸的，酸味的 bitter [ˈbɪtə(r)] 苦的，苦味的 sensation [senˈseɪʃn] 感觉，知觉；轰动 trigger [ˈtrɪɡə(r)] 引发，触发 chemical compound [ˈkemɪkl ˈkɒmpaʊnd] 化合物 chilli pepper [ˈtʃɪli ˈpepə(r)] 辣椒 capsaicin [kæpˈseɪɪn] 辣椒素 trick into [trɪk ˈɪntə] 诱使，哄骗，使产生错觉 temper [ˈtempə(r)] 使缓和，使温和；使（金属）回火 endorphin [enˈdɔːfɪn] 内啡肽（有镇痛作用的内分泌激素） painkiller [ˈpeɪnkɪlə(r)] 止痛药 rational being [ˈræʃnəl] 理性的动物 ，理性的存在 derive [dɪˈraɪv] 获得，得到；源自 skydiving [ˈskaɪdaɪvɪŋ] 跳伞运动 thrill-seeking [θrɪl ˈsiːkɪŋ] 寻求刺激 benign masochism [bɪˈnaɪn ˈmæsəˌkɪzəm] 良性受虐（指从看似负面的体验中获得愉悦感） Andes [ˈændiːz] 安第斯山脉（位于南美洲西岸） originate [əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt] 起源，发源；开创，发明 develop a taste for 养成吃…的习惯，培养对……的喜好 archaeological [ˌɑːkiəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] 考古学的，考古的 fast-forward [ˈfɑːst fɔːwəd] 快进（常用于音视频播放等） love affair 强烈爱好；风流韵事 go strong 依旧强烈；非常活跃、健康或成功 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Why some people can thrive on less sleep Host: How many hours of sleep per night does a human being need to be healthy? I bet you've answered eight hours, but that's not quite true according to recent scientific findings. Dr Ptacek: This is misunderstood. That's like saying everybody should be five feet ten inches tall and if you're shorter than 5'10, you've got a problem. Host: Not all of us need the same amount of sleep to be well-rested and function at a high level. And it's not a matter of behaviour or choice. It's in the genes. Some people are genetically designed to be what is called 'natural short sleepers'. This means they only need four to six hours of sleep per night and still wake up feeling fresh. Dr Ptacek: Others have called these folks 'elite sleepers', and I think it makes sense. They get by with much less sleep and still perform at a high level. And it is true that it is a real asset in today's work world. (Elite sleepers: Are they the key to unlocking sleep efficiency?) Host: For the past 25 years, Dr Ptacek and his team have been analysing the sleeping patterns of over 100 families. Dr Ptacek: In the beginning, all of our work was really focused on trying to figure out what the diagnostic criteria should be to call someone a 'familial advanced sleep phase' person. Host: An 'advanced sleeping phase' person is also known as a 'morning lark'. Someone that goes to bed early and wakes up early. Dr Ptacek: Some people came to our attention who are extreme morning larks, but who stayed up too late to meet our criteria. It became clear to us then that there were families that were morning larks, yes, but they were also night owls. And that's when we had this idea that perhaps these families have something different and that is 'natural short sleep'. That allows them to wake up early and to stay up late. Host: So far, four genes related to 'natural short sleep' were identified. But it's likely to be more. The challenge is – these genes are quite rare. Dr Ptacek estimates that only one person in a thousand is an 'elite sleeper'. The good news is that they might unlock the secrets in sleep efficiency for all of us. Dr Ptacek: We have a very strong impression that these folks are healthier than average. We have measured, using questionnaires, measured people's resilience and 'natural short sleep' groups scored much higher on the resilience scales than non-short sleepers. These people are sleeping so much less and they're still doing well, that maybe they're sleeping more efficiently. And then the question is: 'What does that mean? ' Host: We might be getting closer to this answer. In a new study, 'natural short sleep' genes were introduced in mice with Alzheimer's disease, and the animals became more resilient. Dr Ptacek: This is very exciting because it suggests that we might be able to target that biology for therapeutic use, not just with regard to neurodegenerative diseases, but psychiatric diseases, diabetes, obesity, many cancers. Something is happening when we're sleeping that allows us to restore our functions, to wake up the next day and perform well. If we could do that better by understanding how sleep efficiency is regulated, then we think this could have a huge impact on human health. 词汇表 well-rested [wel-ˈrestɪd] 休息充分的，精神饱满的 gene [dʒiːn] 基因，遗传因子 genetically [dʒəˈnetɪkli] 从基因方面，遗传上地 natural short sleeper 天生短睡眠者 feel fresh 感觉精神焕发，心旷神怡 elite sleeper [eɪˈliːt ˈsliːpə(r)] 精英睡眠者（天生只需要较少睡眠时间，通常每晚4到6个小时，就能保持精力充沛的人） asset [ˈæset] 优势，有用的东西；资产 unlock [ˌʌnˈlɒk] 开启，解锁，揭开 sleep efficiency [ɪˈfɪʃnsi] 睡眠效率（衡量睡眠质量的指标） diagnostic criteria [ˌdaɪəɡˈnɒstɪk kraɪˈtɪəriə] 诊断标准 familial advanced sleep phase [fəˈmɪliəl ədˈvɑːnst sliːp feɪz] 家族性早睡早起综合征（一种睡眠障碍，患者入睡和醒来时间均比常人早） morning lark [lɑːk] 早起鸟，早起的人（习惯早起的人） night owl [aʊl] 夜猫子（习惯晚睡的人） questionnaire [ˌkwestʃəˈneə(r)] 调查问卷 resilience [rɪˈzɪliəns] 韧性，弹性，适应力 Alzheimer's disease [ˈæltshaɪməz dɪziːz] 阿尔茨海默病，老年痴呆症 therapeutic [ˌθerəˈpjuːtɪk] 治疗的，有疗效的 neurodegenerative disease [ˌnjʊərəʊdɪˈdʒenərətɪv] 神经退行性疾病，神经变性疾病（指与神经细胞功能逐渐丧失相关的疾病） psychiatric disease [ˌsaɪkiˈætrɪk] 精神疾病 diabetes [ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz] 糖尿病 obesity [əʊˈbiːsəti] 肥胖症 restore [rɪˈstɔː(r)] 恢复，修复；归还 💡 翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

You Deserve a Greater Life "Nurture great thoughts. For you will never go higher than your thoughts." – Benjamin Disraeli Do you aim high? It sounds like an obvious question – and maybe it is – but if you do, that's great, because most people set their sights below their capabilities. Most people play it safe. I get it. Amidst the turmoil of a global pandemic, this doesn't exactly seem like the time to push the boat out. The safe option seems like a pretty good one. And goals do need to be rooted in some sort of reality, otherwise we're wasting our time. You can't be an Olympic sprinter if you're not built for it. You can't write a (good) novel if you don't enjoy playing with words. But we too often play small because we're afraid of being judged, or laughed at, or failing, or – sadder still – because we don't think we deserve it, which is wrong. We all deserve the best life has for us. But we can't sit back and wait for "The Good Life" courier pack to turn up on the doorstep. We have to play our part, too. Here's how. To have the great life you deserve, do these 6 things: 1. Believe you are worthy. Seriously, if you don't believe you deserve good things – and a good life – they won't come to you. You will (unconsciously) sabotage what's good in your world – and you'll end up settling for less. This is true of work, money, relationships – everything. You deserve good things and good people in your world. Own it. 2. The universe is your ATM. I credit author Kathrin Zenkina for this line. It's true, but only if you make deposits – a lot of them. If you sit back and expect the Great ATM of Life to keep spitting out the goodies at you (without you putting in any hard yards), you need a reality check. Life is a give, as well as take, arrangement. More give. So aim to do some good in the world. Be a friend, or do a favour, a kindness, an act of service. In one way or another, it will return to you. 3. Create time to think and dream. Thinking and dreaming doesn't just mean staring into the void – although most of us have done plenty of that in the past year. Active thinking and dreaming is more productive. So set aside some time to think and dream into a notebook, your laptop or your phone. Capturing your ideas is important. They won't always be great ones, some of them will be awful, but – somewhere in there – you'll find a golden nugget. 4. Minimise the toxic input. We all devote too much time and energy to things – and people – that aren't good for us. So run a critical eye over your own landscape and note what and who is hurting you or holding you back. It may be hard to wipe toxicity out altogether, but at least point yourself in the right direction by cutting back on it. You'll be amazed at how freeing it is. 5. Get off the couch and act. Over-thinking is a rabbit hole. As humans, we have a tendency to spend too much time in our own heads and paying attention to our own wayward thoughts, which, ultimately, just spins us around in circles. Action is the best circuit-breaker for this. When we take action on our ideas or goals, we drag our thoughts and feelings along for the ride. And that ride takes them to a healthier and more productive destination. 6. Know who the real judge is. We too often limit our lives by worrying about what others think of us: whether they will criticise us or talk about us behind our backs, which is weird because people will do that anyway, even if we do nothing much with our lives. But the sad thing is worrying about the opinions of others stops us from dipping into our own curiosities, and venturing into the unknown. So throw off the shackles and live the best and biggest way you can. The only person you should allow to judge you is you. And, even then, you shouldn't be too mean. 词汇表 nurture [ˈnɜːtʃə(r)] 养育，培养，滋养 capability [ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti] 能力，才能；性能 play it safe 谨慎行事，不冒险，求稳 turmoil [ˈtɜːmɔɪl] 混乱，骚动，动荡 push the boat out 冒险行事；大手笔花钱；大肆庆祝 be rooted in [ˈruːtɪd] 扎根于，深植于 sprinter [ˈsprɪntə(r)] 短跑运动员 play small 畏缩不前，束手束脚；低调行事 sit back 袖手旁观；不采取行动 courier [ˈkʊriə(r)] 快递员，信使 doorstep [ˈdɔːstep] 门阶，家门口 unconsciously [ʌnˈkɒnʃəsli] 无意识地，不知不觉地 sabotage [ˈsæbətɑːʒ] 蓄意破坏，捣乱 own it [əʊn] 接受它，承认它 ATM 自动取款机（Automated Teller Machine的缩写） make deposits [dɪˈpɒzɪts] 存款，存钱 spit out [spɪt] 吐出；厉声说出 goody ['ɡʊdi] 好东西，吸引人的东西 put in hard yards [ jɑːdz] 付出努力，下苦功 reality check [ˈriːəlti tʃek] 现实检验，认清现实 void [vɔɪd] 空白，空虚 set aside [set əˈsaɪd] 留出，抽出（金钱或时间） golden nugget [ˈɡəʊldən ˈnʌɡɪt] 有价值的东西，珍品 run a critical eye over 审视，仔细检查 hold back 阻碍，阻止，抑制 toxicity [tɒkˈsɪsəti] 有害因素；毒性，毒力 wipe out [waɪp] 彻底消灭，摧毁 cut back on 削减，减少 rabbit hole 兔子洞（指令人深陷其中的困境或复杂情况） wayward [ˈweɪwəd] 任性的，难以驾驭的，反复无常的 spins around in circles [spɪnz əˈraʊnd ɪn ˈsɜːklz] 原地打转，毫无进展 circuit-breaker [ˈsɜːkɪt ˈbreɪkə(r)] （文中指）打破局面的事物；（电流）断路器 dip into [dɪp] 探究；涉猎；动用（款项等） venture into [ˈventʃə(r)] 冒险 (从事活动) throw off the shackles [θrəʊ ɒf ðə ˈʃæklz] 挣脱束缚 💡 翻译、视频版和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

King Charles marks 80 years since Nazi defeat in Europe Host: Events are taking place in many European countries to mark the 80th anniversary of the end of the Second World War on the continent. --The representative of the German high command signed the act of unconditional surrender. We may allow ourselves a brief period of rejoicing. Today is victory in Europe day. There'll be bluebirds over The white cliffs of Dover Tomorrow, just you wait and see An extract of the historic speech Winston Churchill gave announcing VE Day, followed by a performance of the wartime song The White Cliffs of Dover, made famous by Vera Lynn. Both featured in a service at London's Westminster Abbey, attended by King Charles. He later gave this address in Horse Guards Parade, remembering how his mother, the late Queen Elizabeth II, celebrated VE Day. King Charles: Just 19 years old, described in her diary how she mingled anonymously in the crowds across central London. Ladies and gentlemen, I do hope your celebrations tonight are almost as joyful, although I rather doubt I shall have the energy to sing until 2am, let alone, for that matter, to lead you all in a giant conga from here back to Buckingham Palace. So in remembering the past we must also look to the future. As the number of those who lived through the Second World War so sadly dwindles, the more it becomes our duty to carry their stories forward, to ensure their experiences are never to be forgotten. Host: Events to mark the end of the war in Europe have also been taking place in cities such as Berlin, Prague and Warsaw. But they were overshadowed by the continuing war in Ukraine, sparked by Russia's full-scale invasion three years ago. The two sides have accused each other of breaking a ceasefire, which Moscow declared to mark VE Day event there, which will be held on Friday. Our Europe editor Katja Adler sent this report from the ceremonies in Paris. Katja Adler: A stylish horseback parade of French Republican guards escorted President Macron's motorcade to the tomb of the unknown soldier. The tomb, with its eternal flame, nestles under the Arc de Triomphe, a traditional French rallying point to celebrate military victories. But the mood this victory in Europe Day is sombre. The war in Ukraine hangs heavily over the continent. Europe's victory against the Nazis was won thanks to the US and Russia, along with the rest of the Soviet Union. Powerful allies, then. Now, most Europeans see Russia as the biggest threat to their safety. 请为以上文章提供2个总结性的英文的简答题，并在末尾附上2个答案。总字数绝对不得超过100个英文单词 词汇表 Nazi [ˈnɑːtsi] 纳粹，纳粹党人；纳粹党的 continent [ˈkɒntɪnənt] 大陆，洲 high command [kəˈmɑːnd] 最高指挥部，统帅部 unconditional surrender [ˌʌnkənˈdɪʃənl səˈrendə(r)] 无条件投降 rejoicing [rɪˈdʒɔɪsɪŋ] 欢庆，喜悦，欢乐 bluebird [ˈbluːbɜːd] 蓝知更鸟（产于北美） extract [ˈekstrækt] 选段，摘录；提取物，精华 VE Day [欧洲胜利日（Victory in Europe Day缩写，指1945年5月8日纳粹德国正式签署无条件投降书，标志着二战在欧洲结束） wartime [ˈwɔːtaɪm] 战时 The White Cliffs of Dover [klɪfs][ˈdəʊvə(r)] 《多佛的白色悬崖》（二战时期英国歌曲） Westminster Abbey [ˈwestmɪnstə(r) ˈæbi] 威斯敏斯特教堂（英国皇室加冕和葬礼等的场所） Horse Guards Parade [hɔːs ɡɑːdz pəˈreɪd] （皇家）骑兵卫队阅兵场 mingle anonymously [ˈmɪŋɡl əˈnɒnɪməsli] 匿名混入，匿名混迹 conga [ˈkɒŋɡə] 康茄舞（起源于，通常在庆祝活动中表演） Buckingham Palace [ˈbʌkɪŋəm ˈpæləs] 白金汉宫（英国君主在伦敦的主要寝宫及办公处） dwindle [ˈdwɪndl] 减少，缩小，逐渐消失 Berlin [bɜːˈlɪn] 柏林（德国首都） Prague [prɑːɡ] 布拉格（捷克首都） Warsaw [ˈwɔːsɔː] 华沙（波兰首都） overshadow [ˌəʊvəˈʃædəʊ] 使蒙上阴影，使相形见绌，使黯然失色 full-scale invasion [ˌfʊl skeɪl ɪnˈveɪʒn] 全面入侵 ceasefire [ˈsiːsfaɪə(r)] 停火，停战 Moscow [ˈmɒskəʊ] 莫斯科（俄罗斯首都） stylish [ˈstaɪlɪʃ] 时髦的，气派的，高雅的 horseback parade [ˈhɔːsbæk pəˈreɪd] 骑马游行队 French Republican guards [frentʃ rɪˈpʌblɪkən ɡɑːdz] 法国共和卫队 escort [ɪˈskɔːt] 护送，护卫，陪同 motorcade [ˈməʊtə(r)ˌkeɪd]（载着要人的）车队，汽车行列 tomb [tuːm] （尤指重要人物的）坟墓，陵墓，冢 eternal flame [ɪˈtɜːnl fleɪm] 长明火，永恒之火 nestle [ˈnesl] 坐落于，位于；依偎，安顿 the Arc de Triomphe [ðə ˌɑːk də ˈtriːɒmf] 凯旋门（位于巴黎，是拿破仑为纪念胜利而建的建筑） rallying point [ˈræliɪŋ pɔɪnt] 集结点，聚集点，号召力 sombre [ˈsɒmbə(r)] 阴郁的，沉痛的，昏暗的 Soviet Union [ˈsəʊviət ˈjuːniən] 苏联（1922-1991） 🌟翻译，pdf及更多文本内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可加入【打卡交流群】

The Pleasures of Talking Nonsense with Someone We Love We might expect that, if we could eavesdrop on the conversations of the most admirable, clever and loving couples in the world, those who had properly cracked the puzzles of intimacy and emotional maturity, we would hear them talking in the noblest ways about the most serious things. So it may come as a surprise that, in all likelihood, these couples would do nothing of the sort. Through our recording equipment, we might hear some of the following: one of them starting to wonder why bananas grow in an oblong curved shape, the other – not quite listening – going off on a tangent about an ulcer they've got on the left side of their tongue while filing a toenail and half glancing at an airline review video on YouTube, which might be followed by the other speculating (for no apparent reason, in a bad imitation of a German accent) on the lyrics in an album by Dire Straits, which might be a prelude to their partner suggesting that they wanted to follow up on last night's reheated curry with a chocolate biscuit dipped in strawberry yoghurt. It might sound like regressive nonsense and in key ways it is, but we might want to maintain that this sort of incoherent chatter should also be considered one of the high-water marks of emotional intimacy and in its way, a bellwether of the most serious kinds of interpersonal closeness. People who know each other extremely well and love one another deeply, do not – it appears – sit together discussing philosophy or the accelerator theory in economics, they shoot the breeze, they swerve here and there, they talk shit and this. Far from being some kind of distraction or unfortunate lapse, it is a strange and profound proof of the depths of their mutual affection. Intimacy is about daring to be increasingly and bravely weird with someone else – and finding out that that's OK with them. In the recesses of all of our minds flows a stream of consciousness that mixes the serious and the unserious, the consequential and the flighty, the physical and the emotional. And when we have allowed ourselves to be genuinely close to someone, it is to this that we take them; we do them the honour of showing them who we actually are, not who we should or pretend to be – a privilege we grant only to a handful of people in our lives. Everyone else may know our sensible selves; they've been introduced to, and know how to love and take an interest in a naughty, sweet, curious and highly peculiar babbling child. We are doing one of the most courageous and important things in the world: allowing someone else to know us. 词汇表 talk nonsense [ˈnɒnsns] 胡说八道，说废话 eavesdrop [ˈiːvzdrɒp] 偷听，窃听 crack the puzzles [kræk ðə ˈpʌzlz] 解开谜题，破解难题 intimacy [ˈɪntɪməsi] 亲密，亲密关系 maturity [məˈtʃʊərəti] 成熟；到期；完备 in all likelihood [ˈlaɪklihʊd] 很可能，多半，十有八九 oblong [ˈɒblɒŋ] 矩形的，长方形的，椭圆形的 curved [ kɜːvd] 弯曲的，弧形的 go off on a tangent [ˈtændʒənt] 突然离题，突然改变行径 ulcer [ˈʌlsə(r)] 溃疡；腐烂物 file a toenail [faɪl ə ˈtuːneɪl] 修剪脚趾甲，锉平脚趾甲 speculate [ˈspekjuleɪt] 推测，猜测；投机 prelude [ˈpreljuːd] 前奏，序幕，先声 reheated curry [ˌriːˈhiːtɪd ˈkʌri] 热过的咖喱 dip [dɪp] 浸，蘸，涮 yoghurt [ˈjəʊɡət] 酸奶，酸乳 regressive [rɪˈɡresɪv] 退化的，倒退的 incoherent [ˌɪnkəʊˈhɪərənt] 语无伦次的，不连贯的，杂乱无章的 chatter [ ˈtʃætə(r)] 闲聊，喋喋不休，唠叨 high-water mark 顶峰，巅峰，最高境界；高水位线 bellwether [ˈbelweðə(r)] 征兆，风向标；领头羊 accelerator theory [əkˈseləreɪtə(r)] 加速理论（认为投资与产出存在加速关系） shoot the breeze [ʃuːt ðə briːz] 闲聊，闲谈，吹牛 swerve here and there [swɜːv]（话题）东拉西扯；东拐西拐 lapse [læps] 小错，疏忽；（时间的）流逝 recess [rɪˈses] （思想或心灵的）深处；幽深处，隐蔽处 consequential [ˌkɒnsɪˈkwenʃl] 重要的，意义重大的；随之发生的 flighty [ˈflaɪti] 轻浮的，反复无常的；琐碎的 a handful of [ˈhændfʊl] 一把，少数，几个 naughty [ˈnɔːti] 顽皮的，淘气的 peculiar [pɪˈkjuːliə(r)] 独特的，特殊的；奇怪的 babbling [ˈbæblɪŋ] 胡言乱语的，咿呀学语的；潺潺作响的 courageous [kəˈreɪdʒəs] 勇敢的，有胆量的 🏫翻译和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进入【打卡交流群】

Who is backpacking for? Do you know anyone who has gone backpacking? It's a type of travel that is low-cost and independent, often meaning no fixed plans regarding accommodation or destination. The word 'backpacking' comes from 'backpack', a type of bag that you carry on your back. Travellers typically fill a backpack with life essentials, like clothing, plus anything extra needed for adventure. The stereotypical view of a backpacker is someone in their 20s, keen to tick off items on their bucket list. But, forget this. You're about to find out that anyone can backpack. Last year, my best friend's parents retired at aged 65 and set off on a 630-mile trail along the southwest coast of England. Each carrying a 15kg backpack, Mike and Lorraine hiked along cliffs, explored golden sandy beaches and even cycled. For accommodation, they didn't pre-book but stayed in whatever they could find on the day, which varied from B&Bs to camping in fields full of sheep. They did stop for the occasional well-deserved cup of tea – they were in England after all. Backpackers are also known for travelling with little money, but few begin with as little as Othmane Zolati from Morocco. In 2015, he embarked on an almost four-year journey, but he started out with just $80 (£64). He zigzagged across 24 countries on the African continent and filmed his experience, aiming to show the world the diversity and beauty of Africa, all on a shoestring budget. He told BBC What's New that he often had to work odd jobs and rely on the kindness of strangers to be able to afford to keep travelling. But it was worth it. South Africa was Othmane's final destination and, on reaching it, he said "It was one of the best moments in my life. It made me know that if you fight for something, you really stick to that goal… then you will reach it". So, don't give up. If you want to travel, you can, no matter your age or budget! 词汇表 go backpacking [ˈbækˌpækɪŋ] 背包旅行 low-cost [ˌləʊ ˈkɒst] 低成本的，廉价的 fixed [fɪkst] 固定的，不变的 accommodation [əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn] 住处，住宿 backpack [ˈbækpæk] （徒步旅行或登山时用的）背包，旅行包 life essentials [ɪˈsenʃlz] 生活必需品 stereotypical [ˌsteriəˈtɪpɪkl] 刻板印象的，老套的 backpacker [ˈbækpækə(r)] 背包客，徒步旅行者 be keen to [kiːn] 热衷于，渴望 tick off [tɪk] 勾选（清单），做标记（表示已完成） bucket list [ˈbʌkɪt] 人生愿望清单 set off 出发，启程 trail [treɪl] 小路，小径；路线 hike [haɪk] 徒步旅行，远足 cliff [klɪf] 悬崖，峭壁 golden sandy beaches [ˈɡəʊldən ˈsændi ˈbiːtʃɪz] 金色沙滩 pre-book [ˌpriː ˈbʊk] 提前预订 B&B（bed and breakfast的缩写）民宿，提供住宿加早餐的旅馆 camp [kæmp] 露营，野营；营地 well-deserved [ˌwel dɪˈzɜːvd] 应得的，该有的，当之无愧的 Morocco [məˈrɒkəʊ] 摩洛哥（非洲西北部国家） embark on [ɪmˈbɑːk] 开始，着手，从事（旅程或困难的事情） zigzag [ˈzɪɡzæɡ] 曲折前进，呈之字形前进 continent [ˈkɒntɪnənt] 大陆，洲 shoestring budget [ˈʃuːstrɪŋ ˈbʌdʒɪt] 极少的预算，小额预算 odd jobs [ɒd] 零工，杂活 📖 翻译、pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Young women on social media Neil: Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil. Beth: And I'm Beth. In this programme, we're discussing the positives and negatives of social media in the lives of young people. And this is a really trending topic at the moment because of what's happening in Australia, where a new law to limit under 16-year-olds' access to social media is being debated. Neil, tell me one good thing and one bad thing about having social media in your life. Neil: Well, one good thing is, it means I can see what friends are doing who live far away and one bad thing is it's really addictive and a massive waste of time. Beth: Well, it's interesting to hear a man's perspective, Neil, because when it comes to issues like cyber-bullying, it's often young women who are most affected, so soon we'll be hearing from women in different countries about their online experiences. Neil: But first I have a question for you, Beth. In 2024, which was the most regularly used social media platform in the world? Was it: a) Facebook? b) Instagram? or c) TikTok? Beth: Oh, I'm going to say TikTok. Neil: Well, we'll find out the answer at the end of the programme. Now, let's start with the positive side of social media. As a politics student at Oklahoma University, twenty-one-year-old Haleigh Hurst campaigned in the 2024 US presidential election. Here, she explains one benefit of social media to BBC World Service programme, Pick of the World: Haleigh Hurst: I do think social media has played a huge role in educating young voters on different policies and different people who are running. I know Trump has recently said that he has a soft spot in his heart for TikTok. With the growth of social media, it has sparked a lot more debates. I think my generation too has seen so many climactic things happen. Beth: Haleigh thinks one good thing about social media is that it sparks debates and conversations – it causes debates to start. She comments that Donald Trump is a fan of social media by saying he has a soft spot for TikTok. If you have a soft spot for something or someone, you feel affectionate and fond of it; you like it a lot. Neil: But of course, that's not the whole story. Increasingly, young women are reporting the negative impact social media is making on their lives, and the pressure they feel to appear 'perfect' online, especially from men. Beth: Maanvi Sharma, aged 28, is a businesswoman and model with a large Instagram following who lives in Delhi, India. And Kemi Adeyemi, is a twenty-six-year-old travel blogger from Lagos in Nigeria. Both young women discussed these social media worries with BBC World Service programme, Pick of the World: Maanvi Sharma: The person you're dating, they might leave you just because of the social media. They might think that you're not good for, you know, marriage. Like, you can't be a good partner because you're on social media, because you're being watched by a lot of people, and they feel a little intimidated by this: "You know what, we saw your girlfriend - Oh my gosh! She was wearing this, Oh my God!" But it's affecting my personal life. Kemi Adeyemi: Some men or some people, they want you to shrink yourself so that they can, like, be the bigger person. They get to listen to what your friends say about you, what your family says about you, and they are not able to, like, stand up for you, to say, "Oh, I know this person. I believe she's not, like, doing these things for other reasons". Neil: Maanvi thinks some men are intimidated by her popularity on Instagram. Intimidated means to feel frightened or nervous because you lack confidence. She feels people gossip about her posts and photos, using expressions like, 'Oh my gosh!' and 'Oh my God!' to express their shock or surprise. Beth: And Kemi agrees. She says that on social media, some people want her to shrink herself, a phrase meaning that you underuse your full potential in order to avoid making people uncomfortable, or to fit in. When she's bullied online, Kemi says that these people don't stand up for her. To stand up for someone means to defend or support someone who's being criticised or bullied. And I think it's time you revealed the answer to your question, Neil. Neil: I asked which was the most regularly used social media platform in the world in 2024 – Facebook, Instagram or TikTok? What did you say Beth? Beth: TikTok. Neil: I'm afraid you're wrong. It's Facebook, with over three billion regular users. OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned in this programme, starting with the verb spark, meaning to cause something, such as a debate or argument, to start happening. 📝字数限制，完整文本、词汇表、翻译及pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

How to Conquer Overthinking in 4 Steps It comes from my mother, I think. I lie awake at night, worrying about cash flow and paying the bills. The next morning, I mull over the problem while sitting in traffic on the way to the office. I read and re-read the same emails, wondering what I missed and what I could have said better. I play out disaster scenarios in my head about my finances, family, work, marriage and business. And yet, I've found a way to manage overthinking. If you face these problems, take heart from John Milton, who said, "The mind is its own place, and in itself, can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven." The good news is these four daily habits will help you solve that problem. 1. Capture It Your boss asks you to distribute the monthly sales figures by the end of the day. Customer support emails say a big client wants to cancel their contract later this month. A WordPress plugin is slowing down the company website. It's only Monday morning, and you've got a lot going on. No wonder you forget about distributing the sales figures until the drive home that evening. Writing down new tasks as they occur on a trusted to-do list that you review regularly is the best way to get them out of your head. This habit will free you from mental baggage, allowing you to refocus on the activity at hand without forgetting anything important later. 2. Meditate Several years ago, a boss sent me a short, sharp email demanding an important report. I reflected on his tone for the entire day without realizing it. That night, I lay in bed and couldn't sleep. What had I done to make him angry? Didn't he know how much work I've to do? Would he fire me? As a chronic overthinker, I should have meditated for just ten minutes that evening. According to a 2012 paper by Jaeger and Junze, directing your attention to your mental state often changes that state. In short, a daily meditation habit will help you witness unproductive thoughts about your work or boss in your mind as they occur. Once you become aware of these thoughts, choose whether you want to engage with them, act or put them to one side. 3. Reflect Let's say you gave an important presentation that didn't quite convince a boss or would-be client. You could ruminate about it while watching television at home that night, or you could put those unproductive thoughts to one side by writing a short journal entry. Even if you're not a writer, cultivating a habit of putting thoughts to paper honestly will help you get unproductive thoughts out of your head. Remember, nobody has to read these entries. So, when five or six o' clock arrives, ask yourself three questions: What worked? What didn't work? And what will I do differently next time? 4. Act Unless you're a scientist operating in a laboratory, you'll never have access to all of the facts and be able to work in perfect conditions. Be honest with yourself. After a certain point, seeking more information to review is a form of procrastination. Part of a productive workday demands you place that sales call, write the report, deliver the presentation, or contact that unhappy customer. If you're not in the habit of consistently taking action, pick the three most important items on your to-do list at the end of the workday. When you begin the following day, whatever else happens, ensure you complete these items. You'll learn more from accomplishing something important, even if you're late. Your mind is a powerful tool. Don't let it work on the wrong things. When a problem arises at work and you can't get it out of your head later that night, pick one of these habits and cultivate it. Although I'm a chronic over-thinker, I've learnt sometimes it's best just to act. Far easier to fix a mistake later than live with regrets about squandered opportunities. 词汇表 lie awake at night 夜不能寐 cash flow [kæʃ] 现金流转，资金流转 mull over [mʌl] 仔细考虑，琢磨 play out 上演，出现，发生 disaster scenarios [dɪˈzɑːstə(r) ˈsiːnəriəʊz] 灾难场景 capture [ˈkæptʃə(r)] 记录，充分体现，描绘，刻画 sales figures [seɪlz ˈfɪɡəz] 销售数据 customer support [ˈkʌstəmə(r) səˈpɔːt] 客户支持（为客户的购买提供服务的行为） WordPress 博客系统（软件名） plugin [ˈplʌɡɪn] 插件 mental baggage [ˈmentl ˈbæɡɪdʒ] 精神负担，思想包袱 at hand 在手头；即将到来 meditate [ˈmedɪteɪt] 冥想，默念，深思 chronic overthinker [ˈkrɒnɪk ˌəʊvəˈθɪŋkə(r)] 长期过度思考的人 would-be client [wʊd biː ˈklaɪənt] 潜在客户 ruminate [ˈruːmɪneɪt] 反复思考，沉思，反刍 journal entry [ˈdʒɜːnl ˈentri] 日记条目，日志记录 consistently [kənˈsɪstəntli] 一贯地，始终如一地，持续地 squander [ˈskwɒndə(r)] 浪费，挥霍 💡 翻译、视频版和pdf见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】