Could chatbots replace human interaction? Now, I'm sure most of us have interacted with a chatbot. These are bits of computer technology that respond to text with text or respond to your voice. You ask it a question and it usually comes up with an answer! Yes, it's almost like talking to another human, but of course it's not – it's just a clever piece of technology. It is becoming more sophisticated – more advanced and complex, but could they replace real human interaction altogether? We'll discuss that more in a moment and find out if chatbots really think for themselves. But first I have a question for you, Rob. The first computer program that allowed some kind of plausible conversation between humans and machines was invented in 1966, but what was it called? Was it: a) ALEXA, b) ELIZA, or c) PARRY? --It's not Alexa – that's too new – so I'll guess c) PARRY.-- I'll reveal the answer at the end of the programme. Now, the old chatbots of the 1960s and 70s were quite basic, but more recently, the technology is able to predict the next word that is likely to be used in a sentence, and it learns words and sentence structures. It's clever stuff. I've experienced using them when talking to my bank - or when I have problems trying to book a ticket on a website. I no longer phone a human but I speak to a 'virtual assistant' instead. Probably the most well-known chatbot at the moment is ChatGTP. --It is. The claim is it's able to answer anything you ask it. This includes writing students' essays. This is something that was discussed on the BBC Radio 4 programme, Word of Mouth. Emily M Bender, Professor of Computational Linguistics at the University of Washington, explained why it's dangerous to always trust what a chatbot is telling u: We tend to react to grammatical fluent coherent seeming text as authoritative and reliable and valuable - and we need to be on guard against that, because what's coming out of ChatGTP is none of that. So, Professor Bender says that well written text that is coherent – that means it's clear, carefully considered and sensible – makes us think what we are reading is reliable and authoritative. So it is respected, accurate and important sounding. Yes, chatbots might appear to write in this way, but really, they are just predicting one word after another, based on what they have learnt. We should, therefore, be on guard – be careful and alert about the accuracy of what we are being told. One concern is that chatbots – a form of artificial intelligence – work a bit like a human brain in the way it can learn and process information. They are able to learn from experience - something called deep learning. A cognitive psychologist and computer scientist called Geoffrey Hinton, recently said he feared that chatbots could soon overtake the level of information that a human brain holds. That's a bit scary isn't it? But for now, chatbots can be useful for practical information, but sometimes we start to believe they are human, and we interact with them in a human-like way. This can make us believe them even more. Professor Emma Bender, speaking on the BBC's Word of Mouth programme, explains why we might feel like that: I think what's going on there is the kinds of answers you get depend on the questions you put in, because it's doing likely next word, likely next word, and so if as the human interacting with the machine you start asking it questions about 'how do you feel, you know, Chatbot?' 'What do you think of this?' And 'what are your goals?' You can provoke it to say things that sound like what a sentient entity would say. We are really primed to imagine a mind behind language whenever we encounter language. And so, we really have to account for that when we're making decisions about these. So, although a chatbot might sound human, we really just ask it things to get a reaction – we provoke it – and it answers only with words it's learned to use before, not because it has come up with a clever answer. But it does sound like a sentient entity – sentient describes a living thing that experiences feelings. As Professor Bender says, we imagine that when something speaks there is a mind behind it. But sorry, Neil, they are not your friend, they are just machines! It's strange then that we sometimes give chatbots names. Alexa, Siri. And earlier I asked you what the name was for the first ever chatbot. And I guessed it was PARRY. Was I right? You guessed wrong, I'm afraid. PARRY was an early form of chatbot from 1972, but the correct answer was ELIZA. It was considered to be the first 'chatterbot' – as it was called then, and was developed by Joseph Weizenbaum at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Fascinating stuff. 🌟 字数限制，完整文本和翻译见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】👥

Why time seems to fly as you get older? | BBC Ideas When I was a child, I was about eight years old, and I went to climb on a house that was under construction in our neighbourhood. So I stepped up to the edge and I fell, and the fall seemed to take a very long time, so then I was looking down at the ground watching the red brick floor come towards me and once I hit the ground then I went unconscious but it got me interested in the question of - how we perceive time. 在我小时候，大约八岁时，我去爬我们邻居正在建造的房子。于是我走到了边缘，然后摔了下来，摔落的过程似乎持续了很长时间，我看着下方的地面，看着红砖地面向我逼近。我一落地就失去了知觉，但这让我对我们“如何感知时间”这个问题产生了兴趣。 When I grew up and I became a neuroscientist, what I realised was we all come into the world with this idea that time is just a river that's flowing forward in one direction at a fixed speed, but what we know is that it can be different in your head and in my head, because it's somehow a psychological construct, time. In other words, your brain is locked in silence and darkness inside the vault of your skull and its job is to figure out what's happening outside but it has to do a lot of editing tricks. 当我长大后成为一名神经科学家时，我意识到我们来到这个世界时都有这样一个想法：时间只是一条以固定速度朝一个方向流淌的河流，但我们知道的是，它在你的脑袋里和在我的脑袋里可能是不一样的，因为时间在某种程度上是一种心理建构。换言之，你的大脑被困在头骨内的寂静与黑暗之中，它的任务是解读外界的情况，但为此它不得不施展许多编辑技巧。 Your vision and your hearing process signals at different speeds and yet, when you see somethinhg like a balloon pop or somebody clapping their hands, it appears as though the sight and sound are synchronised. And what that means is the brain has to be collecting all the information before it puts together a final story and serves that up to your conscious perception. It's like there's a buffer where it looks for other signals coming up the pipeline and as a result it means that we're all living a little bit in the past. What we think is happening right now has actually already transpired some time ago, probably in the ballpark of about half a second ago. 你的视觉和听觉处理信号的速度不同，然而，当你看到气球爆炸或有人拍手时，似乎视觉和听觉是同步的。这意味着，大脑必须先收集所有信息，然后才能整合出一个最终的故事，并将其呈现给你的意识感知。就像有一个缓冲区，在寻找即将到达信息通道的其他信号，这意味着我们都有点活在过去。我们认为正在发生的事情实际上已经发生在大约半秒钟前。 In the lab if I show you a photograph for half a second on the screen and then I show you that same photograph again for half a second and then again and again and again. And now I show you a different photograph for the same amount of time, it will seem as though the new photograph, the oddball, stays on the screen for a much longer time. Essentially when the brain sees something that's novel, it has to burn more energy to represent it because it wasn't expecting that. This feeling that things are going in slow motion is a trick of memory. 在实验室里，如果我让你在屏幕上看一张照片半秒钟，然后再让你看同一张照片半秒钟，然后一遍又一遍。现在我再给你看一张不同的照片，时间相同，似乎新照片，也就是怪照片，在屏幕上停留的时间会更长。本质上，当大脑看到新奇的事物时，它需要消耗更多的能量来表征它，因为它没有预料到这一点。感觉时间变慢是一种记忆的错觉。 In other words, when you're in an emergency situation a part of the brain called the amygdala comes online, this is your emergency control centre, it lays down memories on what amounts to a secondary memory track, these are very dense memories. And you're noticing everything around you and writing it all down. So when the brain reads that back out, there's such a density of memory there, that the brain's only conclusion is that must have taken a long time. And I think this offers an explanation for why people think that time seems to speed up as they grow older. 换句话说，当你处于紧急情况时，大脑中被称为杏仁核的部分就会启动，这是你的紧急控制中心，它将记忆储存在相当于二级记忆轨道的地方，这些记忆非常密集。你会注意你周围的一切，并把它们都记录下来。所以当大脑读取这些信息时，那里的记忆密度很高，大脑得出的唯一结论就是这肯定花了很长时间。我认为这可以解释为什么人们认为随着年龄的增长，时间似乎在加速。 And it's because when you're a child, everything's new to you. You're figuring out the rules of the world, you're writing down a lot of memory, and so when you look back at the end of a year, you have a lot of memory of what you've learnt. But when you're much older and you look back at the end of the year, you're probably doing approximately the same stuff you've been doing for the X number of previous years. And so it seems like the year just went by in a flash. 这是因为当你还是个孩子时，一切对你来说都是新的。你在摸索这个世界的规则，你记下很多记忆，所以当你在一年结束时回头看，你对你所学到的东西有很多记忆。但是，当你长大很多，在年末回首往事时，你可能会做着和前几年差不多的事情。所以这一年似乎只是在一瞬间就过去了。 Really the way to feel as though you've lived longer is to seek novelty. So you can start with something simple like putting your wristwatch on your other hand or brushing your teeth with your other hand. Something this simple just forces the brain into a new mode where it can't predict exactly what's going to happen but instead has to be engaged. And what that means is when you go to bed at night time you have a lot of footage to draw upon and it feels like your life is lasting longer. 想要感觉自己活得更长，最好的办法就是寻找新鲜事物。所以你可以从一些简单的事情开始，比如把手表戴在另一只手上，或者用另一只手刷牙。这么简单的事情只会迫使大脑进入一种新的模式，在这种模式下，它不能准确地预测将要发生什么，而是必须参与其中。这意味着当你晚上上床睡觉的时候，你有很多画面可以回味，感觉你的生命更长了。 ★原视频以及更多英语听力见公众号[琐简英语]

The Emotions of Motherhood in Primates｜BBC Earth All over the world, you can see animals wrestling with the emotions a newborn brings, but it's clearest in primates. 在世界各地，你都能看到动物们与新生儿带来的情绪搏斗，但在灵长类动物身上表现得最明显。 In Madagascar, ring-tailed lemurs have to stay together to survive, particularly in a drought. One of the babies is too weak to hold on. Lemurs can't easily carry their young, so the mother faces an appalling dilemma. If she's separated from the others for too long, they could attack her as an outsider. She has to choose between her baby and herself. 在马达加斯加，环尾狐猴必须呆在一起才能生存，特别是在干旱的时候。其中一只幼崽太虚弱了，不能抓紧母亲。携带幼崽对狐猴来说不是件易事，所以母亲面临着一个可怕的困境。如果她和其他人分开太久，他们可能会把她当作局外人攻击。她必须在孩子和自己之间做出选择。 The mother moves to follow the troop, but she returns five times. Her mind must be struggling back and forth. Many scientists believe she feels emotion and is thinking about her feelings. It's called affective consciousness. It's now thought likely all mammals are aware of their instinctive feelings. It could be hard to be a good mother without it. 母亲跟着大部队前进，但她又返回了五次。她的大脑一定在来回挣扎。许多科学家认为，它能感受到情感，并在思考自己的感受。这就是所谓的情感意识。现在人们认为，所有哺乳动物都可能意识到自己的本能感受。没有这种本能，很难成为一个好母亲。 As her baby got weaker, she left for the last time. We can't know for sure what she was thinking or feeling, but she behaved as though she'd come to a decision that she found very difficult. 随着她的孩子越来越虚弱，她最后一次离开了。我们无法确定她当时的想法或感受，但她表现得就像做出了一个她觉得非常困难的决定。 Emotions are just instincts that you can feel, that you are aware of. They're the voices of our genes and our past. But conscious minds can manipulate each other's emotions right from the start. 情绪只是一种本能，你能感觉到，你能意识到。它们是我们的基因和过去发出的声音。但有意识的大脑从一开始就能操纵对方的情绪。 A vervet monkey is born. The baby meets a young cousin. He may be a new friend, an ally or competition. It all depends on his mother's social standing. She is not the only one in her community having a baby. 一只青长尾猴出生了。这只小猴遇到了一个年轻的表亲。他可能是一个新的朋友、盟友或竞争对手。这一切都取决于他母亲的社会地位。她不是社区里唯一一个生孩子的人。 For the teenage sisters, it's a thrilling time. They beg any chance to hold the newborns. The high-ranking females don't beg, they grab babies and teach them who's boss. Junior mothers have to be more protective. 对于十几岁的姐妹们来说，这是一个激动人心的时刻。他们乞求任何抱住新生儿的机会。地位较高的雌性不会乞求，它们会夺走幼崽，告诉它们谁是老大。年轻母亲必须更加保护孩子。 词汇表 motherhood 母性，母亲身份 primate 灵长类动物 wrestle with 与…搏斗， 努力克服 newborn 新生儿，新生幼崽 Madagascar 马达加斯加岛（非洲岛国） ring-tailed lemur 环尾狐猴：因身体像猴，面部像狐，有着黑白相间的环状长尾而得名，喜欢成群活动 drought 干旱，旱灾 appalling dilemma 可怕的两难困境 outsider 外人，局外人，不合群的人 troop 一群（人或野生动物），部队 back and forth 反复地，来回地 affective consciousness 情感意识，指的是个体对自身情感状态的认识和理解 mammal 哺乳动物 instinctive feeling 本能感受 come to a decision 做出决定 manipulate 操纵，控制 vervet monkey 黑长尾猴，长尾黑颚猴：体型似家猫大小，具有高度社会化的行为和结构 ally 同盟，盟友 social standing 社会地位 high-ranking 高级别的，地位高的 ★视频版和更多英语听力见公众号[琐简英语]

Tiny fish as loud as a pneumatic drill This buzzing, chirping sound is the pulsing chatter of the tiny transparent Danionella cerebrum as heard by the human ear. Researchers in Germany were intrigued by the noise coming from the fish tanks in their lab and decided to investigate the source. Using underwater microphones, they quickly deduced that this species was no small fry when it came to communication. 你听到的这种嗡嗡的叽喳声是一种学名为 “Danionella cerebrum” 的透明小鱼的脉冲声。德国的研究人员们偶然听到了从实验室的鱼缸中发出的噪音，对此很感兴趣，所以决定找出这个噪音的来源。通过利用水下麦克风，研究人员很快就推断出，就交流方式而言，这个鱼类物种绝不可小觑。 This is the slowed down sound booming out like a heartbeat. The fish uses its muscles to strike its own swim bladder to produce a short loud sonic pulse. In the waters close to the fish, it taps out 140 decibels, which is as loud as a gunshot. 这段经调慢处理后的音频播放的是这种透明小鱼发出的像心跳一样低沉有力的声音。它们牵动自身肌肉冲击体内的鱼鳔，从而发出一个短暂而响亮的声波脉冲。在靠近这种透明小鱼的水域内，可以探测到它们发出高达 140 分贝的声音，如枪声一样响亮。 Researchers believe this quirky communication behaviour evolved in the murky streams in Myanmar, where the fish lives. Other fish, including the Plainfin Midshipman, and the Black Drum are louder, but also much bigger creatures. 研究人员们认为这种奇特的交流行为是在缅甸浑浊的溪流中进化得来的，那里是它们的栖息地。其它鱼类，包括斑光蟾鱼和多须石首鱼发出的声音更响亮，但它们的体型也更大。 词汇表 pneumatic drill 风钻，气钻（噪音水平达到120-130分贝） buzzing 发出嗡嗡声 chirping 发出叽喳声 pulsing chatter 脉冲声：一种有规律的声音，类似于心跳或机器的运转声 transparent 透明的 Danionella cerebrum 小脑丹鳉：生活在缅甸的浅水区域，普通人指甲盖的长度，是世界上体型最小的鱼类之一 intrigue 使着迷，激起…的兴趣 fish tank 鱼缸，水族箱 deduce 推断，推论 small fry 无足轻重的人或事物 boom out 发出轰鸣声，发出巨大的声音 swim bladder 鱼鳔 sonic pulse 声波脉冲 tap out 发出（轻拍音） decibel 分贝 quirky 古怪的，奇特的 murky 浑浊的，昏暗的 Plainfin Midshipman 斑光蟾鱼 Black Drum 多须石首鱼 ★更多英语听力见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”可加入[打卡交流群]

Why stress makes you fat? 为什么压力会让你变胖？ Have you ever had a stressful day? Many people do in the course of their daily lives. And on these high-pressure days, they might find themselves reaching for a sugary snack. Perhaps this is part of their daily routine. Or perhaps on this particular day, their self-control is a bit low and they feel compelled to take a sugar hit. 你有过压力很大的一天吗？在日常生活中，很多人都遇到过。在这些高压的日子里，他们可能会发现自己很想吃含糖零食。也许这是他们日常生活的一部分。又或者，在这一天，他们的自制力有点差，他们有一种想要吃点含糖食物的冲动。 Stress is natural. That feeling of strain or pressure is a biological response, and under the right circumstances can be a great source of motivation. However, too much stress, especially chronic stress, has been linked to sleep disruption, a higher likelihood of a stroke, heart-attack, ulcer or depression, among other things. But why should stress make a person comfort eat? 这种紧张或压力的感觉是一种生物反应，在适当的情况下可以成为一种巨大的动力来源。然而，过度的压力，尤其是长期压力，会导致睡眠中断，以及中风、心脏病发作、溃疡或抑郁症等风险增加。但为什么压力会让寻求安慰性进食呢？ Dr Giles Yeo, a member of the BBC's Trust Me, I'm a Doctor team, got together with scientists from Leeds University to conduct an experiment into the effect of stress on blood sugar. Dr Yeo was subjected to a stress test. In the first stage, he was forced to answer mathematical questions rapidly. In the second, he had to immerse his hand in a bath of ice-cold water for a period of time. BBC的“相信我，我是医生”团队成员Giles Yeo博士与利兹大学的科学家们一起进行了一项关于压力对血糖影响的实验。Yeo博士接受了压力测试。在第一阶段，他被迫快速回答数学问题。第二阶段，他不得不将手浸入冰水中一段时间。 Before and after these tests, the Leeds scientists would measure Dr Yeo's blood sugar levels. These are the levels which rise when we eat as our body takes in the energy of the food. In a healthy person, these levels quickly return to normal. However, when Dr Yeo was being deliberately subjected to stress, his blood sugar took six times longer to drop than on a stress-free day. 在这些测试前后，利兹大学的科学家们将测量Yeo博士的血糖水平。当我们进食时，身体会吸收食物中的能量，从而使血糖水平升高。对于一个健康的人，血糖水平会很快恢复正常。然而，当Yeo博士被故意施加压力时，他的血糖下降时间是无压力时的六倍。 When we become stressed, our bodies enter ‘fight or flight' mode. Because our body believes it's under attack, it releases glucose into the blood to provide energy for muscles. However, if we don't use that energy, our body then releases insulin to make the blood sugar levels drop. This drop causes a hunger response: you want to eat. And what you particularly crave is sugary food, which rapidly replenishes the energy you have lost. If this happens repeatedly, over a long enough period, these high-calorie foods can lead to obesity. 当我们感到压力时，身体会进入“战斗或逃跑”模式。因为我们的身体认为自己受到了攻击，所以它会向血液中释放葡萄糖，为肌肉提供能量。然而，如果我们不利用这些能量，我们的身体就会释放胰岛素来降低血糖水平。这种下降会引起饥饿反应：你想吃东西。你特别渴望的是含糖食物，它能迅速补充你失去的能量。如果这种情况长期反复发生，这些高热量食物就会导致肥胖。 So what can we do to combat the stress? In an article for the BBC, Dr Michael Mosley recommends ‘stress-busting' techniques, like exercise, gardening, mindfulness or another activities that you enjoy. But his strongest recommendation is trying to get a good night's sleep. A recent study carried out by researchers at King's College, London found that if you deprived people of sleep, they would consume, on average, an extra 385kcal per day, which is equivalent to the calories in a large muffin. So, try sleeping to decrease stress, and as a result make it easier to keep yourself a little trimmer. 那么我们能做些什么来对抗压力呢？在BBC的一篇文章中，迈克尔·莫斯利博士推荐了“减压”技巧，比如锻炼、园艺、正念或其他你喜欢的活动。但他最强烈的建议是尝试睡个好觉。伦敦大学国王学院的研究人员最近进行的一项研究发现，如果剥夺人们的睡眠，他们平均每天会额外消耗385千卡热量，这相当于一个大松饼的热量。所以，试着通过睡觉来减轻压力，这样更容易让自己保持苗条。 词汇表 sugary snack 含糖的零食 self-control 自控力 compelled 不得不地 a sugar hit 由糖带来的一时的刺激 chronic stress 慢性压力，长期不断的压力 sleep disruption 睡眠中断 stroke 中风 heart-attack 心脏病发作 ulcer 溃疡 depression 抑郁，忧郁 comfort eat 安慰性饮食 blood sugar 血糖 be subjected to 经历，接受（测试，训练等） stress-free 无压力的 glucose 葡萄糖 insulin 胰岛素 high-calorie 高热量的 obesity 肥胖 combat stress 克服、对抗压力 stress-busting 减压的 gardening 园艺 mindfulness 正念 trim 苗条而健康的，修长的 ★更多英语听力见公众号[琐简英语]，回复"1"可加入[打卡交流群]

Business Bartleby 商业版块 巴托比专栏 The matinee test 午后场测试 How to take proper breaks from work. 如何在工作之余好好休息 The year 1843 was a tremendous one for humanity. The Economist was founded. Almost as importantly, the modern weekend started to take shape. A campaign was launched in Manchester to give industrial workers half a day off on Saturdays, designed to ensure that more of them turned up ready to work on Monday morning. It succeeded, and the practice was eventually adopted into law; over time, a five-day week has become the norm in most countries. 1843年对人类来说是意义非凡的一年。即经济学家》创刊。同样重要的是，现代周末开始形成。曼彻斯特发起了一场运动，让产业工人在周六休息半天，以确保更多工人在周一早上做好工作准备。这场运动取了成功，这一做法最终被法律采纳；随着时间的推移，每周五天工作制在大多数国家已经成为常态。 Whether it is the weekend, the summer holidays that many people in the northern hemisphere are currently taking or the daily rest periods that companies give to their employees, the right for people to take breaks is uncontested. But for white-collar workers in particular, the boundaries between working time and non-working time have become very blurry. It is standard practice to eat lunch hunched over your desk: look down at your keyboard and you will see far more crumbs than characters. It is normal to look at emails in the evening, at weekends and on holiday. 无论是周末，还是北半球许多人正在享受的暑假，抑或是公司给予员工的每日休息时间，人们休息的权利都是无可争议的。但对于白领来说，工作时间和非工作时间的界限已经变得非常模糊。伏案吃饭是标准的做法：低头看看你的键盘，你会看到碎屑比字符多得多。晚上、周末、节假日看邮件很正常。 Deploring this development is too simple: the ability to choose when and where you work suits lots of people. But it has also created the impression that you are always contactable. As long ago as 2013, Melissa Mazmanian of the University of California, Irvine and Wanda Orlikowski and JoAnne Yates of the MIT Sloan School of Management coined the term "the autonomy paradox" to describe how greater flexibility for individuals has led to diminished freedom for everyone to switch off. 对这一发展表示哀叹太简单了：能选择工作时间和地点符合很多人的需要。但这也给人造成了一种印象：你总是可以随时联系到别人。早在2013年，加州大学欧文分校的梅丽莎·马兹马尼安·和麻省理工学院斯隆管理学院的万达·奥利科夫斯基和乔安妮·耶茨就创造了“自主悖论”一词，用来描述个人灵活性的提高如何导致每个人的自由度降低。 Breaking out of this trap is hard. As a little experiment to assess your own degree of freedom, try to follow a recommendation from Cal Newport, a thoughtful writer on how the performative busyness of modern work impedes the ability to get important stuff done. In his latest book, "Slow Productivity", Mr Newport advocates deliberately varying the intensity of work. Among other things, he suggests setting aside a weekday afternoon once a month to see a film. Taking three hours off every so often ought not to feel outlandish if you catch up on your work later. But few employers would react well to an out-of-office message that reads "I am watching Deadpool & Wolverine and will be slower to respond than normal." So an uncomfortable degree of subterfuge is required. First, following Mr Newport's advice, you label the time as a "personal appointment"; never has a calendar entry looked more suspicious. Before you enter the cinema you check around for colleagues. A handful of single people are in there: you wonder how many of them are also at a "personal appointment". You are told to turn off your phone, the ultimate working-hours transgression. The moment you leave you check it to make sure all hell has not broken loose in your absence. During the film you feel guilty that you have been munching popcorn while everyone else has been working. The whole experience is sufficiently draining that you need another rest. Managers may well feel that their workforce shouldn't be heading off to the cinema whenever it feels like it. But organisations should ensure that their employees do not mistake exhaustion for accomplishment or breaks for laziness. Mr Newport cites the example of 37signals, a software firm that works in six-week cycles. At the end of each cycle, developers take one or two weeks off scheduled projects to slow the pace. Slack, another software firm, ran a survey in which they found that only two in five of their employees felt comfortable taking breaks. It then conducted an experiment in which it prompted some of its workers to take time off during the day, and found that this led to marked improvements in their productivity and job satisfaction. If the encouragement of your employer is not forthcoming, some simple habits can still make for better breaks. If you decide to work at weekends or on holidays, only do so during set periods so that you get at least some extended time off the treadmill. During the workday, one tip stands out. A recent review of the research on work breaks by Zhanna Lyubykh of Simon Fraser University and her colleagues concluded that being outside was a better way to recharge. A study of nurses by Makayla Cordoza, now of Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, and her co-authors found that breaks in the hospital garden mitigated the risk of burnout more than staying indoors. Switching off is hard enough. Staying in the office makes it tougher still. ★字数限制，完整翻译见公众号【琐简英语】

How is Tik Tok Tackling Climate Change Misinformation? | BBC Newsround Videos on TikTok can make us laugh, cry, and even teach us interesting things about the world. But every now and again, posts containing harmful misinformation can end up on our 4U pages. TikTok上的视频可以让我们欢笑、哭泣，甚至让我们了解世界上有趣的事情。但时不时地，一些包含有害虚假信息的帖子也出现在我们的4U页面上。 (Wake up guys, global warming isn't real. There is no climate change in the manner in which they speak. )These are just some examples of videos containing false information about climate change. Some of the people posting or sharing these videos believe climate change to be made up or exaggerated. (醒醒吧，全球变暖不是真的。从他们的言论中，根本不存在气候变化。)这些只是一些包含气候变化虚假信息的视频的例子。一些发布或分享这些视频的人认为气候变化是编造或夸大的。 Climate scientists agree that human activity is responsible for the rapid climate change of the last hundreds years. Evidence shows that the increasing use of fossil fuels has led to a rise in CO2 and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which has led to global warming, rising sea levels and made extreme weather more intense and more likely. 气候科学家一致认为，人类活动是造成过去数百年气候迅速变化的罪魁祸首。有证据表明，化石燃料使用量的增加导致大气中二氧化碳和温室气体的增加，从而导致全球变暖、海平面上升，并使极端天气变得更加剧烈和更有可能发生。 Doug is a climate scientist at the Met Office, that's the UK's national weather service. After seeing so much misinformation on social media, he decided to take action by posting his own videos about the science of climate change. 道格是英国国家气象局的气候科学家。在社交媒体上看到大量虚假信息后，他决定采取行动，发布自己关于气候变化科学的视频。 Now that's a phrase that we're going to have to get used to. As a climate scientist, I want people to understand how it will impact them right now and in the future. There's a lot that you see which disputes the basic facts of climate change. (Three facts why climate change is not man-made. The banks of this world know it's not going to happen. ) And it's very easy to take away a false picture about how certain we are about climate science. I see this again and again and again. It makes me feel tired and it makes me feel like I want to do better in communicating the science of climate change. 现在，气候变化是一个我们必须习惯的短语。作为一名气候科学家，我希望人们了解气候变化在现在和未来将如何影响他们。你看到的很多东西都在质疑气候变化的基本事实。（气候变化不是人为的三个事实。这个世界的银行知道这不会发生。）而且，我们很容易对气候科学的确定性产生错误的认识。我一次又一次地看到这一点。这让我感到疲惫，也让我觉得我想在气候变化科学的传播方面做得更好。 Earlier this year, TikTok promised to crack down on so-called climate deniers and says it has suspended accounts that frequently share false information. However, the BBC put this policy to the test. They found 365 videos that broke the rules. Many of them claimed man-made climate change wasn't real. The BBC Click team flagged the videos to TikTok, saying they contained harmful misinformation and gave the social media platform time to react. 今年早些时候，TikTok承诺打击所谓的气候否认者，并表示已经暂停了那些经常分享虚假信息的账号。然而，英国广播公司对这一政策进行了测试。他们发现有 365 个视频违反了规定。其中许多视频声称人为气候变化并不真实。BBC Click 团队将这些视频标记给了 TikTok，称其包含有害的虚假信息，并给了社交媒体平台作出反应的时间。 But almost 95% of the videos were still on TikTok over 24 hours later. What's more, these posts had a combined 30 million views between them. TikTok say they have now permanently removed the content and accounts that the BBC found. TikTok also said they're working with fact-checkers and that people searching for content around climate change are shown a link to places where they can find correct information. 但几乎95%的视频在 24 小时后仍留在 TikTok上。更重要的是，这些帖子的总浏览量达到了3000万次。TikTok表示，他们现在已经永久删除了BBC发现的内容和账户。TikTok还表示，他们正在与事实核查人员合作，人们在搜索有关气候变化的内容时，会看到一个链接，指向他们可以找到正确信息的地方。 But as TikTok are finding, keeping misinformation off social media isn't an easy task when there are 600 million daily users of the app. However, many climate change scientists think it's important that misinformation is kept off social media and the facts are shared as widely as possible. 但是，正如 TikTok 发现的那样，当每天有6亿用户使用该应用时，要让虚假信息远离社交媒体并非易事。不过，许多气候变化科学家认为，重要的是不要在社交媒体上散布虚假信息，并尽可能广泛地分享事实。 词汇表 misinformation/false information 错误信息，虚假信息 4U pages 即FYP(For You Page) ，指社交媒体上的（尤其是TikTok）个性化内容推荐页面 global warming 全球（气候）变暖 made up 编造的，虚构的 exaggerated 夸大的，言过其实的 fossil fuel 化石燃料（如煤或石油） greenhouse gases 温室气体（尤指二氧化碳） Met Office 英国国家气象局 dispute 质疑，否认 take away 从（所读或所听中）获取，产生 false picture 错误的看法，错误的认识 communicate 传播（信息） crack down 打击，制裁 climate deniers 气候变化否定者：指那些不相信或拒绝接受人类活动导致全球气候变暖的观点的人。 suspend account 停用账号，暂停账号 put to the test 测试，评估，审查 man-made 人为的，非天然的 flag 给……做标记 combined 总和的，总计的 fact-checker 事实核查员：负责核实文章、新闻报道、演讲等内容中的事实真实性的人。 keep off 远离，避开 ★原视频和更多英语听力见公众号【琐简英语】

Why do we procrastinate? Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Sam. --And I'm Neil. Come on, Neil, let's make a start! I've got a deadline to meet today, and I haven't finished my work yet! --Let me guess, it's because you delayed, and delayed, and put your work off until the last minute - as usual! You're a real procrastinator, Sam – someone who keeps delaying things that need to be done. --What can I say? I work better when a deadline is approaching. I see, but did you know that that people who procrastinate have higher levels of stress and lower wellbeing? Procrastination is also linked with lower financial and career success, so there's a lot of reasons not to do it. --In this programme, we're discussing procrastination, the act of delaying things that must be done until later, often because they're difficult, boring or unpleasant. And, as usual, we'll be learning some new vocabulary along the way. So, without wasting any more time, I have a question for you, Sam. The fact that procrastinating, or putting things off, is bad for us doesn't stop people doing it. According to recent research by DePaul University in Chicago, what percentage of people procrastinate so much that it interferes with their day-to-day life? Is it a) 10 percent? b) 20 percent? or c) 30 percent? --I'll guess that around 10 percent of people have a serious procrastination problem. --OK, Sam. We'll find out the answer later in the programme. Sam is certainly not alone in putting things off until the last minute. Here's Ella al-Shamahi, presenter of BBC Radio 4's, Why Do We Do That? talking to the comedian, Eshaan Akbar, about his procrastination habit. Would you say, Eshaan, that you're a procrastinator?--I am a serial procrastinator without a shadow of a doubt. --Why? Why do you think you procrastinate? --Over the years, I've told myself that I procrastinate because I work better under pressure. That's what I've told myself. Eshaan thinks that he is a procrastinator without a shadow of a doubt, a phrase which is used to emphasise that you are completely certain of something. --Eshaan also says that, like Sam, he works better under pressure, when he feels stressed or anxious because of having too much to do. But maybe, also like Sam, Eshaan has a problem organising his workload and managing his time. --Hang on, Neil, my time management skills are OK, thank you! With me, it's more of an emotional response. I see a mountain of work, feel threatened, and think, "how on earth will I finish all that?" What Sam says is supported by a theory of human evolution which explains how putting things off is an emotional response. Back when we were living in caves, life was dangerous and short, and our ancestors were impulsive. They acted suddenly, on instinct, without thinking about the consequences of what they were doing. Back then, being impulsive was a good thing, but in modern life, with work goals and deadlines, when we are impulsive and get distracted, we procrastinate. So rather than being a problem with time management, Sam should blame her caveman ancestors who acted on impulse. Hmm. Let's listen again to comedian Eshaan Akbar talking how he feels when he procrastinates. A lot of stuff you read about procrastination focuses on the time management element of it. I probably got a better sense that for me it seems very squarely around the emotional aspect of it. Perhaps I get more emotional gratification from doing it last minute. And, I need to understand why I prefer that over the calm serenity of getting things done with oodles of time on my hands. In the same way that our ancestors felt good living on impulse, Eshaan thinks he gets gratification -a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction – from doing things at the last minute. What he doesn't understand is why he prefers to work under pressure, instead of finishing calmly with oodles, or lots of, time. --Unlike Eshaan, I'd rather finish my work feeling relaxed, but there never seems to be enough time. --Well, breaking down the task into smaller stages also breaks down the level of threat you feel from your workload. Also, forgiving yourself for procrastinating in the past seems helpful in avoiding procrastinating in the future. So, forgive yourself and start making changes, Sam, before you end up like the timewasters in my question: what percentage of people procrastinate so much that it interferes with day-to-day life. --Well, I guessed it was 10 percent. --Which was… the wrong answer, I'm afraid. In fact around 20 percent of us have a procrastination habit so strong it makes life difficult. ★因字数限制，完整文本和翻译见公众号［琐简英语］，回复"1"可加入【打卡交流群】

Do eggs contain the secrets of the universe? | BBC Ideas This is an egg. But then, you already knew that. You know because eggs have been central to human existence for thousands of years. In fact, you probably take it for granted, after all, it's only an egg. But if you're prepared to look closer - to see through its calcium carbonate shell - you'll find a microcosm of the universe. Don't believe me? Let's start at the beginning. The very beginning. 这是一个蛋。不过，你已经知道了。因为几千年来，蛋一直是人类生存的核心。事实上，你可能认为它是理所当然的，毕竟它只是一个蛋。但是，如果你愿意仔细观察，透过它的碳酸钙外壳，你就会发现宇宙的缩影。不信？让我们从头开始。从最初开始。 Several religions, multiple traditions, the Ancient Egyptians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Incas all have eggs at the heart of their creation stories. In southern California, the origin story of the Cahuilla people likens the creation of the entire universe to the cracking of an egg. A little further east, the Omaha tribe of Nebraska and Iowa spoke of an egg being dropped into the world's oceans. Protected by a bird serpent, inside this egg lay sleeping all of the mothers and all of the fathers of everyone yet to be born. 几种宗教，多种传统，古埃及人，希腊人，罗马人，印加人都把蛋作为他们创世故事的核心。在南加州，卡胡拉人的起源故事把整个宇宙的创造比作蛋的破裂。再往东一点，内布拉斯加州和衣阿华州的奥马哈部落讲述了一个蛋被扔进世界海洋的故事。在一条鸟蛇的保护下，在这个蛋里，沉睡着所有的母亲和所有尚未出生的人的父亲。 But these are stories. Where's the science? In 2006, data gathered by Nasa's Wilkinson satellite suggested that the Universe itself may be an ellipsoid - an oval. Egg shaped. The science community remain unable to categorically prove or disprove this theory but it remains possible we're all living inside a massive, ever-expanding egg. In 1609, Johannes Kepler confirmed that the planets, including our own, go around the sun, not in a perfect circle but in an elliptical orbit. The moon's elliptical orbit makes it appear to regularly change size in the night sky. Without this egg-shaped dance our moon may seem far less interesting. 但这些都是故事。科学在哪里？2006年，美国宇航局的威尔金森卫星收集的数据表明，宇宙本身可能是一个椭球体——即椭圆形物，也就是蛋形物。科学界仍然无法明确证明或否定这一理论，但我们仍然有可能生活在一个巨大的、不断膨胀的鸡蛋里。1609年，约翰尼斯·开普勒证实了包括我们自己在内的行星围绕太阳运行，不是正圆而是椭圆轨道。月亮的椭圆形轨道使它在夜空中看起来有规律地改变大小。如果没有这种蛋形的轨道运动，我们的月亮可能看起来就不那么有趣了。 Far from being smooth, an egg's shell is more like the surface of the moon. Bumpy and grainy in texture, a single eggshell is covered in up to 17,000 tiny craters. But it's also semi-permeable, allowing air and moisture to pass through it. This remarkable shape, not only is it possibly the shape of the actual universe, it's also the pinnacle of architectural design. Here is a structure with no internal solid support and yet it's strong enough to protect and nurture life itself inside. If one point of the shell is put under external force, the stress is distributed evenly across the entire dome. Which is why you can't crush an egg with the palm of your hand. 蛋的外壳并不光滑，它更像是月球的表面。一个蛋壳上布满了多达 17,000 个小坑，质地凹凸不平，颗粒状。但它也是半透明的，允许空气和水分通过。这种非凡的形状，不仅可能是真实宇宙的形状，也是建筑设计的顶峰。这是一个没有内部固体支撑的结构，但它却足够坚固，可以在内部保护和孕育生命。 But how to replicate nature's perfect aerodynamic design? An egg has no obvious beginning or end so where do you even start? It wasn't until the 20th Century that human architects started to get the hang of building egg-like structures on a grand scale. 'The Egg' in Beijing seats 5,452 people in three halls and is more than 1,000 square metres in size. That's one seriously big egg. Eggs have inspired artists from Dali to Faberge and made memorable movie cameos - Sigourney Weaver's haunted 12-pack in Ghostbusters, Paul Newman eating 50 in Cool Hand Luke, and John Hurt falling foul of a particularly nasty one in Alien. In Gulliver's Travels, when the people of Lilliput went to war with their neighbours, it was over which way round to eat a boiled egg. On Instagram, we liked this egg, in greater numbers than we'd liked anything else ever before. Mr Strong ate nothing but eggs, which actually was not a bad idea. An egg's protein has the perfect mix of amino acids required to build human tissue, second only to our mother's milk. Eggs have also whisked their way into our everyday lexicon. I'm not yolking. Let me eggsplain - people can be 'good eggs' or 'bad eggs'. If you're particularly smart - an eggspert in your chosen field perhaps - you might be called an 'egghead'. We send our kids on egg hunts. We scramble, we poach, we bake. If you want to make an omelette, we all know what to do. Not knowing how to boil an egg is considered shorthand for someone who can't cook. And yet, when searching 'how to boil an egg', Google will offer up more than a billion results. Perhaps it's not as simple as we thought. Much like the egg itself. People have been welcoming spring by decorating eggs with bright colours since the Middle Ages. But John Cadbury didn't make his first chocolate egg until 1875. Eighty million chocolate eggs are now sold every year in the UK alone. The average child eats eight. At Easter, it seems, the egg will always come first. But then of course, you already knew that. ★字数限制，完整翻译和原视频见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

The World's Longest Beak｜BBC Earth A thousand plants growing on one single tree. Throughout the forest, this story is repeated endless times. As a consequence, jungles are home to more species of plants than anywhere else on Earth. And they in turn support a wealth of animals. 一棵树上能长出千百种植物。在整个森林中，这个故事无休止地重复着。因此，丛林中的植物种类比地球上任何其他地方都要多。反过来，它们也养育了大量的动物。 In Ecuador, the competition is at its most intense. Here there are 100 species of hummingbirds alone, all fighting for nectar. Each flower only has a small amount at any one time, and so it's first come, first served. One hummingbird has gone to great lengths to avoid conflict with other species. 在厄瓜多尔，竞争最为激烈。这里光蜂鸟就有 100 种，它们都在争夺花蜜。每朵花在任何时候都只有少量的花蜜，所以先到先得。有一种蜂鸟为了避免与其他蜂鸟发生冲突，可谓煞费苦心。 Swordbills are the only bird with a beak longer than their body. And some flowers are too elongated for the other 99 species of hummingbirds here to feed from them. A swordbill's extraordinary beak, however, enables it to reach the places that others can't. The top of this flower where the sweet nectar is produced. It has found a solution that means it doesn't have to join the fight. And as each long flower blooms, it gives the swordbill a fresh supply of food all to itself. 剑嘴蜂鸟是唯一一种喙比身体长的鸟。有些花太长了，其他99种蜂鸟无法从中取食。然而，剑嘴蜂鸟非凡的喙使它能够到达其他鸟无法到达的地方。这种花的顶部是产生甜花蜜的地方。它已经找到了一个使它不必加入战斗的解决方案。当绽放一朵长花时，都会给剑嘴蜂鸟带来新鲜的食物。 But having a beak longer than your body does have its drawbacks. For a start, it's tricky to keep it clean. Harder still, how do you preen your body feathers? Unlike the other hummers, swordbills can't reach their feathers with their beak. The only option — a good old scratch. It's a little unrefined, but a small price to pay for an exclusive food supply. 不过，喙比你的身体长确实有缺点。首先，保持清洁很麻烦。更难的是，你如何整理你身上的羽毛？与其他蜂鸟不同的是，剑嘴蜂鸟无法用喙触及羽毛。唯一的选择是——用爪子好好挠一挠。虽然有点不讲究，但为了独享的食物供应，付出的代价还是很小的。 词汇表 jungle 丛林，密林 in turn 反之，相应地，类似地 a wealth of 大量的，丰富的 Ecuador 厄瓜多尔（位于拉丁美洲） hummingbird 蜂鸟 nectar 花蜜，甘露 first come, first served 先到先得，先来先服务 go to great lengths 竭尽全力，煞费苦心 Swordbill 剑嘴蜂鸟，刀嘴蜂鸟(sword-billed hummingbird)：一种生活在南美洲的蜂鸟，以其长而直的、超过了其身体长度的喙子为特征，主要用于觅食长管状花朵的花蜜。 beak （鸟、龟等的）嘴，喙 elongate 细长的，拉长了的 drawback 缺点，不利条件 tricky 难对付的，麻烦的 preen （鸟）用喙整理羽毛 scratch 抓，挠 unrefined 不精致的，不讲究的 exclusive 专有的，排他的 ★视频版见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

Minimalism vs maximalism Some say you can tell a lot about a person by the way they decorate their home. We often find pleasure in the things we stick in our houses, be it trinkets we bought on holiday, film memorabilia or paintings to liven up walls. And when we head to others' houses, we often see things we appreciate, but wouldn't have in our own homes, because maybe they're not quite to our taste. The point is, the way we decorate our homes is very personal. And while many of us have plenty of stuff, there are always people who go that little bit further. So, when it comes to minimalism and maximalism, which one appeals to you more? 有人说，从一个人的家居装饰可以看出他的性格。我们常常会在自己家里摆放的东西中找到乐趣，无论是度假时买的小饰品、电影纪念品还是为墙壁添彩的画作。而当我们去别人家我们经常会看到一些我们很欣赏，但却不会放在自己家里的东西，因为它们可能不太符合我们的品味。关键是，我们装饰自己家的方式是非常个性化的。虽然我们中的很多人都有很多东西，但总有人会走得更远一些。那么，说到极简主义和极繁主义，你更喜欢哪一种呢？ Minimalism was an art movement that started in the 1950s. Its basic principles are derived from a concept of 'less is more' – reducing things back to their most basic. Some people took that art style and used it as a way of living. Ideas of vast open spaces with an organised and functional structure may spring to mind. They are usually decorated in simple pastel colours, with many minimalists opting for duotone, often just black and white. For some, especially maximalists, it may seem sparse and a bit bland to live without many things – even boring or depressing. However, living in this way is seen by many as more practical. 极简主义是 20 世纪 50 年代兴起的一场艺术运动。其基本原则源于“少即是多”的概念——将事物简化到最基本的程度。一些人将这种艺术风格作为一种生活方式。在他们的脑海中，可能会浮现出广阔的开放空间和有组织的功能结构。这些空间通常采用简单的淡色装饰，许多极简主义者选择双色调，通常只有黑色和白色。对于一些人，尤其是极繁主义者来说，没有太多东西的生活可能会显得稀疏和平淡，甚至无聊或压抑。然而，许多人认为这种极简生活方式更实用。 Maximalism is the opposite of minimalism and started in the 1970s. It embraces the core ideals that 'more is more'. While minimalism centres around the principle of decluttering, it's easy to imagine that a maximalist home is overflowing with items – but that's not the base idea. It's more about filling the space – making the most of the area. Structured excess and bold colours combined with mixed patterns is what you will see in a home like this. For a minimalist, used to more simplistic designs, it could be overwhelming. But for those who embrace it, those things give a space personality. 极繁主义是极简主义的反面，始于20世纪70年代。它的核心理念是“越多越好”。极简主义的核心原则是“精简”，人们很容易想象极繁主义的家会堆满物品，但这并不是它的基本理念。极繁主义更注重空间的填充——即充分利用空间。像这样的房子里，你会看到有序的过量物品、色彩鲜明的混合图案。对于习惯于更简单设计的极简主义者来说，这可能难以承受。但是对于那些接受它的人来说，那些物品赋予了空间以个性。 The way you have your home is up to you! But, if you opt for maximalism, you may need to prepare for a bit more dusting. 您可以根据自己的喜好来布置自己的家！不过，如果你选择极繁主义，你可能需要为更多的灰尘做准备。 词汇表 stick 放在（家里） trinket 小装饰品，小玩意 memorabilia 纪念品 liven up 使…有生气，为…添彩 to one’s taste 适合某人的口味 decorate 装饰 minimalism 极简主义 maximalism 极繁主义 less is more 少即是多 vast 巨大的 functional 实用的 pastel （颜色）淡而柔和的 duotone 双色调 sparse 零落的 bland 乏味的 core 核心的 declutter 清理（空间） overflowing 满得容不下 structured 有条理的，有结构的 excess 过剩 bold （色彩）醒目的，艳丽的 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】

Are our early memories real? What's the first thing you remember doing? It could be playing with your friends at school, or going to a birthday party and eating amazing cake. Most of us have a treasured early memory of our childhood, but can we really believe those vivid memories? Did those special moments really happen – or did we make them up? 你记忆中做的第一件事是什么？可能是在学校和朋友们一起玩耍，也可能是参加生日派对，吃着美味的蛋糕。我们中的大多数人都有一段珍贵的童年记忆，但我们真的能相信那些生动的回忆吗？那些特别的时刻是真的发生过，还是我们编造出来的？ It's a strange concept to grasp, but according to research, about four out of 10 of us invent our first childhood memory. Rather than having experienced something, we could have fabricated a fake memory from videos or photos we've seen. We could have been influenced by a story recounted to us that spurs our minds on to adopt someone else's memory as our own. What it means is that memories of our younger years, especially before the age of two, may be inaccurate, or entirely false. 这是个很难理解的概念，但根据研究，我们每 10 人中就有 4 人编造了自己童年的第一段记忆。我们可能不是亲身经历了什么，而是根据看过的视频或照片编造了一段虚假的记忆。我们可能受到了一个故事的影响，这个故事刺激了我们的思维，让我们把别人的记忆当成了自己的记忆。这意味着，我们幼年时期的记忆，尤其是两岁之前的记忆，可能是不准确的，甚至是完全虚假的。 But why don't we have clear memories from that age? Well, our ability to retain memories from before the age of two isn't great. While at that age we do have short-term memories, according to Catherine Loveday, an expert in autobiographical memory at the University of Westminster, the memories that infants make are not long-lasting. This is possibly due to the rapid creation of brain cells in our early years. Some scientists also believe that as we get older, our childhood memories fade and after the age of seven, we get some kind of 'childhood amnesia'. 但为什么我们没有那个年龄段的清晰记忆呢？我们保留两岁前记忆的能力并不强。根据威斯敏斯特大学自传体记忆专家凯瑟琳·洛夫戴的说法，虽然在那个年龄段我们确实有短期记忆，但婴儿的记忆并不持久。这可能是由于我们早年脑细胞的快速生成造成的。一些科学家还认为，随着年龄的增长，我们对童年的记忆会逐渐消失，7岁以后，我们就会患上某种“童年健忘症”。 So why do we create fake memories? Some experts believe that there is a clear desire for a sense of self and having a cohesive story of our existence. Creating memories can fill in the gaps – giving us a more complete structure for our early lives. As we get older, we want to have a complete picture of our entire lives. 那么，我们为什么要制造虚假记忆呢？一些专家认为，我们明显渴望有一种自我意识，渴望有一个关于我们存在的连贯故事。创造记忆可以填补空白——为我们早期的生活提供一个更完整的结构。随着年龄的增长，我们希望对自己的一生有一个完整的描述。 So, the next time someone says they have a clear memory from when they were one – or even before - just remember that while it could be true, there's a chance they just invented it at some point in their lives. 因此，下次如果有人说他们对自己一岁甚至更早的时候有清晰的记忆，请记住，虽然这可能是真的，但也有可能是他们在生命中的某个时刻编造出来的。 词汇表 treasured 珍视的，珍重的 vivid 鲜明的，生动的 concept 概念 grasp 理解，领会 fabricate 编造 recount 叙述 spur on 促使，激励 adopt 采纳，采用 inaccurate 不准确的 clear 清晰的 retain 记住 short-term memory 短期记忆 autobiographical 自传体的，与个人生活事件紧密相关的 long-lasting 持久的 brain cell 脑细胞 fade 逐渐被遗忘 amnesia 失忆 cohesive 完整连贯的 ✔更多内容见公众号【琐简英语】，回复“1”，可进入【打卡交流群】