在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.primitive 原始的 2.affiliation 隶属于 3.formally 正式的 4.separated 分开的 5.accelerated 加速的 6.staged 举行 7.competed 参加赛事 8.notable exception 值得注意的例外 9.fanaticism 狂热 10.inundated 应接不暇 11.opted 选择 12.quintessential 典型的 13.uninterrupted 不中断 14.unqualified 完全的 原文 FIFA Created in 1904 with seven member nations，FIFA（Federal International de Football Associations）is the international governing body of soccer. Soccer is the most widely watched and played game in the world. FIFA organizes the World Cup，which takes place every four years. In many ways，the development of FIFA follows the organization of the sport of football/soccer itself. At the start of the twentieth century，it was primitive in its organization and loosely structured. However，by the end of the century，FIFA had affiliation in all six continents，with over 170 member countries. Alongside the International Olympic Committee，FIFA is the largest sports organization in the world. At the time of FIFA's creation，soccer had gained a followed in several countries，in large part due to British settlements. It was not until 1863 that the sports of soccer and rugby were formally separated in England. While both sports were important in British culture in the nineteen century，it was soccer that took off around the world at a much more accelerated rate. As the twentieth century progressed，countries like Holland，Germany，Spain，Brazil，and many others became as good as，and in many cases better at the game than，the founding country. The World Cup began in 1930 in Uruguay. By then，FIFA had attained enough power and the game was so widespread that a world championship was justified. By the time the 1998 World Cup was staged in France，112 countries competed. Despite the sport originating in England，that country did not win a World Cup until 1966. One notable exception to the soccer fanaticism that is seen in many countries around the world is the U.S.A. There has always been a problem developing soccer in the country that dominated so many other professional and amateur sports. One of the main reasons for this the country is inundated with its professional sports system. For one reason or another，the U.S.A has opted for sports traditionally played in relatively few countries：American-style football，basketball，and what many consider to be the quintessential American sport，baseball. There is also the problem soccer presents for American television networks. Successful sports in the U.S.A. have usually been ones appropriate for commercial television. Soccer，with it two 45-minute halves and long，uninterrupted play，is less than idea for commercials and advertising-based American television. The most recent evolution in soccer has been in the women's game. The 1999 Women's World Cup held in the U.S.A. was an unqualified success. Indeed，FIFA's president proclaimed “the future of football is female ”. 翻译 国际足联 1904年7个成员国成立的国际足联(Federal International de Football Associations)是国际足球管理机构。 足球是世界上最受关注和最受欢迎的运动。 国际足联组织世界杯比赛，每四年举行一次。 在许多方面，国际足联的发展遵循着足球运动本身的组织。 在二十世纪初，它的组织原始，结构松散。 然而，到本世纪末，国际足联在六大洲都有分支机构，有超过170个成员国。 与国际奥委会一样，国际足联是世界上最大的体育组织。 在国际足联成立之初，足球在几个国家获得了关注，这在很大程度上要归功于英国的殖民。 直到1863年，足球和橄榄球运动才在英国正式分开。 尽管这两项运动在19世纪的英国文化中都很重要，但足球在世界范围内的发展速度要快得多。 随着20世纪的发展，荷兰、德国、西班牙、巴西和其他许多国家在这项运动上变得和创始国一样好，在很多情况下甚至比创始国还好。 世界杯始于1930年的乌拉圭。 那时，国际足联已经获得了足够的权力，这项运动已经如此广泛，所以世界锦标赛是合理的。 到1998年法国举办世界杯时，共有112个国家参赛。 尽管这项运动起源于英国，但该国直到1966年才赢得世界杯冠军。 在世界许多国家都能看到的足球狂热中，有一个值得注意的例外是美国 在这个主导了众多职业和业余运动的国家，足球的发展一直是个问题。 其中一个主要原因是这个国家充斥着职业体育系统。 由于这样或那样的原因，美国选择了传统上在相对较少的国家进行的运动:美式足球、篮球，以及许多人认为是美国运动精髓的棒球。 足球还给美国电视网络带来一个问题。 在美国，成功的体育项目通常适合商业电视转播。 足球，两个45分钟的半场，长时间不间断的比赛，不太像商业广告和以广告为基础的美国电视节目。 足球运动的最新发展是女子比赛。 1999年在美国举行的女足世界杯取得了绝对的成功。 事实上，国际足联主席曾宣称“足球的未来是女性”。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.inquiry 调查 2.disqualification 取消资格 3.presided 主持 4.proceeding 诉讼 5.mandatory 强制 6.subsequent 随后 7.rippling 扩散 8.bureaucracy 官僚 9.eagerly antiquated 热切地期望 10.testimony 证据 11.submission 文件 12.disclosed 揭示 13.aftermath 后果 14.combat 解决 15.oriented 导向 16.emphasizing 强调 17.immense 巨大的 18.further indication 进一步的迹象 19.rampart 泛滥 20.cheat 作弊 21.epidemic 流行病 原文 The Dubin Inquiry The Dubin Inquiry was a Canadian federal government inquiry into the state of amateur sport in Canada，more specially into the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Canadian athletes. The inquiry followed in the footsteps of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson's disqualification in the 1988 Seoul Olympics. The inquiry was named after Charles Dubin，a Canadian judge who presided over the proceedings. Johnson won the Olympic men's 100-meter final in world record time of 9.79 seconds. However，his post-race mandatory drug test was positive. Johnson was found to have taken the steroid Stanozolol. The subsequent stripping of Johnson's gold medal turned into probably the most famous case of drug use in the history of sports. It also sent shock waves rippling through the Canadian sports establishment，which various members of government and the sport bureaucracy pointing fingers at each other. Many observers of the sports establishment around the world followed the Dubin Inquiry and the Johnson case. Several countries were dealing with the growing problem of their own athletes using drugs to enhance performance，so the result of the inquiry were eagerly anticipated. The inquiry heard testimony from a large number of athletes，coaches，sports administrators，and others. The most interesting submissions were made by Johnson's coaches Charlie Francis，his physician Jamie Astaphan，and of course from Johnson himself. The inquiry disclosed drug taking on a scale never before suspected. It was discovered that，besides the common practice of coaches encouraging athletes to take drugs，many others were guilty of turning a “blind eye” to the problem and ignoring it. In the aftermath of the inquiry，a new organization，The Canadian Center for Drug-Free Sport，was created to combat the problem. This organization has taken various measures in its attempt to combat drug use by Canadian athletes. However，critics of the Dubin Inquiry have accused the inquiry of being little more than a government inquisition，the real purpose of which was to direct attention towards individual athletes and coaches and away from the government itself. Increasingly in the 1980s，Sport Canada-the governing body responsible for the administration of elite amateur sport in Canada had taken a “success-oriented” approach to Canadian sport：emphasizing winning medal above all other goals. The result，critics have pointed out，was to put immense pressure on Canadian athletes，leading in turn to drug use-among many other extreme measures-to enhance performance. The Dubin Inquiry，in other words，has had mixed reviews. A further indication of the effectiveness of the Dubin Inquiry can be seen in the state of Canadian sport since the inquiry. Despite attempts by The Canadian Center for Drug-Free to educate athletes and coaches on the dangers of drug use，there is little doubt that rampant drug use continues. This has led some observers of the Canadian sport scene to claim that drug use is less a reflection of individual athletes who cheat，but more a reflection of a cultural and institutional epidemic in sport. Drug use has perhaps become so common in the culture of elite sport that dealing with the problem by punishing individual athletes might be ineffective. 翻译 杜宾调查 杜宾调查是加拿大联邦政府对加拿大业余体育状况的调查，尤其是对加拿大运动员使用兴奋剂的情况。 这项调查是在加拿大短跑运动员本·约翰逊被取消1988年首尔奥运会参赛资格之后进行的。 调查以主持诉讼的加拿大法官查尔斯·杜宾的名字命名。 约翰逊以9秒79的世界纪录赢得了奥运会男子100米决赛。 然而，他的赛后强制药检呈阳性。 约翰逊被发现服用了类固醇司坦唑醇。 随后约翰逊的金牌被剥夺，这可能成为体育史上最著名的药物使用案例。 这也给加拿大体育机构带来了冲击，许多政府成员和体育官僚相互指责。 世界各地体育界的许多观察家都在关注杜宾调查和约翰逊案。 有几个国家正在处理本国运动员使用药物提高成绩这一日益严重的问题，因此人们热切期待调查结果。 调查听取了大量运动员、教练、体育管理人员和其他人的证词。 最有趣的是约翰逊的教练查理·弗朗西斯、他的医生杰米·阿斯塔潘，当然还有约翰逊本人。 调查显示药物使用的规模前所未有。 研究发现，除了教练鼓励运动员服用药物的常见做法外，还有许多人对这个问题视而不见。 调查结束后，成立了一个新的组织，即加拿大无药物体育中心，以解决这一问题。 该组织采取了各种措施，试图打击加拿大运动员的药物使用行为。 然而，杜宾调查的批评者指责该调查只不过是一次政府调查，其真正目的是将注意力转移到运动员和教练个人身上，而不是政府本身。 20世纪80年代，加拿大体育部（Sport Canada）这个负责管理加拿大业余精英运动的管理机构对加拿大体育采取了一种“以成功为导向”的方式：将赢得奖牌置于所有其他目标之上。 批评人士指出，其结果是给加拿大运动员施加了巨大的压力，进而导致药物使用和其他许多提高成绩的极端措施。 换言之，杜宾调查的评价褒贬不一。 杜宾调查的有效性可以从调查后加拿大体育界的状况中进一步看出。 尽管加拿大无药物体育中心试图教育运动员和教练吸毒的危险，但毫无疑问，猖獗的吸毒现象仍在继续。 这导致加拿大体育界的一些观察家声称，药物使用与其说是运动员个人作弊的反映，不如说是体育文化和体制流行病的反映。 在精英体育文化中，药物使用可能已经变得如此普遍，以至于通过惩罚个别运动员来处理这个问题可能是无效的。

在喜马拉雅播已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.conventional 依照惯例的 2.flouted 无视 3.notion 观念 4.feminity 女性气质 5.excelling 擅长 6.javelin 标枪 7.shot-put 铅球 8.hurdles 跨栏 9.immensely 极大地 10.innuendo 映射 11.conscious 有意识地 12.donned 穿上 13.controversial 备受争议的 14.underwent 经历 15.stripped 剥夺 16.reinstatement 复位 17.antiquated 过时的 18.prefigured 预言 19.re-examination 重新审视 原文 “Babe” Didrikson Mildred “Babe” Didrikson（1913-1956）was one of the most celebrated female athletes of the first half of the twentieth century. Competing in the 1930s and 1940s，when conventional attitudes regarding women's participation in sport dominated North American culture，Babe Didrikson rose to fame by dominating not just one，but a number of sports. Didrikson flouted conventional notions of femininity and “proper”female activity，by excelling in field events such as javelin and shot-put，in addition to tradition male-dominated sports such as baseball，swimming，and golf. Interestingly，Didrikson would always have to battle popular accounts that attacked or questioned her femininity and sexuality. As a women with a large，muscular and athletic body，Didrikson was often accused of having an “unfair advantage” over other women，and often regarded as not being a “real woman”. Born in the state of Texas，Didrikson rose to athletic fame quick，representing the U.S.A. in the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles where she won and set records in the javelin and 80 meter hurdles. Later in her career，Didrikson turned her athletic attention mainly to golf，s sport in which she was immensely successful. Interestingly，however，Didrikson tired of the popular innuendo regarding her “unfeminine” appearance and made a conscious effort to change her image in favor of a more traditionally feminine one：she donned dresses and make-up in place of her sweat pants and makeupless appearance. Didrikson's controversial career underwent a twist when she fought the American Athletic Union（AAU），which had stripped her of her amateur sports status after she allowed her image to used in endorsements for cars. When offered amateur status reinstatement，Didrikson refused，challenging what she believed to be the AAU's antiqued rules and regulations. Aside from her incredible athletic accomplishments，Didrikson is an important historical figure because of the challenge she made to the male-dominate institution of sport. Didrikson challenged those within the institution of sport to question gender values at a time when the political environment made it difficult to do so. Didrikson prefigured by several decades the challenges to sport made by other female athletes such as Billie Jean King，Martine Navratilova，and Florence Griffith Joyner. Didrikson forced a re-examination of the meaning of sports，making many aware of the social and political importance of an institution typically not thought of as such. 翻译 芭贝·迪德里克森 米尔德雷德·芭贝·迪德里克森（1913-1956）是二十世纪上半叶最著名的女运动员之一。 20世纪30年代和40年代，在关于女性参与体育运动的传统态度还主导北美文化的时候，芭贝·迪德里克森（Babe Didrikson）凭借不仅主导一项体育运动，而且主导多项体育运动而声名鹊起。 迪德里克森藐视传统的女性气质和“适当”的女性活动观念，除了棒球、游泳和高尔夫等传统的男性主导运动外，他还擅长标枪和铅球等田赛项目。 有趣的是，迪德里克森总是要与那些攻击或质疑她女性气质和性取向的流行报道作斗争。 作为一名身材魁梧、肌肉发达、运动型身材的女性，迪德里克森经常被指责比其他女性拥有“不公平的优势”，并经常被认为不是“真正的女性”。 迪德里克森出生于德克萨斯州，在1932年洛杉矶奥运会上代表美国队赢得标枪和80米栏比赛并创造纪录，她很快就在体育界声名鹊起。 在职业生涯的后期，迪德里克森把她的运动注意力主要转向了高尔夫运动，在这项运动中她取得了巨大的成功。 然而，有趣的是，迪德里克森厌倦了关于她“非女性化”外表的流行影射，并有意识地改变了自己的形象，取而代之的是一个更传统的女性形象：她穿裙子和化妆，而不是运动裤和素颜。 迪德里克森备受争议的职业生涯在她与美国运动联盟（AAU）的斗争中发生了转折。在她允许自己的形象用于汽车代言后，AAU剥夺了她业余体育的地位。 当被要求恢复业余身份时，迪德里克森拒绝了，挑战了她认为是AAU过时的规则和规定。 除了她令人难以置信的体育成就，迪德里克森是一个重要的历史人物，因为她对男性主导的体育机构提出了挑战。 迪德里克森向体育机构内部的人发出挑战，质疑性别价值观，而当时的政治环境让他们很难这样做。 几十年来，迪德里克森预言了比莉·让·金（Billie Jean King）、玛蒂娜·纳夫拉蒂洛娃（Martine Navratilova）和弗洛伦斯·格里菲斯·乔伊纳（Florence Griffith Joyner）等其他女运动员对体育的挑战。 迪德里克森迫使人们重新审视体育的意义，让许多人意识到体育这个通常不被认为是社会和政治机构的重要性。

在喜马拉雅播已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.prime 强盛时期 2.inexplicably 莫名其妙地 3.winning streak 连胜 4.spanned 跨越 5.waned 衰弱 6.spotlight 聚光灯 7.emergency hospital procedure 急诊手术 8.poisoning 中毒 9.barbiturate 巴比妥盐酸（用于镇静、催眠等） 10.fail miserably 惨败 11.insistence 坚持要求 12.synthetic fiber 合成纤维 13.commit suicide 自杀 14.obscurity 默默无闻 15.icon 偶像 16.conferred 授予 17.comparable 可比较的 18.adorned 装饰 19.catalyst 催化剂 原文 Bjorn Borg The professional career of tennis player Bjorn Borg was one of the most interesting ones in recent sports history. Borg's success in his sport came at an early age. Borg won Wimbledon when he was only 20 years old. However，by the time he was 26，an in prime of his career，Borg inexplicably retired from professional tennis. Borg，who began playing tennis at the age of nine，was the number one ranked junior player by the age of 14，and had won the Italian and French Open titles at the age of 18. These were the first of several major championships won by Borg in the late-1970s and early-1908s. Probably his greatest achievement was a winning streak at Wimbledon that spanned five years. Between the years 1976 and 1982，Borg enjoyed almost complete dominance in competitive tennis. His retirement in 1983，then，was a bit of puzzle. Although his skills waned somewhat in the previous year，he was still one of the top players on the tour，and only 26 years old. Even stranger was the fact that Borg refused to revealed the reasons for his retirement. Following his retirement，Borg encountered a number of personal problems，which kept him in the media spotlight even though he was no longer playing competitive tennis. Five years after his retirement，an emergency hospital procedure saved his life. While Borg claimed he had food poisoning，it was suspected he had a barbiturate overdoes. In 1991，Borg attempted to make a comeback on the professional tennis tour，only to fail miserably. His insistence on using a wooden racket at the time，when all of the world's top player were using synthetic fiber racket didn't help matters. At the same time，Borg's second wife attempted to commit suicide，and the couple divorced in1993. Eventually，Borg disappeared into obscurity，and there is little news of his life today. These sad stories about the latter part of his career aside，Borg was an important figure in modern tennis history. He was the sport's first modern media star and icon. Teenage girls conferred upon him a status comparable to a rock star. His face adorned T-shirts and other merchandise，making him the most marketable tennis player in history. Borg's career was catalyst for Swedish tennis players. Those who followed in his footsteps and held him up as their hero including tennis stars Mats Wilander and Stephan Edberg. Perhaps most important of all，Borg gave to the sport of tennis a degree of showmanship，visibility，and marketability that was used as a role model for the sport in future decades. 翻译 比约恩·博格 网球运动员比约恩·博格从的职业生涯是近代体育史上最有趣的职业生涯之一。 博格在运动上的成功是在他很小的时候取得的。 博格20岁时就赢得了温布尔登网球公开赛。 然而，在他26岁的时候，在职业生涯的黄金时期，博格莫名其妙地从职业网球退役。 博格9岁开始打网球，14岁时成为排名第一的青少年选手，18岁时赢得意大利和法国网球公开赛冠军。 这是博格在20世纪70年代末和1908年代初赢得的第一个主要锦标赛冠军。 他最大的成就可能是在温布尔登连续五年获胜。 从1976年到1982年，博格在竞技网球领域几乎完全占据主导地位。 1983年，他退休了，这让人有点困惑。 虽然他的技术在前一年有所下降，但他仍然是巡回赛的顶尖球员之一，只有26岁。 更奇怪的是，博格拒绝透露他退休的原因。 退休后，博格遭遇了一些个人问题，这让他成为媒体关注的焦点，尽管他不再打竞技网球。 在他退休五年后，一次急诊手术挽救了他的生命。 博格声称自己食物中毒，但是他被怀疑服用了过量的巴比妥类药物。 1991年，博格试图在职业网球巡回赛中复出，但以惨败告终。 当时，世界顶级球员都在使用合成纤维球拍，但他坚持使用木制球拍，这无助于解决问题。 与此同时，博格的第二任妻子试图自杀，两人于1993年离婚。 最终，博格默默无闻地消失了，他今天的生活几乎没有什么新闻。 抛开这些关于他职业生涯后期的悲惨故事不谈，博格是现代网球史上的重要人物。 他是这项运动的第一位现代媒体明星和偶像。 十几岁的女孩们授予他一个与摇滚明星相当的地位。 他的脸装饰着T恤衫和其他商品，使他成为历史上最受市场欢迎的网球运动员。 博格的职业生涯是瑞典网球运动员的催化剂。 那些追随他的脚步并将他视为英雄的人就包括了网球明星马茨·威兰德和斯蒂芬·埃德伯格。 也许最重要的是，博格赋予网球运动一定程度的表演技巧、知名度和市场性，这在未来几十年被用作这项运动的榜样。

在喜马拉雅播已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.exceptional 杰出的 2.victim 受害者 3.channeling 引导 4.appropriate 适当的 5.discipline 纪律 6.spawned 产生 7.conceal 掩盖 8.revered 尊敬 9.prowess 造诣 原文 Arthur Ashe Arthur Ashe（1943-1993）was one of the most exceptional tennis players in the history of the sport. Born in Richmond，Virginia，Ashe served in the United States Army and had a good early amateur career. By the end of his life in 1993，Ashe was recognized not only for his tennis，but also for his political campaigns on behalf of racial equality in the United States，Haiti，and South Africa. Also，as a victim of AIDS，Ashe campaigned for AIDS research near the end of his life. When Ashe turned professional in 1969，he was an African American player in a sport completely dominated by whites. At the peak of his career in the 1970s，Ashe won the Australian Open，Wimbledon，and doubles titles at the French and Australian Opens. Interestingly，Ashe encouraged young blacks not to waste their energies on sports Instead，he recommended channeling energy into academic and vocation-related studies. His recommendation seems appropriate to this day. While it is the case that sports can provide positive role models and encourage hard work and discipline，it is also the case that many young athletes dream unrealistically of professional careers at the exclusion of school. The odds of successfully making a professional league are statistically next to impossible. Despite his own success，Ashe recognized this. Mindful of racism in American society，Ashe always thought of his own career in terms of the general experience of blacks in America. He wrote several books recounting these ideas. Ashe's historical writing on the history of African American in sport spawned a multimedia series，A Hard Road to Glory. Today，while a few more blacks have been successful in sports traditionally dominated by whites，it is still the case that whites dominate. The recent successes of athletes like the Williams sisters in tennis and Tiger Woods in golf sometimes conceal the fact that these sports are still predominantly white. According to Ashe's thinking，it would be a mistake to take one role model，such as Tiger Woods，and from that conclude that race problems in sport no longer exist. Like any institution，race relations in sport should be thought of for their long-term trends，not individual exceptions. Arthur Ashe contracted the HIV virus through a blood transfusion and died of AIDS in 1993，aged 50. While since his death he has become revered and respected ，in the 1980snear the end of his life he was unpopular for his ideas. However，his combination of political campaigning and athletic prowess has made him a revered figure in American history. 翻译 亚瑟·阿什 阿瑟·阿什（1943-1993）是历史上最杰出的网球运动员之一。 阿什出生于弗吉尼亚州的里士满，曾在美国陆军服役，早期业余生涯很好。 1993年，阿什去世时，他不仅因为网球而获得认可，还因为他在美国、海地和南非为种族平等的政治活动而获得认可。 此外，作为艾滋病的受害者，阿什在生命即将结束时发起了艾滋病研究运动。 1969年，当阿什成为职业选手时，他是一名非裔美国人，参加了一项完全由白人主导的运动。 在20世纪70年代职业生涯的巅峰时期，阿什赢得了澳网、温布尔登网球公开赛以及法国和澳大利亚网球公开赛的双打冠军。 有趣的是，阿什鼓励年轻的黑人不要把精力浪费在体育上 相反，他建议将精力投入学术和职业相关的研究。 他的建议似乎适合今天。 虽然体育运动可以提供积极的榜样，鼓励努力工作和自律，但许多年轻运动员也不切实际地梦想在学校之外从事职业生涯。 从统计数据来看，成功进入职业联赛的几率低到几乎是不可能。 尽管自己取得了成功，阿什还是意识到了这一点。 考虑到美国社会的种族主义，阿什总是从美国黑人的一般经历来思考自己的职业生涯。 他写了几本书来叙述这些想法。 阿什关于非裔美国人体育史的历史著作催生了一个多媒体系列，一条通往荣耀的艰难之路。 今天，虽然又有少数黑人在传统上由白人主导的体育运动中取得了成功，但白人仍然占主导地位。 最近，威廉姆斯姐妹（Williams sisters）和老虎伍兹（Tiger Woods）等运动员在网球和高尔夫上取得的成功有时掩盖了一个事实，即这些运动仍然以白人为主。 根据阿什的想法，以老虎伍兹为榜样，并由此得出体育运动中不再存在种族问题的结论是错误的。 像任何机构一样，体育运动中的种族关系应该考虑其长期趋势，而不是个别例外。 亚瑟·阿什通过输血感染了艾滋病毒，并于1993年死于艾滋病，享年50岁。 虽然自他去世以来，他受到了尊敬和尊重，但在80年代末，他的思想并不受欢迎。 然而，他将政治运动和体育实力的结合使他成为美国历史上受人尊敬的人物。

在喜马拉雅播已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.swoosh 嗖嗖地迅速移动，这里指耐克的对钩标志 2.outlet 批发商 3.apparel 衣服 4.diversified 多元化 5.promotion 推销 6.synonymous 同义词 7.ever-present 永远存在 8.ubiquitous 无所不在 9.checkmark 对钩 10.entrepreneurship 创业 11.competent 有能力的 12.trademark 特征 13.modest 谦虚的 14.ironically 讽刺的 15.merchandising 商品 16.mushroomed 迅速生长 17.subsistence 生存 18.tactics 方法 19.denied 否定 20.extravaganzas 盛会 21.rumored 谣言 22.ego 自负 23.agenda 议程 24.aspiration 志向 25.cathedral 大教堂 原文 Nike Nike and its swooshes corporate symbol are among the most recognized brand names in world，alongside McDonalds，Coca-Cola，and Disney. Starting in 1964 as a sport shoe outlet，the company grew to become the market leader in footwear and apparel. Nike has since diversified into a range of activities，including sports events promotion. Owned by Phil Knight，Nike has become synonymous with world-class sport，especially through its sponsorship of events and elite athletes such as Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods. Nike is so ever-present in the sports consumers' minds，that a survey conducted during the Atlanta Summer Olympic Games in 1996 revealed an extremely high awareness of Nike，despite that fact Nike was not an official sponsor of the Games. Nike's success has，to great extent，been due to the fact the company and its swoosh symbol have become ubiquitous in consumers' minds. Nike has even run television commercials without even mentioning its own name，being confident enough that the checkmark swoosh is more than enough to make the company known. Phil Knight has been the main inspiration behind Nike and its corporate direction. A competent，although not elite，middle distance runner at the University of Oregon，Knight went onto Harvard business school where the Nike idea emerged out of a paper he developed for a class on entrepreneurship. Knight's former coach，Bill Bowerman，developed lightweight running shoes that became the new company's trademark in the early days. From these modest beginnings，Nike eventually grew to become the sports giant it is today. Ironically，part of Nike's statue in the world of competitive sports merchandising has come from the attention it's received by critics. A short article published in the early-1990s in Harper's magazine quickly mushroomed into an international outcry against Nike's practice of placing their factories in underdeveloped countries and paying workers below-subsistence wages. Nike quickly responded to the criticisms with a number of tactics to either divert attention away from the criticisms（ones that Knight，interestingly，at first denied），or by acknowledging the practices but claiming Nike was “cleaning up its act”. In many cases，Nike has made an effort to create better working conditions for those in underdeveloped countries making shoes and other merchandise. However，the overall effect of Nike's changes is not known，and several groups around the world regularly check，and often criticize，Nike's labor practices. Nike's recent marketing extravaganzas including a 200 million dollars（U.S.）deal with the Brazilian National Soccer Federation. It has been rumored that Knight's ego has much to do with Nike's marketing strategies. Some critics have suggested that Knight's hidden agenda is no less than controlling sports marketing and merchandising throughout the world. Nike's corporate headquarters in Oregon reflect these aspirations. Nike's buildings and surrounding grounds are constructed very much like a religious cathedral，only with elite athletes，and Knight himself，as the gods. 翻译 耐克 耐克及其对钩公司标志是世界上最受认可的品牌之一，与麦当劳、可口可乐和迪士尼并列。 从1964年作为一家运动鞋销售点开始，该公司逐渐成为鞋类和服装市场的领导者。 此后，耐克将业务多元化，开展了一系列活动，包括体育赛事推广。 由菲尔·奈特（Phil Knight）拥有的耐克（Nike）已成为世界级运动的代名词，尤其是通过赞助迈克尔·乔丹（Michael Jordan）和老虎·伍兹（Tiger Woods）等赛事和精英运动员。 耐克一直存在于体育消费者的脑海中，以至于1996年亚特兰大夏季奥运会期间进行的一项调查显示，尽管耐克不是奥运会的官方赞助商，但人们对耐克的认知度极高。 耐克的成功在很大程度上归功于该公司及其对钩标志在消费者心目中无处不在。 耐克甚至在电视广告中连自己的名字都不提及，他们自信地认为对钩标志足以让公司出名。 菲尔·奈特（Phil Knight）一直是耐克及其企业方向背后的主要灵感来源。 奈特是一位称职的虽然不是精英的中长跑运动员，但他进入了哈佛商学院，在那里，耐克的想法出现在他为一个关于企业家课程所作的论文。 奈特的前教练比尔·鲍尔曼（Bill Bowerman）开发了轻质跑鞋，在早期成为新公司的商标。 从这些不起眼的起步，耐克最终成长为今天的体育巨头。 具有讽刺意味的是，耐克在竞技体育营销领域的地位有一部分来自批评人士对它的关注。 20世纪90年代初，哈珀杂志发表了一篇短文，这篇短文迅速引发了国际社会的强烈抗议，反对耐克将工厂设在不发达国家，并向工人支付低于最低生活支出的工资。 耐克迅速采取了一系列策略来回应批评，要么转移人们对批评的注意力（有趣的是，奈特最初否认了这些批评），要么承认这些做法，但声称耐克正在“清理自己的行为”。 在许多情况下，耐克努力为欠发达国家的制鞋和其他商品生产商创造更好的工作条件。 然而，耐克变化的整体影响尚不清楚，世界各地的几个团体定期检查并经常批评耐克的劳动实践。 耐克最近的营销盛事包括与巴西国家足球联合会达成2亿美元的交易。 据传，奈特的自负与耐克的营销策略有很大关系。 一些批评人士认为，奈特的隐藏议程不亚于控制全世界的体育营销和商品销售。 耐克在俄勒冈州的公司总部反映了这些愿望。 耐克的建筑和周围的场地非常像一座宗教大教堂，只有精英运动员和奈特本人才是神。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.circulation 发行量 2.symbiotic 共生 3.mutually beneficial 互利 4.approach 方法 5.paved 铺 6.paradox 悖论 原文 Sport and Television There is little question that television has radically changed the sporting world. Television has done more than just make existing sports more accessible to a mass audience. It has been argued that the very nature of sport and spectators' experiences of sport has been shaped by the medium of television. The first televised sporting event took place on May 17,1939. A baseball between two American schools-Princeton and Columbia marked the beginning of a new era in sport. The first broadcast，however，was not of participate high quality. Viewers could hardly see the players on the television screen，the technology at the time being of very low quality. In addition，very few people owned television sets at the time. Only 400 TV sets were in circulation，and the average cost of 600 dollars made owning a set impossible for most people. This situation would soon change. Television as a popular and affordable medium grew rapidly in the 1940s and 1950s By the end of the 1950s，American televised sport entered a “Golden Age”. It was during this period of time that major sporting organizations，such as professional leagues，and major amateur organizations，such as the International Olympic Committee（IOC），realized the benefits of television. Not only could TV make competitions available for a huge number of spectators，it could actually make money for these organizations. Television companies，in turn，could make money by attracting viewers and selling advertising space at increased rates. Television and sport entered what some observers call a “symbiotic”or mutually beneficial relationship. The business relationship developed between the American TV company ABC and the Olympic Games is a clear example of the TV-sport symbiosis. In the 1960s and 1970s，ABC recognized the importance of using international sport to attract viewers. By being recognized as“The Olympic Network”，ABC quickly rose from being the third biggest commercial network in the U.S. to being the leading network. At the same time，ABC paid higher and higher “rights fees” to the IOC，and the IOC，in turn，began to take more commercial and professional to the Olympic Games. The ABC role model has paved the way for other television networks around the world. Today，television rights pay for the majority of Olympic Games expenses. The television and sport relationship has come a long way since the first Princeton/Columbia baseball game. Today，more people experience sport as spectators through the medium of television than they do as regular participants in sport. The television and sports relationship，then，presents a bit of a paradox. While on the one hand it has made sport more visible for more people，it has perhaps done so at the expense of actual participation in sport. 翻译 体育与电视 毫无疑问，电视已经彻底改变了体育界。 电视所做的不仅仅是让大量观众更容易接触到现有的体育项目。 有人认为，体育的本质和观众对体育的体验是由电视媒介塑造的。 第一次电视转播的体育赛事发生在1939年5月17日。 普林斯顿和哥伦比亚两所美国学校之间的棒球比赛标志着体育运动新时代的开始。 然而，第一次转播的质量并不高。 当时的技术质量非常低，观众几乎看不到电视屏幕上的运动员。 此外，当时很少有人拥有电视机。 目前只有400台电视机在流通，并且拥有一台电视机的平均成本是600美元，对大多数人来说是不可能的。 这种情况很快就发生了改变。 20世纪40年代和50年代，电视作为一种受欢迎且价格合理的媒体迅速发展 到20世纪50年代末，美国电视转播的体育运动进入了一个“黄金时代”。 正是在这段时间里，职业联赛等主要体育组织和国际奥委会（IOC）等主要业余组织意识到了电视的好处。 电视不仅可以让大量观众观看比赛，还可以为这些组织赚钱。 反过来，电视公司可以通过吸引观众和以更高的价格出售广告空间来赚钱。 电视和体育进入了一些观察家所说的“共生”或互利关系。 美国电视公司ABC与奥运会之间发展的业务关系是电视体育共生的一个明显例子。 20世纪六七十年代，美国广播公司认识到利用国际体育吸引观众的重要性。 通过被公认为“奥运网络”，美国广播公司迅速从美国第三大商业网络上升为领先网络。 与此同时，美国广播公司向国际奥委会支付了越来越高的“版权费”，国际奥委会也开始为奥运会提供更多的商业和专业服务。 美国广播公司的榜样为世界各地的其他电视网铺平了道路。 如今，电视转播权承担了奥运会的大部分费用。 自从第一场普林斯顿/哥伦比亚棒球赛以来，电视和体育的关系已经走过了漫长的道路。 如今，更多的人通过电视媒介观看体育比赛，而不是作为体育运动的常规参与者。 那么，电视和体育的关系就有点自相矛盾了。 一方面，它让更多的人看到了体育运动，但它这样做可能是以实际参与体育运动为代价的。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.attain 得到 2.immoral 不道德的 3.masculine 男子气概的 4.forbidden 禁止 5.physicians 医生 6.reproduction 生殖 7.assumption 假设 8.witness 见证 9.superiority 优越性 10.drought 干旱 11.conservative 保守 12.emerged 出现 13.establishment 机构 14.affront 侮辱 原文 Women in Sport The struggle to attain equality for female participation in sport has been a long and hard-fought one. One hundred years ago，a majority of people-many women included would have thought it unnatural，if not immoral，to permit women to participate in sports. Today，women's participation is widespread and accepted by most. However，there are still many sports and sport-related institutions and or organizations that have not achieved full equality. Some sports，such as football or boxing，encourage very little female participation，although even these so-called “masculine” sports are changing. Women's boxing，for example，will probably be included in the Olympic Games by the end of this decade. In the late 1800s and early 1900s，when sports and physical education programs were first organized in North America，women were forbidden from participating for so-called“scientific”or“medical”reasons. Physicians are a group often spoke out against female athleticism，using the argument that physical activity would damage reproductuion. Others claimed that it was quite simply“unnatural”for women to participate in sports. Little real evidence was provided to support these claims. In truth，the so-called“evidence”was more a reflection of physicians' cultural assumptions about women's place in society in general. The 1920s and 1930s witnessed a short“Golden Age”in women's sports. Individual athletes and teams or leagues formed to support female athletics. Track and field，tennis，softball，programs in physical education，and other activities were encouraged，at least for those women lucky enough to have the time and money to participate. There was even a Women's Olympic Games movement in the 1920s and 1930s. At one point，the regular Olympic Games organized by the International Olympic Committee（IOC），became concerned that the Women's Olympics would gain enough power to challenge the superiority of the IOC's Olympics. As a result，the IOC included a few more women's events in their Games，although not many. The Golden Age of women's sports was followed by a long drought. The post-World War Two era was one of very conservative traditional family values in North America. However，in the 1970s the current boom in women's sport began. One of the driving forces in the movement was East Bloc countries，particularly the Soviet Union and East Germany，both of which encouraged female athletes at the highest level-the Olympic Games. Female athletes with strong and muscular bodies emerged on the international sports stage. At first，this raise concern among the male-dominated sports establishment However，after years of struggle，the muscular and strong female athletic body has become common in international sport. In the late-nineteenth century，the founder of the modern Olympic Games，Pierre de Coubertin，said that the sight of women participating in sport as an affront to the human eye，and unnatural. We've come a long way since then. 翻译 女性在运动 争取女性平等参与体育运动是一场长期而艰苦的斗争。 一百年前，包括许多女性在内的大多数人都会认为，允许女性参加体育运动即使不是不道德的，也是不自然的。 今天，妇女的参与是广泛的，并为大多数人所接受。 然而，仍然有许多体育和与体育有关的机构和/或组织没有实现完全平等。 有些运动，如足球或拳击，很少鼓励女性参与，尽管这些所谓的“男性”运动也在发生变化。 例如，到本世纪末，女子拳击很可能会成为奥运会比赛项目。 在19世纪末和20世纪初，当运动和体育项目首次在北美组织时，由于所谓的“科学”或“医学”原因，女性被禁止参加。 医生是一个经常公开反对女性运动的团体，他们认为体育活动会损害生殖功能。 其他人则声称，女性参加体育运动完全是“不自然的”。 几乎没有提供真正的证据来支持这些说法。 事实上，所谓的“证据”更多地反映了医生对女性在整个社会中地位的文化假设。 20世纪二三十年代见证了女子体育的短暂“黄金时代”。 个人运动员和团队或联盟为支持女子运动而出力。 田径、网球、垒球、体育项目和其他活动受到鼓励，至少对那些有时间和金钱参加的幸运女性来说是如此。 在20世纪20年代和30年代，甚至还有一场女子奥林匹克运动。 国际奥委会（IOC）组织的常规奥运会一度担心，女子奥运会将获得足够的力量，挑战IOC奥运会的优越性。 因此，国际奥委会在其奥运会中增加了一些女子项目，尽管并不多。 女子体育的黄金时代之后是漫长的旱灾。 二战后的时代是北美非常保守的传统家庭价值观的时代之一。 然而，在20世纪70年代，目前的女子体育热潮开始了。 这场运动的推动力之一是东欧国家，特别是苏联和东德，这两个国家都鼓励女性运动员参加奥运会的最高级别比赛。 身强力壮的女运动员出现在国际体育舞台上。 起初，这引起了以男性为主的体育机构的担忧 但是，经过多年的努力，肌肉发达、身体强壮的女性运动员已成为国际体育运动中的常态。 19世纪末，现代奥林匹克运动会的创始人皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦（Pierre de Coubertin）说，女性参加体育运动是对人类眼睛的侮辱，是不自然的。 从那以后我们已经走了很长的路。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.consensus 共识 2.transnational 跨国的 3.coverage 新闻报道 4.reinforce 加强 5.tension 紧张 6.bloc 集团，联盟 7.device 方法 原文 Globalization and Sport One of the most recognized and widely debated terms in recently times is “globalization”. While there is little consensus as to what it actually is，there is little doubt that the world has in one way or another become more inter-connected. Mass communications and transportation technology，in addition to the rise of transnational corporate culture，have combined to produced a new global culture. At the same time，sport has become one of the most recognized elements of global culture. In fact，it has been claimed that there are no other events in the world that attract the attention of more people around the world than sports events，especially the Olympic Games and the World Cup football（soccer）tournament. It is difficult to think other events that attract the world's attention in the same manner as sport. Global themes infuse international sporting events in several ways. One of those ways is in advertising. Major transnational corporations using major events like the Olympic Games advertise with global themes and images. In addition，media coverage of major events often emphasizes national and international themes. These themes can be both positive and negative. For example，sport can reinforce international cooperation and cultural learning，but it can also be used to reinforce themes of aggressive nationalism and create tension between countries. This was clearly that case during the Cold War from World War Ⅱ to the late-1980s，in which West Bloc and East Bloc nations regularly did battle at the Olympic Games. More recently，additional global themes have appeared. The international immigration and movement of athletes is one theme. Increasingly，professional and elite amateur athletes are attracted to other. Football（soccer）is one sport that practices“athlete immigration”frequently. Many professional teams in Europe，for example，have many players from outside the team's nation. An additional global theme that has appeared lately is sport used for international advertising and marketing. Sport provides a very useful device for transnational marketing and advertising because the symbols provided by sport are often recognized internationally，and sport provides many of the themes and images important to adverting：speed，strength，competition，perseverance，and so forth. Many corporations such as IBM and Coca-Cola regularly use sport to advertise their products，even though these corporations don't sell sport related products directly Some critics have claimed that major international events such as the Olympic Games are being used less for international understanding and cultural sharing as they are for making big corporations a lot of money. While it is clear that the sport-related images and symbols used by these corporations are recognized worldwide，it is not so clear what positive benefits are accrued from this. In any case，there is little doubt that sport will continue to play a vital role in the globalization process. 翻译 全球化与体育 “全球化”是近年来最受认可和广泛讨论的术语之一。 虽然人们对它的实际情况几乎没有共识，但毫无疑问，世界在某种程度上变得更加相互关联。 大众传播和运输技术，加上跨国企业文化的兴起，共同催生了一种新的全球文化。 与此同时，体育已经成为全球文化中最受认可的元素之一。 事实上，有人声称，世界上没有其他赛事比体育赛事更能吸引全世界更多人的注意力，尤其是奥运会和世界杯足球赛。 很难想象其他赛事会像体育一样吸引全世界的注意力。 全球主题以多种方式注入国际体育赛事。 其中之一就是广告。 大型跨国公司利用奥运会等重大事件，以全球主题和形象进行广告宣传。 此外，媒体对重大事件的报道往往强调国家和国际主题。 这些主题可以是正面的，也可以是负面的。 例如，体育可以加强国际合作和文化学习，但也可以用来强化激进民族主义的主题，并在国家之间制造紧张关系。 一个更明显的例子是从第二次世界大战到20世纪80年代末的冷战期间，西方集团和东方集团国家经常在奥运会上交锋。 最近，又出现了新的全球主题。 运动员的国际移民和迁移是一个主题。 职业运动员和业余精英运动员越来越多地被其他运动员所吸引。 足球是一项经常实践“运动员移民”的运动。 例如，欧洲的许多职业球队都有许多来自国外的球员。 最近出现的另一个全球主题是体育被用于国际广告和营销。 体育为跨国营销和广告提供了非常有用的手段，因为体育提供的符号通常在国际上得到认可，体育提供了许多对广告很重要的主题和形象：速度、力量、竞争、毅力等等。 许多公司，如IBM和可口可乐，经常使用体育来宣传他们的产品，尽管这些公司并不直接销售与体育相关的产品 一些批评人士声称，像奥运会这样的大型国际活动被较少地用于国际理解和文化共享，因为它们是为了让大公司赚大钱。 虽然很明显，这些公司使用与体育相关的图像和符号在世界范围内得到了认可，但尚不清楚这会带来什么积极的好处。 无论如何，毫无疑问，体育将继续在全球化进程中发挥重要作用。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.prestigious 有声望的 2.fate 壮举 3.racism 种族主义 4.barrier 障碍 5.exclusion 排除 6.Caucasians 高加索人，白人 7.soared 急升 8.heralded 预定 9.sponsorship 赞助商 10.destined 注定 11.secluded 隔绝 12.fraction 小部分 13.remote 细微的 14.odds 可能性 15.lottery 彩票中奖 16.poverty 贫困 17.trajectory 轨迹 原文 Tiger Woods One of the most dramatic moments in golf occurred on April 13,1997. On that day，Eldrick“Tiger”Woods，at the young age of 21，won the prestigious Master golf tournament. Not only was Woods the youngest ever to perform the feat，Wood's score of 270 set a record for the tournament. His victory was also seen by many as a symbolic victory over years of racism in the sport of golf and in U.S. society in general. Woods' victory in 1997 came just two days after the fiftieth anniversary of the day American baseball players broke the color barrier in professional baseball. Also，Woods' victory came in a sport long recognized for racial exclusion. The Augusta National Golf Club excluded blacks from playing the Masters tournament until 1975，and the Professional Golfers Association only removed its“Caucasians only”rule in 1961. Woods was born in the state of Florida in 1975. He rose to fame quickly，winning the US amateur tournament from 1994-1996，National collegiate Athletic Association champion in 1996，and US Junior championship from 1991-1993. In the first year that Woods turned professional，it is estimated that over 650 million （U.S.）in extra revenue was generated in golf. Television ratings soared in the sport，and the Professional Golfers Association negotiate huge contracts with American television networks as a result of Woods' fame. Woods has also negotiated record-breaking private sponsorship deals with major firms such as Nike，Buick，Titleist，American Express，and many others. In fact，Woods negotiated deals in the million even before he turned professional. Truly an international sports celebrity，Woods sees himself as someone destined not only to be a great athlete，but also a person who will have some significant social or political impact on the world. It is not clear，however，what that impact will be. But there is little question that he will be one of the，if not the，richest athletes in history. Woods is destined not just to be a multi-millionaire，but a billionaire. Heralded by some as the first black champion in a traditionally racially secluded sport，he has also been received more cautiously by those who see the limitations of using black sports stars as role models for youth. Only a tiny fraction of African Americans have even a remote chance of becoming sports stars in any sport，especially golf. The odds，in fact，are so small that there is a much greater chance of winning a lottery. However，by some accounts as many as 80% of African American youth aspire to make a living from playing sports. Meanwhile，45% of African American children live below the poverty line in the U.S. If the trajectory of Woods' career continue on its current path，it is possible he will satisfy his father's wishes for Tiger：“to making an impact on the world.”it will be spiritual and humanitarian and will transcend the world of golf. 翻译 老虎伍兹 1997年4月13日是高尔夫运动中最激动人心的时刻之一。 那天，21岁的埃尔德里克·伍兹赢得了著名的高尔夫大师锦标赛。 伍德不仅是有史以来最年轻的选手，而且以270分的成绩创造了锦标赛的纪录。 他的胜利还被许多人视为对高尔夫运动和整个美国社会多年种族主义的象征性胜利。 1997年，伍兹的胜利发生在美国棒球球员打破职业棒球肤色障碍50周年纪念日的两天后。 此外，伍兹在一项长期以来被认为是种族排斥的体育运动中获胜。 奥古斯塔国家高尔夫俱乐部直到1975年还将黑人排除在大师赛之外，职业高尔夫球手协会直到1961年才取消了“仅限白种人”的规定。 伍兹1975年出生于佛罗里达州。 他迅速成名，在1994-1996年赢得美国业余锦标赛冠军，1996年获得美国大学生体育协会冠军，1991-1993年获得美国青少年锦标赛冠军。 在伍兹成为职业球员的第一年，据估计在高尔夫领域带来了超过6.5亿美元的额外收入。 这项运动的电视收视率飙升，职业高尔夫球手协会（Professional Golfers Association）因伍兹的名气与美国电视网签订了巨额合同。 伍兹还与耐克、别克、蒂特利斯特、美国运通等大公司达成了创纪录的私人赞助协议。 事实上，伍兹在成为职业球员之前就已经谈妥了数百万笔交易。 伍兹是一位真正的国际体育名人，他认为自己不仅注定会成为一名伟大的运动员，而且会对世界产生重大的社会或政治影响。 然而，目前尚不清楚这种影响会是什么。 但毫无疑问，他将成为历史上最富有的运动员之一。 伍兹不仅注定要成为千万富翁，而且注定要成为亿万富翁。 在传统上种族隔离的体育运动中，他被一些人誉为第一位黑人冠军，但也有人对他持更为谨慎的态度，认为让黑人体育明星作为年轻人的榜样存在局限性。 只有一小部分非裔美国人在运动中有微乎其微成为体育明星的机会，尤其是高尔夫。 事实上，概率很小，所以中彩票的几率要大得多。 然而，据一些人说，多达80%的非裔美国青年渴望通过运动谋生。 与此同时，45%的非裔美国儿童生活在美国贫困线以下。 如果伍兹的职业生涯继续沿着目前的道路发展，他可能会满足父亲对老虎的愿望：“对世界产生影响。”这将是精神和人道主义的，并将超越高尔夫世界。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.ascendancy 优势 2.wagered 打赌 3.prowess 英勇 4.platform 平台 5.unfolded 展开 6.distinction 奖赏 7.recreational 娱乐 8.equally 同样的 9.dispense 免除 原文 Rowing The sport of rowing is one of the oldest organized sports in the Western world. The modern version of the sport was developed mainly in England in the nineteenth century，especially in the public school system. However，boat races somewhat similar to the modern sport took place in ancient Greece during the ancient version of the Olympics. In the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries，rowing gained much popularity. The sport was particularly famous in countries with a history of immigration from Great British：Canada，Australia，and the United States of America. Most of the main colonial countries had national championship，and a world championship was regularly held. The sport developed either in private clubs or in elite educational institutions. In 1852，a race between Yale and Harvard universities in the U.S. was the first organized athletic competition of any kind. The turn of the century saw the sport's ascendancy to one of the largest spectator sports. Many regularly held races depended on betting and gambling to attract spectators. The biggest international matches attracted thousands of spectators，and much money was wagered. Canadian Ned Hanlan was perhaps the greatest of the early rowing champions. In the late nineteenth century，he dominated international rowing races. Hanlan also combined his rowing skill and prowess with his own unique brand of showmanship to attract spectators. Hanlan is also known for having invented the “sliding seat”. His wooden seat set on wheels greatly increased his efficiency and speed and gave him a distinct advantage over competitors. Before Hanlan's time，rowers would wipe grease on a wooden platform in the boat and slide over the grease. The old technique was less reliable and not allow as much leg drive as Hanlan's newly invented seat. As the twentieth century unfolded，rowing lost some of its earlier public support and distinction. In North America，as professional sports attracted the attention of spectators and television viewers，other amateur sporting traditions，such as rowing，lost support. Today，rowing maintains a strong tradition under the administration of the world governing body for the sport. However，the yearly world championship dose not typically receive attention of other major sport events，such as track and field. The highlight of rowing competition is undoubtedly the Olympic Games. However，older traditional races，such as the English Henley and the yearly Oxford-Cambridge Boat race，still attract large crowds. A more recently development in rowing is recreational and Masters rowing. In an attempt to regain popularity in the sport，many clubs in North America are offering less competitive recreational programs and encouraging older Master rowers to participate. This is probably a positive move in at least two reasons. One is that the sport will attract many more participants. However，the other equally importance reason is that the sport might dispense some of the “elitist”image many people have of the sport as “English old-boy”sport. 翻译 赛艇 赛艇运动是西方世界最古老的有组织运动之一。 这项运动的现代版本主要在19世纪的英国发展起来，尤其是在公立学校系统。 然而，在古代奥运会期间，古希腊举行了与现代体育运动有点相似的划船比赛。 在十九世纪末二十世纪初，划船运动得到了广泛的普及。 这项运动在有着英国移民历史的国家尤其著名：加拿大、澳大利亚和美利坚合众国。 大多数主要殖民地国家都举办了全国锦标赛，并定期举办世界锦标赛。 这项运动要么在私人俱乐部发展，要么在精英教育机构发展。 1852年，美国耶鲁大学和哈佛大学之间的比赛是所有活动中第一次有组织的体育比赛。 在世纪之交，这项运动逐渐成为观众最多的运动之一。 许多定期举行的比赛依靠博彩和赌博来吸引观众。 最大规模的国际比赛吸引了数千名观众，下了很多赌注。 加拿大人内德·汉兰可能是最伟大的早期赛艇冠军。 19世纪末，他主导了国际赛艇比赛。 汉兰还将自己的划船技巧和实力与自己独特的表演技巧相结合，以吸引观众。 汉兰还因发明了“滑动座椅”而闻名。 他的木制座椅安装在轮子上，极大地提高了他的效率和速度，使他比竞争对手具有明显的优势。 在汉兰的时代之前，划船者会在船上的木制平台上擦油，然后在油上滑行。 旧的技术不太可靠，不允许像汉兰新发明的座椅那样多的腿部活动。 随着二十世纪的发展，划船运动失去了一些早期的公众支持和声望。 在北美，随着职业体育吸引了观众和电视观众的注意，划船等其他业余体育传统也失去了支持。 今天，在世界划船运动管理机构的管理下，划船运动保持着强大的传统。 然而，一年一度的世界锦标赛通常不会受到类似田径等其他重大体育赛事的关注。 赛艇比赛的高光时刻无疑是奥运会。 然而，古老的传统比赛，如英国亨利和每年的牛津剑桥划船比赛，仍然吸引着大量的观众。 赛艇运动最近的一个发展是休闲和大师级赛艇。 为了在这项运动中重获人气，北美的许多俱乐部正在提供竞争力较弱的娱乐项目，并鼓励年长的赛艇大师参加。 这可能是一个积极的举动，其中至少有两个原因。 一是这项运动将吸引更多的参与者。 然而，另一个同样重要的原因是，这项运动可能要抹去许多人对这项运动的“精英”形象，即“英国老男孩”运动。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.formative 有持续重大影响的 2.lucrative 有利可图的 3.sculling 划船 4.fame 名声 5.mastery 精通 6.ingenious 精巧的 7.grease 润滑油 8.note-worthy 值得注意的 9.bronze statue 青铜像 原文 Ned Hanlan Edward Ned Hanlan（1855-1908）was one of the most important athletes in Canadian history. Hanlan，an oarsman，helped shape the direction of Canadian sport in its early，formative years. His combination of athletic successful and popularity with rowing spectators helped promote the cause of rowing and professional sport. In the late-nineteenth century，rowing was one of the，if not the，most popular sports in Canada. The sport received as much if not more press coverage and general public interest than any other sport. In addition，the sport's long history in Canada，Great Britain，Australia，and the United States developed into well-organized national and international championships，including one of the first regularly held World Championships in any sport. In fact，Hanlan was a regular winner of World Championship titles. Part of the popularity of rowing involved gambling and lucrative prizes. Spectators regularly bet on single sculling，in much the same way they do on horse racing today. Hanlan quickly rose to fame in the late-nineteenth century through a combination of careful financial planning of his athletic career and his mastery of the sport. Perhaps his most ingenious invention was the now-common“sliding seat”. By fixing wheels onto a wooden seat，Hanlan gained an advantage over his competitors，who slid back and forth in the boat on grease. The extra use of his legs translated into greater boat speed for Hanlan. Hanlan was also note-worthy for his methods of gaining popularity with his fans. Recognizing the importance of the entertainment value of sport，Hanlan would regularly wave to the crowds and perform rowing“tricks”such as remove his hands from the oars in the middle of the race. He was even known to fake an injury in the middle of a race，only to recover just in time to win the race. Of course，the addition purpose of this strategy was to raise gambling odds，thus making himself and his financial handlers wealthier from his victories. In the 1870s and 1880s，Hanlan won and then successfully defended his World Championship title seven times. He also competed in commercial exhibitions and rowing tours around the world. After his competitive career ended，Hanlan went on to coach younger oarsmen in two North American universities：Toronto and Columbia. So famous was Hanlan that one major newspaper in Canada claimed he was the single greatest agent for attracting new immigrants to the young country. Today，a bronze statue stands in Toronto in honor his success，and an island just off the shores of the city of Toronto is named after Hanlan.