在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.consensus 共识 2.transnational 跨国的 3.coverage 新闻报道 4.reinforce 加强 5.tension 紧张 6.bloc 集团，联盟 7.device 方法 原文 Globalization and Sport One of the most recognized and widely debated terms in recently times is “globalization”. While there is little consensus as to what it actually is，there is little doubt that the world has in one way or another become more inter-connected. Mass communications and transportation technology，in addition to the rise of transnational corporate culture，have combined to produced a new global culture. At the same time，sport has become one of the most recognized elements of global culture. In fact，it has been claimed that there are no other events in the world that attract the attention of more people around the world than sports events，especially the Olympic Games and the World Cup football（soccer）tournament. It is difficult to think other events that attract the world's attention in the same manner as sport. Global themes infuse international sporting events in several ways. One of those ways is in advertising. Major transnational corporations using major events like the Olympic Games advertise with global themes and images. In addition，media coverage of major events often emphasizes national and international themes. These themes can be both positive and negative. For example，sport can reinforce international cooperation and cultural learning，but it can also be used to reinforce themes of aggressive nationalism and create tension between countries. This was clearly that case during the Cold War from World War Ⅱ to the late-1980s，in which West Bloc and East Bloc nations regularly did battle at the Olympic Games. More recently，additional global themes have appeared. The international immigration and movement of athletes is one theme. Increasingly，professional and elite amateur athletes are attracted to other. Football（soccer）is one sport that practices“athlete immigration”frequently. Many professional teams in Europe，for example，have many players from outside the team's nation. An additional global theme that has appeared lately is sport used for international advertising and marketing. Sport provides a very useful device for transnational marketing and advertising because the symbols provided by sport are often recognized internationally，and sport provides many of the themes and images important to adverting：speed，strength，competition，perseverance，and so forth. Many corporations such as IBM and Coca-Cola regularly use sport to advertise their products，even though these corporations don't sell sport related products directly Some critics have claimed that major international events such as the Olympic Games are being used less for international understanding and cultural sharing as they are for making big corporations a lot of money. While it is clear that the sport-related images and symbols used by these corporations are recognized worldwide，it is not so clear what positive benefits are accrued from this. In any case，there is little doubt that sport will continue to play a vital role in the globalization process. 翻译 全球化与体育 “全球化”是近年来最受认可和广泛讨论的术语之一。 虽然人们对它的实际情况几乎没有共识，但毫无疑问，世界在某种程度上变得更加相互关联。 大众传播和运输技术，加上跨国企业文化的兴起，共同催生了一种新的全球文化。 与此同时，体育已经成为全球文化中最受认可的元素之一。 事实上，有人声称，世界上没有其他赛事比体育赛事更能吸引全世界更多人的注意力，尤其是奥运会和世界杯足球赛。 很难想象其他赛事会像体育一样吸引全世界的注意力。 全球主题以多种方式注入国际体育赛事。 其中之一就是广告。 大型跨国公司利用奥运会等重大事件，以全球主题和形象进行广告宣传。 此外，媒体对重大事件的报道往往强调国家和国际主题。 这些主题可以是正面的，也可以是负面的。 例如，体育可以加强国际合作和文化学习，但也可以用来强化激进民族主义的主题，并在国家之间制造紧张关系。 一个更明显的例子是从第二次世界大战到20世纪80年代末的冷战期间，西方集团和东方集团国家经常在奥运会上交锋。 最近，又出现了新的全球主题。 运动员的国际移民和迁移是一个主题。 职业运动员和业余精英运动员越来越多地被其他运动员所吸引。 足球是一项经常实践“运动员移民”的运动。 例如，欧洲的许多职业球队都有许多来自国外的球员。 最近出现的另一个全球主题是体育被用于国际广告和营销。 体育为跨国营销和广告提供了非常有用的手段，因为体育提供的符号通常在国际上得到认可，体育提供了许多对广告很重要的主题和形象：速度、力量、竞争、毅力等等。 许多公司，如IBM和可口可乐，经常使用体育来宣传他们的产品，尽管这些公司并不直接销售与体育相关的产品 一些批评人士声称，像奥运会这样的大型国际活动被较少地用于国际理解和文化共享，因为它们是为了让大公司赚大钱。 虽然很明显，这些公司使用与体育相关的图像和符号在世界范围内得到了认可，但尚不清楚这会带来什么积极的好处。 无论如何，毫无疑问，体育将继续在全球化进程中发挥重要作用。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.prestigious 有声望的 2.fate 壮举 3.racism 种族主义 4.barrier 障碍 5.exclusion 排除 6.Caucasians 高加索人，白人 7.soared 急升 8.heralded 预定 9.sponsorship 赞助商 10.destined 注定 11.secluded 隔绝 12.fraction 小部分 13.remote 细微的 14.odds 可能性 15.lottery 彩票中奖 16.poverty 贫困 17.trajectory 轨迹 原文 Tiger Woods One of the most dramatic moments in golf occurred on April 13,1997. On that day，Eldrick“Tiger”Woods，at the young age of 21，won the prestigious Master golf tournament. Not only was Woods the youngest ever to perform the feat，Wood's score of 270 set a record for the tournament. His victory was also seen by many as a symbolic victory over years of racism in the sport of golf and in U.S. society in general. Woods' victory in 1997 came just two days after the fiftieth anniversary of the day American baseball players broke the color barrier in professional baseball. Also，Woods' victory came in a sport long recognized for racial exclusion. The Augusta National Golf Club excluded blacks from playing the Masters tournament until 1975，and the Professional Golfers Association only removed its“Caucasians only”rule in 1961. Woods was born in the state of Florida in 1975. He rose to fame quickly，winning the US amateur tournament from 1994-1996，National collegiate Athletic Association champion in 1996，and US Junior championship from 1991-1993. In the first year that Woods turned professional，it is estimated that over 650 million （U.S.）in extra revenue was generated in golf. Television ratings soared in the sport，and the Professional Golfers Association negotiate huge contracts with American television networks as a result of Woods' fame. Woods has also negotiated record-breaking private sponsorship deals with major firms such as Nike，Buick，Titleist，American Express，and many others. In fact，Woods negotiated deals in the million even before he turned professional. Truly an international sports celebrity，Woods sees himself as someone destined not only to be a great athlete，but also a person who will have some significant social or political impact on the world. It is not clear，however，what that impact will be. But there is little question that he will be one of the，if not the，richest athletes in history. Woods is destined not just to be a multi-millionaire，but a billionaire. Heralded by some as the first black champion in a traditionally racially secluded sport，he has also been received more cautiously by those who see the limitations of using black sports stars as role models for youth. Only a tiny fraction of African Americans have even a remote chance of becoming sports stars in any sport，especially golf. The odds，in fact，are so small that there is a much greater chance of winning a lottery. However，by some accounts as many as 80% of African American youth aspire to make a living from playing sports. Meanwhile，45% of African American children live below the poverty line in the U.S. If the trajectory of Woods' career continue on its current path，it is possible he will satisfy his father's wishes for Tiger：“to making an impact on the world.”it will be spiritual and humanitarian and will transcend the world of golf. 翻译 老虎伍兹 1997年4月13日是高尔夫运动中最激动人心的时刻之一。 那天，21岁的埃尔德里克·伍兹赢得了著名的高尔夫大师锦标赛。 伍德不仅是有史以来最年轻的选手，而且以270分的成绩创造了锦标赛的纪录。 他的胜利还被许多人视为对高尔夫运动和整个美国社会多年种族主义的象征性胜利。 1997年，伍兹的胜利发生在美国棒球球员打破职业棒球肤色障碍50周年纪念日的两天后。 此外，伍兹在一项长期以来被认为是种族排斥的体育运动中获胜。 奥古斯塔国家高尔夫俱乐部直到1975年还将黑人排除在大师赛之外，职业高尔夫球手协会直到1961年才取消了“仅限白种人”的规定。 伍兹1975年出生于佛罗里达州。 他迅速成名，在1994-1996年赢得美国业余锦标赛冠军，1996年获得美国大学生体育协会冠军，1991-1993年获得美国青少年锦标赛冠军。 在伍兹成为职业球员的第一年，据估计在高尔夫领域带来了超过6.5亿美元的额外收入。 这项运动的电视收视率飙升，职业高尔夫球手协会（Professional Golfers Association）因伍兹的名气与美国电视网签订了巨额合同。 伍兹还与耐克、别克、蒂特利斯特、美国运通等大公司达成了创纪录的私人赞助协议。 事实上，伍兹在成为职业球员之前就已经谈妥了数百万笔交易。 伍兹是一位真正的国际体育名人，他认为自己不仅注定会成为一名伟大的运动员，而且会对世界产生重大的社会或政治影响。 然而，目前尚不清楚这种影响会是什么。 但毫无疑问，他将成为历史上最富有的运动员之一。 伍兹不仅注定要成为千万富翁，而且注定要成为亿万富翁。 在传统上种族隔离的体育运动中，他被一些人誉为第一位黑人冠军，但也有人对他持更为谨慎的态度，认为让黑人体育明星作为年轻人的榜样存在局限性。 只有一小部分非裔美国人在运动中有微乎其微成为体育明星的机会，尤其是高尔夫。 事实上，概率很小，所以中彩票的几率要大得多。 然而，据一些人说，多达80%的非裔美国青年渴望通过运动谋生。 与此同时，45%的非裔美国儿童生活在美国贫困线以下。 如果伍兹的职业生涯继续沿着目前的道路发展，他可能会满足父亲对老虎的愿望：“对世界产生影响。”这将是精神和人道主义的，并将超越高尔夫世界。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.ascendancy 优势 2.wagered 打赌 3.prowess 英勇 4.platform 平台 5.unfolded 展开 6.distinction 奖赏 7.recreational 娱乐 8.equally 同样的 9.dispense 免除 原文 Rowing The sport of rowing is one of the oldest organized sports in the Western world. The modern version of the sport was developed mainly in England in the nineteenth century，especially in the public school system. However，boat races somewhat similar to the modern sport took place in ancient Greece during the ancient version of the Olympics. In the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries，rowing gained much popularity. The sport was particularly famous in countries with a history of immigration from Great British：Canada，Australia，and the United States of America. Most of the main colonial countries had national championship，and a world championship was regularly held. The sport developed either in private clubs or in elite educational institutions. In 1852，a race between Yale and Harvard universities in the U.S. was the first organized athletic competition of any kind. The turn of the century saw the sport's ascendancy to one of the largest spectator sports. Many regularly held races depended on betting and gambling to attract spectators. The biggest international matches attracted thousands of spectators，and much money was wagered. Canadian Ned Hanlan was perhaps the greatest of the early rowing champions. In the late nineteenth century，he dominated international rowing races. Hanlan also combined his rowing skill and prowess with his own unique brand of showmanship to attract spectators. Hanlan is also known for having invented the “sliding seat”. His wooden seat set on wheels greatly increased his efficiency and speed and gave him a distinct advantage over competitors. Before Hanlan's time，rowers would wipe grease on a wooden platform in the boat and slide over the grease. The old technique was less reliable and not allow as much leg drive as Hanlan's newly invented seat. As the twentieth century unfolded，rowing lost some of its earlier public support and distinction. In North America，as professional sports attracted the attention of spectators and television viewers，other amateur sporting traditions，such as rowing，lost support. Today，rowing maintains a strong tradition under the administration of the world governing body for the sport. However，the yearly world championship dose not typically receive attention of other major sport events，such as track and field. The highlight of rowing competition is undoubtedly the Olympic Games. However，older traditional races，such as the English Henley and the yearly Oxford-Cambridge Boat race，still attract large crowds. A more recently development in rowing is recreational and Masters rowing. In an attempt to regain popularity in the sport，many clubs in North America are offering less competitive recreational programs and encouraging older Master rowers to participate. This is probably a positive move in at least two reasons. One is that the sport will attract many more participants. However，the other equally importance reason is that the sport might dispense some of the “elitist”image many people have of the sport as “English old-boy”sport. 翻译 赛艇 赛艇运动是西方世界最古老的有组织运动之一。 这项运动的现代版本主要在19世纪的英国发展起来，尤其是在公立学校系统。 然而，在古代奥运会期间，古希腊举行了与现代体育运动有点相似的划船比赛。 在十九世纪末二十世纪初，划船运动得到了广泛的普及。 这项运动在有着英国移民历史的国家尤其著名：加拿大、澳大利亚和美利坚合众国。 大多数主要殖民地国家都举办了全国锦标赛，并定期举办世界锦标赛。 这项运动要么在私人俱乐部发展，要么在精英教育机构发展。 1852年，美国耶鲁大学和哈佛大学之间的比赛是所有活动中第一次有组织的体育比赛。 在世纪之交，这项运动逐渐成为观众最多的运动之一。 许多定期举行的比赛依靠博彩和赌博来吸引观众。 最大规模的国际比赛吸引了数千名观众，下了很多赌注。 加拿大人内德·汉兰可能是最伟大的早期赛艇冠军。 19世纪末，他主导了国际赛艇比赛。 汉兰还将自己的划船技巧和实力与自己独特的表演技巧相结合，以吸引观众。 汉兰还因发明了“滑动座椅”而闻名。 他的木制座椅安装在轮子上，极大地提高了他的效率和速度，使他比竞争对手具有明显的优势。 在汉兰的时代之前，划船者会在船上的木制平台上擦油，然后在油上滑行。 旧的技术不太可靠，不允许像汉兰新发明的座椅那样多的腿部活动。 随着二十世纪的发展，划船运动失去了一些早期的公众支持和声望。 在北美，随着职业体育吸引了观众和电视观众的注意，划船等其他业余体育传统也失去了支持。 今天，在世界划船运动管理机构的管理下，划船运动保持着强大的传统。 然而，一年一度的世界锦标赛通常不会受到类似田径等其他重大体育赛事的关注。 赛艇比赛的高光时刻无疑是奥运会。 然而，古老的传统比赛，如英国亨利和每年的牛津剑桥划船比赛，仍然吸引着大量的观众。 赛艇运动最近的一个发展是休闲和大师级赛艇。 为了在这项运动中重获人气，北美的许多俱乐部正在提供竞争力较弱的娱乐项目，并鼓励年长的赛艇大师参加。 这可能是一个积极的举动，其中至少有两个原因。 一是这项运动将吸引更多的参与者。 然而，另一个同样重要的原因是，这项运动可能要抹去许多人对这项运动的“精英”形象，即“英国老男孩”运动。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.formative 有持续重大影响的 2.lucrative 有利可图的 3.sculling 划船 4.fame 名声 5.mastery 精通 6.ingenious 精巧的 7.grease 润滑油 8.note-worthy 值得注意的 9.bronze statue 青铜像 原文 Ned Hanlan Edward Ned Hanlan（1855-1908）was one of the most important athletes in Canadian history. Hanlan，an oarsman，helped shape the direction of Canadian sport in its early，formative years. His combination of athletic successful and popularity with rowing spectators helped promote the cause of rowing and professional sport. In the late-nineteenth century，rowing was one of the，if not the，most popular sports in Canada. The sport received as much if not more press coverage and general public interest than any other sport. In addition，the sport's long history in Canada，Great Britain，Australia，and the United States developed into well-organized national and international championships，including one of the first regularly held World Championships in any sport. In fact，Hanlan was a regular winner of World Championship titles. Part of the popularity of rowing involved gambling and lucrative prizes. Spectators regularly bet on single sculling，in much the same way they do on horse racing today. Hanlan quickly rose to fame in the late-nineteenth century through a combination of careful financial planning of his athletic career and his mastery of the sport. Perhaps his most ingenious invention was the now-common“sliding seat”. By fixing wheels onto a wooden seat，Hanlan gained an advantage over his competitors，who slid back and forth in the boat on grease. The extra use of his legs translated into greater boat speed for Hanlan. Hanlan was also note-worthy for his methods of gaining popularity with his fans. Recognizing the importance of the entertainment value of sport，Hanlan would regularly wave to the crowds and perform rowing“tricks”such as remove his hands from the oars in the middle of the race. He was even known to fake an injury in the middle of a race，only to recover just in time to win the race. Of course，the addition purpose of this strategy was to raise gambling odds，thus making himself and his financial handlers wealthier from his victories. In the 1870s and 1880s，Hanlan won and then successfully defended his World Championship title seven times. He also competed in commercial exhibitions and rowing tours around the world. After his competitive career ended，Hanlan went on to coach younger oarsmen in two North American universities：Toronto and Columbia. So famous was Hanlan that one major newspaper in Canada claimed he was the single greatest agent for attracting new immigrants to the young country. Today，a bronze statue stands in Toronto in honor his success，and an island just off the shores of the city of Toronto is named after Hanlan.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.association 协会 2.lacrosse 曲棍球 3.estimate 估算 4.prestigious 有声望的 5.advent 到来 6.franchises 特许经营权 7.dominated 主导 8.audience 观众 9.urban 城市的 10.component 组成部分 11.reinforce 加强 12.sought-after 受欢迎的 13.sovereignty 主权 14.separate 独立的 15.entity 实体 原文 Professional Sport in Canada Canada is relatively a young country，existing as a separate national and political entity only since 1967. As a result，its sporting traditions are relatively young as well. Most of the professional teams and leagues in Canada developed only in the last 30 years or so. However，athletes playing their respective sports for money date back to the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Canada has six National Hockey League（NHL）teams，eight Canadian Football League（CFL）clubs，two Major League Baseball（MLB）clubs，and one National Basketball Association（NBA）team. There are also smaller professional soccer and lacrosse leagues in Canada. It is estimated that professional sports and leagues throughout the country contribute over 600 million dollars in value to the country's economy，and account for over 23000 jobs. Of the professional sports，hockey has the longest history and the greatest cultural influence on Canadians. The NHL has been in existence since 1917，however，organized professional and amateur leagues existed in Canada long before then. Many small-town teams competed for local or provincial championships，and had a strong influence on those Canadians who had little access to，or knowledge of，big-city teams in Toronto or Montreal. In fact，it was not until NHL games were broadcast on Canadian national radio“Hockey Night in Canada”radio broadcasts that many Canadians had experienced an NHL games. In deed，despite the fact that NHL was considered as Canada's most prestigious league，it was not until the advent of television in the 1950s that the most Canadian had even seen an NHL game. Today，all professional sport in Canada is in one way or another effected by the more powerful American leagues. In the sports of baseball and basketball，Canada has no professional league of its own. Instead，Canadian teams play in the American-dominated leagues. The leagues require a large concentrated audience in order to generate revenues for the team and，in turn，the leagues in general. As a result，the major team franchises exist in the large urban centers：Toronto，Montreal，Vancouver. Even between these cities，the teams are even not spread. Probably the most famous team in American-dominated leagues are both Toronto teams：the“Blue Jays”in Major Baseball League and the“Raptors”in the National Basketball Association. Many Canadians worry that American dominance of professional sport is a threat to Canadian independence. As an important component of national culture，sport reflects and reinforces the norms and values of Canada. However，the most sought-after and visible team in Canada are ones in American-dominated leagues. Even the National Hockey Leagues-once considered a secure of Canadian sports icon-has its corporate offices in New York. Debates about the threat of American-dominated professional sport to Canadian sovereignty will undoubtedly continue in the future.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.harsher 残酷的 2.rowing 划船 3.track and field 田径 4.rugby football 橄榄球 5.cricket 板球 6.oarsmen 桨手 7.seemingly insurmountable lead 看似不可超越的领导地位 8.rival 对手 9.pursuit 追赶 10.role models 榜样 11.crucial 关键 原文 Sport in Canada There is a long and rich history of sport participation in Canada. Many of sports and games Canadians currently play can be tracked back to the early days of Canadian history. In the nineteenth century，sport and games in Canada were not highly organized. Few people had the time or money for playing games. The harsher aspects of everyday life took precedence. However，around the turn of the century，several amateur sport organizations emerged. These groups attempted to organize sports competitions，set rules，and develop teams and leagues. As a result，organized competitions quickly grew in number around this period in time，especially in the 50-year period between 1870 and 1920. Some of the earliest sports organized in Canada were rifle shooting，rowing，track and field，rugby football，skating，cricket，and golf，among others. Many of these sports were imported of sporting traditions from Great British. This made sense given that many of the leaders of early amateur sports organizations were recent British immigrants to Canada. An example of early Canadian sport can be seen in the sport of rowing. Imported from the rowing traditions in England，rowing was one of the most famous sports in early Canadian history. Although relatively few Canadians actually rowed themselves，many participated as spectators. Rowing race between Canadian oarsmen and between Canadian and international competitors were famous events. Also，gambling and betting on the outcome of races attracted many spectators. The most famous Canadian athlete of the times was Ned Hanlan（1855-1908）. An oarsman，Hanlan remained to this day one of the most famous athletes in Canadian history. In fact，during his life，he was very famous throughout the world. A Canadian and world champion several times over，Hanlan was a fierce competitor However，Hanlan was also famous for his appeal to spectators. He made a regular practice of gaining a seemingly insurmountable lead over his rival and then stopping to wave at the crowds of shoreline. He would even slow down during a race，allowing his competition to catch him up，only to take the win at the last time. These exploits made Hanlan one of the first showmen in sport；he recognized the importance of the entertainment value of sport. Sport in Canada has developed rapidly since Hanlan's time. Today，Canada has a complex system of amateur sports organizations and professional leagues. In addition，in the 1960s the federal government of Canada became directly involved in the pursuit of healthy lifestyle and sporting traditions of Canadians. Today，the government provides fund for elite amateur athletes preparing for World Champions and the Olympic Games. The athletic role models produced by these government programs are crucial to Canadians in general.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.revival 复兴 2.Baron Pierre 皮埃尔男爵 3.brainchild 创新 4.philosophy 哲学 5.ethical 伦理 6.envisioned 设想 7.noble 高尚的 8.sympathetic 让人喜爱的 9.camaraderie 友情 10.nobility 高贵的品质 11.adherence 遵守 12.states 规定 13.contradict 相反 14.underlying 根本 15.violation 违规 16.intent 意图 原文 The Olympic Games The modern Olympic Games began in the late-nineteenth as a revival of the ancient Olympic Games. Now just over one hundred years old，the modern Olympic movement is the biggest and most important sports movement in the world. In fact，many people believe that the Olympic Games to be the most important cultural event of any kind in the world. The modern Olympic Games were the brainchild of the Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin. De Coubertin's dream for an international sports event and cultural movement became a reality in 1894 at the International Athletic Congress in Paris. After the Games were constituted in 1894，the first Olympic Games were held in Athens，Greece，in 1896，in recognition of the ancient Greek Olympic Games. The original purpose of the Olympic Games in de Coubertin's mind was to celebrate and strengthen the physical，mental，and cultural qualities of humanity. The Games would blend sport with culture，tradition，and education. The philosophy of Olympism is based on the joy of physical and mental effort and the respect for the universal ethical principles. De Coubertin envisioned creating a more noble and sympathetic humanity through the Olympic movement. The sports events themselves de Coubertin modeled after the English public school sport system. He saw in upper-class English boys' sport the qualities of camaraderie，nobility，and honesty. Most importantly，however，was adherence to the rules of sport，in particularly the rules that stated sports ought to be amateur in nature. De Coubertin believed that participants should never participate in sport for the purpose of making money. To do so would contradict the underlying philosophy of sport. Breaking amateur rule in de Coubertin's time was serious a violation as taking drugs to enhance performance is in today's world of sport. Over time ，the Olympics grew to be the largest international festival of any kind. Today，debates exist as to the degree to which the modern Games adhere to de Coubertin's original intent. On the one hand，the Olympic sport is truly international in nature，as de Coubertin would have wanted it. On the other hand，it is doubtful that de Coubertin would have admired the existence of politics，commercialism，and drug use in sport. The Olympics have become truly international，but perhaps at a price. There is little question that the Olympic Games hold out the possibility for fulfilling de Coubertin's original goal of sport contributing to a better，more peaceful and understanding world.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.recreation 娱乐 2.commercials 广告 3.inception 开端 4.terminated 结束 原文 ParticipAction “ParticipAction”was the name of the Canadian government program designed to encourage Canadians to get and stay physically fit. Created in 1971 by the federal government，ParticipAction was successful in encouraging Canadians to be active and to stay healthy. ParticipAction was created by the Canadian Liberal government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Trudeau believed that sports and recreation should play an important role in the lives of Canadian citizens. His government took two steps towards the accomplishment of this goal. First，a government agency was created to provide funds for high performance athletes，such as training and competing in the Olympic Games. A second agency was created to encourage participation and physical activity in the general Canadian population. It was out of this second agency that ParticipAction was born. ParticipAction became very famous in the 1970s，because of a series of television commercials. In these commercials，a young Canadian in his 20's was seen being out-run by 60-year old Swedish man. The message was that the Canadians had become lazy and inactive. This was probably true of Canadians at the time. Physical fitness was not highly encouraged in schools，specially for women. Also，the government played little role in encouraging physical activity before ParticipAction. The result of ParticipAction was impressive. Canadians became more active in the years following the program's inception. Also，fitness and activity were encouraged through physical education programs. ParticipAction was seen as a positive program because it got Canadians active while reducing health care costs caused by inactivity and poor physical conditioning. Recently，ParticipAction was terminated by the federal government because of a lack of funding. Many people thought that this was a shame given the positive messages the program gave to otherwise inactive Canadians. Despite the program's termination，ParticipAction has made a long-lasting impression on Canadians. Hopefully，its positive example of physical fitness for Canadians will continue in the future.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.elite 精英 2.detection 探测 3.fierce 激烈 4.stimulants 兴奋剂 5.encounter 遭遇 6.amphetamine 安飞他命 7.experimenting 实验 8.synthetic steroid 合成类固醇 9.sprinter 短跑者 10.stripped 除去 11.inquiry 调查 原文 Drug Use in Sport Athletes using drugs to enhance performance has become one of the greatest problems facing elite international sport. Major sports organizations，such as the International Olympic Committee，are putting a lot of time，effort and money into the detection of drugs. The race between the athletes using drugs and detection agencies seems to be just as fierce as sport competition itself. Athletes have been using drugs or other simulants to enhance performance for centuries. Even athletes in the ancient Olympic Games in Greece used various simulants to enhance performance. However，since the 1950s the degree of drugs use has risen a level never before seen in human athlete history. Drugs testing began in the Olympic Games in the 1960s. One of the first sports to encounter drugs was cycling. During the 1960，Summer Olympic Game in Rome，Italy，a cyclist died from amphetamine use. In 1967，another cyclist died in the Tour de France cycling race. Around the same period，body-builders in the United States were experimenting with newly developed synthetic steroids that built muscle mass. As a result，the International Olympic Committee started testing for steroid during the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal，Canada. Probably the most famous case of an athlete using drugs was Canadian sprinter，Ben Johnson. After winning the 100-meter sprint in the 1988 Summer Olympic Games in Seoul，South Korea，Johnson's drug test was found to be positive. Johnson took a synthetic steroid to build muscle mass and enhance power. Eventually，Johnson was stripped of his gold medal. In the aftermath Johnson's positive drug use，the Canadian conducted a federal inquiry into drug use in Canadian sport. The government inquiry was the largest one to have been conducted in any country up to that point in time. The results of the inquiry found drug use among Canadian athletes was very common. The inquiry stated that there were problems beyond just individual athletes，such as Johnson，taking drugs to enhance performance. Indeed，it was stated that there was a moral crisis throughout sport. Today，the race between drug detection agencies and athletes who use drugs continues. In January 2000，the International Olympic Committee created a new agency to detect drug use：the World Anti-Doping Agency（WADA）. WADA has developed increased resources for drug detection，especially in Olympic sports. Hopefully，WADA will be able to keep pace with the current moral crisis in sport.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.caliber 水准 2.entertaining 有娱乐性 3.revenues 收益 4.amateur 业余 5.dominant 主导的 6.commercial 商业的 7.vigorously 精力旺盛地 8.skyrocketed 飞涨 9.bankrupt 倒闭 10.monopoly 垄断 11.collective bargaining 集体谈判 12.sought-after 受欢迎的 13.trophy 奖杯 原文 The National Hockey League The National Hockey League（or NHL）is the most largest and successful North American professional hockey league. The NHL provides Canadians and Americans with the highest caliber and most entertaining hockey on the continent. The NHL was created in 1917 by a group of Canadian and American businessmen. Their two central goals were to create a league that provided the most entertaining hockey in North America and generated revenues and profits. This was a somewhat new idea at that time. While there were some for-profit leagues in existence，most were amateur. This meant that players，coaches，and owners of teams were not allowed to make money from playing the game of hockey. It took several decades for the NHL to become the most dominate league. In the early days，a few professional or commercial leagues competed with the NHL for the public's entertainment dollar. Leagues competed vigorously for the best players in order to be successful and attract spectators and fans. While this was beneficial for players because they could command higher salaries，it was bad for business because owners' expenses skyrocketed. As a result，many teams and leagues went bankrupt. By the 1930s，however，the NHL remained as the only major professional hockey league in North America. This effectively kept players' salaries down and reduced expenses. The NHL's team owners realizes that in order for the league to be a successful commercial business，they would have to stop competing against each other off the ice. This was best accomplished by ensuring the only one major league existed，so that competition was reduced. To this day，the same business model is followed，and the NHL is still the only major professional hockey league in North America. For several decades in the mid-twentieth century，the NHL owners were extremely successful financially. They generated very high profits because having a monopoly in the hockey market，they could limit the sale and trade for players. When players signed on to a team，they generally did so for life，and the pay rate determined by the owner. Players were forced to accept these conditions，because there were no other league in existence. This all changed in the 1970s when players organized to form a players' union. Through the collective bargaining process，players gradually fought owners for higher pay and greater rights. Today，many players are very wealthy for this reason. If it was not for the players' union，it is likely they would still be working in similar conditions to those during the early days of the NHL：low pay and little freedom to move from team to team. With NHL owners and players cooperating，the NHL continued to be the most successful and entertaining hockey league in North America. Teams across Canada and the United States compete for the prized Stanley Cup，the most sought-after trophy in North America hockey.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.emphasis 重要性 2.perceived 意识 3.high-caliber 高水平 4.amateur 业余 5.disqualified 取消资格 原文 Sport Canada Sport Canada is the name of Canada's federal government program to help support athletes. The purpose of Sport Canada is to develop and encourage sport，health，and exercise programs for all Canadians. However，Sport Canada's main emphasis is on high-performance athletes training for major international athletic competition，such as the Olympic Games. Sport Canada was created in 1970s as a response to the perceived need to help athletes train and compete in international sport. Before the 1970s，athletes was wishing to train and compete in sport had to support themselves financially. Athletes were either independently wealthy，or were supported by family or friends. Unfortunately，many high-caliber athlete without such financial support simply could not afford to train and compete in international competition. Also，before the early 1970s almost all international sports events were amateur. Amateur rules meant those receiving funds from government programs or corporations were breaking the rules of sport. Athletes receiving money were disqualified from competition. As a result，the amateur rules generally limited training and competition to those athletes who came from wealthier families. Less fortunate athletes，many of whom likely would have performed well for Canada in international competitions，simply could not afford to do so. Sport Canada has been a role model for many government-run sport programs around the world. With its central administrative offices in Canada's capital of Ottawa，Sport Canada efficiently provides administrative，coaching and financial help for athletes across the country. Athletes can concentrate their efforts full-time on training and competition. As a result，Canada's share of the medal totals in the Olympic Games has risen since the 1970s. Recently，Sport Canada's programs have been criticized by some who feel that the program dose not provide enough money for athletes. While it does provide financial assistance to athletes，the amount paid is well below Canada's minimum wage. Critics point out that athletes work full time and perform an important function for the Canada's government and people. As a result of this criticism，the Canadian government has provided more money for athletes. However，the amount is still below the minimum wage level. As a result，the amount paid to athletes likely to rise in the future. As long as it effectively manages problems such as funding，Sport Canada will continue to provide the Canadian public with international-caliber athletes who compete with the very best in the world.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.humble 卑微的 2.reserve 储备 3.unparalleled 无与伦比的 4.nestled 依偎的 5.magnificent 壮丽的 6.emerald 祖母绿的 7.jagged 参差不齐的 8.windswept 风挂的 9.landscape 风景 10.struggling 奋斗的 11.forged 艰苦干成 12.spectacular 壮观的 13.glistening glacier 闪光的冰川 14.alpine meadow 高山草甸 15.crystal 水晶 16.raging 猛烈的 17.canyons 峡谷 18.hoodoos 石林 19.sweeping vistas 开阔的景观 20.allure 诱惑 21.scenic 风景的 22.moose 驼鹿 原文 Banff National Park Banff National Park is Canada's oldest and most famous national park. It was founded in 1885 after the discovery of the Cave and Basin Hot Springs. From humble beginnings as 26 square kilometers hot springs reserve，Banff National Park now consists of 6641 square kilometers of unparalleled mountain scenery nestled in the heart of the magnificent Canadian Rockies. Each year，millions of visitors come to Banff to marvel at the emerald waters of Lake Louise，walk amongst the flower-filled heavens at Sunshine Meadows，and driving beneath the towering jagged peaks lining the ice fields parkway between Banff and Jasper. Ten thousand years ago，natives camped on the shores of the Vermilion Lakes beneath the windswept peak of Mount Rundle. They are the only people here to enjoy the mountain landscape，the beautiful sunrises and the hot springs. Nearly ten millennia later，a struggling nation forged a crazy dream of connecting itself from sea to sea with steel rails，and from this railway venture was born Canada's most famous park，Banff National Park. Banff National Park contains some of the most spectacular mountain scenery in the world. Snow-capped peaks，glistening glaciers，ice fields，alpines meadows，blue cold crystal clear lakes，raging rivers，mineral hot springs，deep canyons，hoodoos and sweeping vistas，are just one part of the allure of Banff National Park. The park is also the home of some of North America's wildest creatures，including black and grizzly bears，caribou and wolves. Banff and Lake Louis are two major towns in Banff National Park. As the largest town in the park，Banff is“Canada's Highest Town”at 1384m（4540ft）above sea level. Lake Louise，with its blue-green water set against the stark backdrop of Victoria Glacier，is the highest permanent settlement in Canada at 1536m（5039feet）above the sea level and probably the most beloved and most photographed scene in the Canadian Rockies. In Banff National Park，driving through the Bow Valley Parkway，one of the world's most scenic highways，is a good opportunity to see animals，particularly deer，bears and moose. Banff National Park is part of the UNESCO Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site.