在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.endurance 耐力 2.steady 稳定 3.baton 接力棒 4.shot put 推铅球 5.javelin 标枪 6.spear 矛 原文 Track and Field In many parts of the world，the sport of track and field is very popular. Actually，the sport of track and field includes many different sports. In some of these sports，the athletes run on a track. The athletes race against each other to find out who can run the fastest. Some of these track events require great speed for a short distance. In the 100 meter race，the athletes must sprint as quickly as possible. Some athletes can run 100 meters in only 10 seconds！ Other track races are much longer，and these events require great endurance. In the marathon，the athletes must run a distance of 42 kilometers. Because this is such a long distance，the athletes cannot run too quickly at the start. Instead，it is important to run at a steady pace and keep some energy for the end of the race. Some athletes can run the marathon in little more than two hours！ Some races are called middle distance races，because the distance is not very short，yet it is also not very long. For example，the 1500 meters requires a mixture of speed and endurance. Some athletes can run the 1500 meters in less than four minutes！ There are also some track events for people who use a wheelchair. Wheelchair athletes can race even faster than athletes who run！ Some of the races on the track are for teams of four runners. Each athlete carriers a small stick called baton. After running a certain distance，the runner must hand the baton to a team-mate，who then runs with the baton. To win this race，the team's runners must be very fast，but they must also cooperate very well with each other. In the field events，athletes compete by jumping or throwing. In the long jump，the athletes run up to a line，and then try to jump as far forward as possible. In the high jump，the athletes must try to jump over a very high bar. Another field event is called the shot put. In this event，the athletes try to throw a heavy metal ball as far as possible. Yet another field event is called the javelin throw. In this event，the athletes try to throw a long spear as far as possible. Athletes who compete in the throwing events must be very strong！ Both men and women compete in the sport of track and field. Many boys and girls enjoy track and field as part of their education in school. Those boys and girls who have much talent，and who work very hard，might someday compete in the Olympics. But for most people，track and field is just a fun and healthy way to get exercise and to make friends.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.negotiate 谈判 2.contracts 合同 3.conditions 条件 4.reserve 储备 5.duration 期间 6.notorious 臭名昭著的 7.intact 完整 8.militant 激进 9.granted 赋予 10.previously 以前 11.colluded 串通 12.servitude 奴役 原文 Free Agency “Free agency”refers to the ability of athletes to negotiate their own contracts and working conditions in professional sport. Before the 1970s，most professional sports had some sort of reserve system for athletes. In their reserve systems，players were forced to play for a single team-usually for the duration of their careers-under the conditions set by the team owner and the league bosses. Historically，the sport of baseball had the most notorious reserve system，which had been intact and strictly enforced for decades. The purpose of the reserve system was to allow owners of professional teams to control the movement of players and reduce their salaries. By being forced to play for only one team，players had little choice but to accept the contractual terms and conditions set out for the player. The player，in short，did not have the freedom to offer and negotiated his services on the open market，as is done on all other industries. This significantly reduced owners' payroll expenses，and increased profits greatly. In North America，the major professional leagues-in the sports of baseball，football，hockey and basketball-all had some form of reserve system. In the late-1960s and 1970s，however，the reserve system encountered a number of challenges. The most important challenge came from a baseball player，Curt Flood of the St. Louis Cardinals. Flood refused the terms of a trade and offered his services on the open market of the Major League Baseball. When no offers were made，Flood field suit in American courts under the Sherman Antitrust Act，which makes it unlawful for any business or combination of businesses to maintain a monopoly in any commercial industry. While Flood did not win the case，a series of subsequent legal decisions made it apparent，that baseball owners had unreasonable control over their laborers-the players. The baseball players' union became more militant as a result of the Flood case. In 1976，a court decision granted players free agency and the right to negotiate the conditions of their labor services much more freely than they had in the past. The move to free agency changed the character of the relations between professional sports clubs and their owners. Previously，owners worked or colluded together to limit the movement of players Professional sports clubs acted like a well-organized club. Free agency meant a more competitive environment for players，and of course player salaries have risen substantially as a result. Today，sports fans often complain that players' salaries are too high. While certainly at times it seems difficult to justify the huge salaries of today，it should be kept in mind that before the current era of free agency and big contracts，players barely made a subsistence wage，and often worked under conditions of servitude. The situation now might be less than perfect；however，it's certainly a vast improvement over the pre-free agency days. 翻译 自由代理 “自由代理”指运动员在职业体育项目中谈判自己的合同和工作条件的能力。 20世纪70年代之前，大多数职业体育项目都有某种运动员后备制度。 在他们的预备队体系中，球员被迫在球队老板和联盟老板设定的条件下，在职业生涯中只为一支球队效力。 从历史上看，棒球运动有着最臭名昭著的预备队制度，几十年来一直保持完整并严格执行。 预备队制度的目的是允许职业球队的老板控制球员的移动，并降低他们的工资。 由于被迫只为一支球队效力，球员们别无选择，只能接受为球员制定的合同条款和条件。 简而言之，运动员没有在公开市场上提供和协商服务的自由，就像在所有其他行业一样。 这大大减少了业主的工资支出，并大大增加了利润。 在北美，棒球、足球、曲棍球和篮球等主要职业联赛都有某种形式的预备队制度。 然而，在20世纪60年代末和70年代，后备系统遇到了一些挑战。 最重要的挑战来自棒球运动员，圣路易斯红衣主教队的柯特·弗雷德。 弗雷德拒绝了交易条款，并在美国职业棒球大联盟的公开市场上提供服务。 在没有报价的情况下，弗雷德根据《谢尔曼反垄断法》向美国法院提起诉讼，该法规定，任何企业或企业组织在任何商业行业保持垄断是非法的。 虽然弗雷德没有赢得这场官司，但随后的一系列法律判决表明，棒球队拥有者对他们的劳动者——球员——拥有不合理的控制权。 由于弗雷德事件，棒球运动员工会变得更加激进。 1976年，一项法院判决授予球员自由代理权，以及比过去更自由地协商其劳工服务条件的权利。 向自由球员的转变改变了职业体育俱乐部与其所有者之间关系的性质。 以前，老板们一起工作或串通来限制球员的移动 职业体育俱乐部就像一个组织良好的俱乐部。 自由球员意味着球员们有一个更具竞争力的环境，当然球员的薪水也因此大幅上升。 如今，体育迷经常抱怨运动员的工资太高。 当然，有时似乎很难证明今天的巨额工资是合理的，但应该记住，在当前的自由代理和大合同时代之前，球员几乎没有维持生计的工资，而且经常在劳役条件下工作。 现在的情况可能不太完美；然而，与自由球员制之前的日子相比，这无疑是一个巨大的进步。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.flop 跳高 2.biomechanics 生物力学 3.intuition 直觉 4.prior 之前 5.straddle 跨坐 6.curve 曲线 7.acceleration 加速 8.rotates 旋转 9.leaping 跳跃 10.arches 拱起 11.experimenting 实验 原文 Fosbury Flop American athlete Dick Fosbury devised the high jump technique known as the “Fosbury Flop”. His new technique revolutionized one of the oldest events in track and field competition. While Fosbury never broke the world record using his new technique，other high jumpers were inspired by his gold medal at the 1968 Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City，where he introduced his new jumping technique. Fosbury was born in 1946 in Oregon and went to Oregon State University. He won the gold medal in the Olympic Games at the very young age of 21. It was assumed that his odd-looking new method for clearing the bar was based on a careful study of the physics and biomechanics of high jump technique. However，Fosbury claimed it was the product of pure intuition. Prior to Fosbury's invention，most high jumpers used a “straddle” technique. In this older style of jumping，the front leg led the jumper up and over the bar in a face down position. Fosbury's technique involves approaching the bar in a curve with a last second acceleration. Then，at the point of take-off，the body rotates，positioning the back to the bar and leaping backwards. The head faces the sky as the body arches over the bar with the mid-body and legs trailing behind. Fosbury had begun experimenting with a new technique when he was only sixteen years old. In a meet in 1968 in which Fosbury used his new technique，a local newspaper's headline read，“Fosbury flops over the bar”. Thus，the name of the newly invented technique was born. Since Fosbury's competitive days，his technique has been widely copied. Once experienced jumpers mastered the technique，records started to fall in the sport，due mostly to the Fosbury Flop，but also to better equipment and running surfaces. Dick Fosbury will always be known for his revolutionizing of the sport of high jump. 翻译 背越式跳高 美国运动员迪克·福斯伯里发明了被称为“背越式跳高”的跳高技术。 他的新技术彻底改变了这项田径比赛中最古老的项目。 虽然福斯伯里从未用他的新技术打破世界纪录，但其他跳高运动员运受他启发在1968年墨西哥城夏季奥运会上获得的金牌，他在那里介绍了他的新跳高技术。 1946年，福斯伯里出生于俄勒冈州，进入俄勒冈州州立大学学习。 他在21岁时就获得了奥运会金牌。 人们认为，他这种看起来很新奇的跳高方法是基于对跳高技术的物理和生物力学的仔细研究。 然而，福斯伯里声称这纯粹是直觉的产物。 在福斯伯里的发明之前，大多数跳高运动员都使用“跨坐”技术。 在这种老式的跳跃方式中，跳跃者的前腿引导着跳跃者以面朝下的姿势越过横杆。 福斯伯里的技术是以最后一秒的加速度接近曲线中的杆。 然后，在起跳点，身体旋转，将背部定位到杆上并向后跳跃。 头部面向天空，身体拱起，身体中部和腿部伸展跟在后面。 福斯伯里在16岁时就开始试验这种技术。 1968年，在一次会议上，福斯伯里使用了他的新技术，当地一家报纸的发言人在头条上写着，“福斯伯里跳过了横杆”。 于是，新发明技术的名字（福斯伯里式跳高，即背越式）诞生了。 自从福斯伯里参加比赛以来，他的技术已被广泛复制。 一旦有经验的跳高运动员掌握了这项技术，这项运动的记录开始下降，主要原因是背越式跳高，但也得益于更好的设备和跑步场地。 迪克·福斯伯里将永远以他对跳高运动的革命性而闻名。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.trial 审判 2.decorated 高荣誉的 3.transition 变迁 4.commentating 评论 5.illustrious 杰出的 6.estrange 离异 7.pursue 追求 8.compensate 弥补 9.solid 扎实的 10.enroll 注册 11.distinguished 卓越的 12.drafted 起草 13.shatter 打破 14.alleged 涉嫌 15.abuse 虐待 16.circulating 流传 17.subsequent 随后的 18.exhaustive 彻底的 19.acquittal 无罪释放 20.recialtensions 种族歧视 原文 O.J. Simpson It has been argued that the trial of Orenthal James （O. J.）Simpson for murder was the defining cultural experience of the U.S. in the 1990s. It dominated the front pages of newspapers in the U.S. and many other countries for several months. Indeed，Simpson was for a period of time probably the most talked about person in the world，but very few of the discussions were about his athletic career. Until his internationally famous trial，Simpson was a relative unknown outside the U.S.A very wealthy and highly decorated former professional football player，Simpson made the transition to acting and television commentating after his illustrious football career. However，when he was charged in June of 1994 with the murder of his estrange wife Nicole Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman，and after his dramatic suicide getaway attempt captured by television cameras，Simpson became known throughout the world almost overnight. Simpson was born in San Francisco in 1947 to a poor family. His father abandoned the family，and it was his mother who encouraged Simpson to pursue sport，mainly to compensate for some physical problems he had developed as a child. Simpson became a solid baseball and football player early in his life and went on to enroll in the City College of San Francisco，where he continued to play impressive football. With offers from over fifty other universities to play football，Simpson went to the University of Southern California. There，he played out a distinguished college career and earned himself the 1968 Heisman Trophy for top college player in the U.S. Simpson began his professional career by dropping out of school before graduation and immediately signing a three-year endorsement deal with Chevrolet for 250000 dollars. Drafted by the Buffalo Bills in 1969，the first few years of Simpson's professional career were undistinguished ones. However，from 1972 on，a new coach for the team made Simpson the central figure in the team's offence. As a result，Simpson would go on to shatter several running records in the National Football League. At the conclusion of his career，Simpson was inducted into the Professional Football Players' Hall of Fame. After his professional football career，stories about Simpson's alleged abuse of his wife began circulating. Nicole Simpson made the first call to police after an incident at a 1989 New Year's Eve party，in which Simpson was fined 200 dollars. Over the next few years，Nicole would make thirty emergency calls to the police，none of which led to formal charges. After the incidents surrounding Nicole's death and Simpson's subsequent flight from police，an exhaustive months-long trial ensured，leading to Simpson's famous acquittal. More than just a murder trial，however，O.J. Simpson's trial highlighted the racialtensions in the U.S. In fact，history will undoubtedly remember Simpson more for his trial than for his illustrious football career. 翻译 O.J.辛普森 有人认为，对奥伦塔尔·詹姆斯（O.J.）辛普森谋杀案的审判是20世纪90年代美国文化的决定性经历。 几个月来，这件事在美国和许多其他国家的报纸头版占据主导地位。 的确，辛普森在一段时间内可能是世界上谈论最多的人，但很少有人讨论他的体育生涯。 在国际知名的审判之前，辛普森在美国以外是一个相对默默无闻的人，他是一位非常富有、身披盛装的前职业足球运动员，在他辉煌的足球生涯之后他转向了演艺和电视评论。 然而，当他在1994年6月被控谋杀分居的妻子妮可·辛普森和她的朋友罗纳德·戈德曼时，在他戏剧性的自杀逃跑企图被电视摄像机拍下后，辛普森几乎在一夜之间闻名于世。 辛普森1947年出生于旧金山的一个贫穷的家庭。 他的父亲抛弃了这个家庭，是他的母亲鼓励辛普森从事体育运动，主要是为了补偿一些他从小时候就有的身体问题。 辛普森早年成了一名扎实的棒球和足球运动员，并继续参加旧金山城市学院，在那里他继续踢出令人印象深刻的足球。 辛普森提供了来自其他五十所大学的足球邀请，来到了南加州大学。 在那里，他完成了杰出的大学生涯，并为自己赢得了1968年美国顶尖大学运动员海斯曼奖。 辛普森的职业生涯始于毕业前辍学，并立即与雪佛兰签署了一份25万美元的为期三年的代言协议。 1969年由布法罗法案起草，辛普森职业生涯的最初几年是平淡无奇的几年。 然而，从1972年开始，球队的一位新教练让辛普森成为球队进攻的核心人物。 由此，辛普森可以继续打破NFL的几项跑步记录。 在职业生涯结束时，辛普森入选职业足球运动员名人堂。 在职业足球生涯结束后，关于辛普森所谓虐待他对妻子的故事开始流传开来。 妮可·辛普森第一次报警是在1989年的除夕派对的事件后，辛普森被罚款200美元。 在接下来的几年里，妮可给警方打30个紧急电话，但没有一个让正式指控成立。 在围绕妮可之死和辛普森随后逃离警方的事件发生后，经过长达数月的彻底审判，辛普森被宣告无罪。 然而，对O.J.辛普森的审判不仅仅是一场谋杀案的审判，还突显了美国的种族紧张局势。 事实上，历史对辛普森的记忆无疑更多的是因为他的审判，而不是因为他辉煌的足球生涯。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.amendenment 修正案 2.discriminate 区别对待 3.prominent 重要的 4.aftermath 后果 5.absorbed 吸收 6.wrestle 努力 7.legislators 立法者 8.privilege 特权 原文 Title IX In 1972，the United States Congress passed Title IX of the Educational Amendments. This instituted a law that would seriously affect all U.S. educational institutions' sports programs. The law specified that it was unlawful to discriminate on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program. This meant，among other things，that boys' and girls'，and men's and women's sports programs would have to receive equal funding and support under the new law. The law was passed in a time when feminist-inspired movements in many countries around the world were fight for equality for women. While Title IX was law directed at equality in education in general，it is sports programs that received the most attention. This was perhaps because of the visibility of sports and the prominent place they play，especially in American post-secondary education. Initial，Title IX met with mixed reviews. Especially vocal in opposition to the law were those who had a lot invested in men's sports programs in bigger educational institutions. Also，those that had administered male sports programs for years felt that the changes necessary to conform to Title IX's standards would be difficult and expensive. In the aftermath of Title IX，a battle emerged between the National Collegiate Athletic Association（NCAA）and a group that had administered women's sports，the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Girls and Women（AIAW）. The NCAA had avoided equalization for years，being devoted almost exclusively to men's sport. In fact，it was in opposition to the NCAA that the AIAW formed in the first place. However，with federal funding now legally devoted to equalization，the NCAA made an about-turn and suddenly supported equalization. In what many consider to be an obvious and unfortunate power move，the NCAA absorbed the AIAW. The long-term effects of this move were to wrestle control of women's sport out of the hands of women. The AIAW was administered by women for women；however，with the take-over the administration of women's sport fell into the hands of men. Title IX did not manage to equalize funding between the sexes，at least not at first. The legislators of Title IX probably couldn't imagine the resistance to equalization in sport that would emerge. Nor did they probably realize the extent of male privilege in school sport，especially at the upper，more elite levels. Almost thirty years after the legislation，there is still not equalization in many cases，although an increasing number of schools have fallen in line with the law. Today，women's sport has achieved a much higher level of respectability and support in schools. However，there is still resistance to complete equalization，and female-supportive administrators continue to fight legal battles in support of girls' and women's participation in sport. 翻译 第九修正案 1973年，美国国会通过了《教育修正案》第九篇 这项法案将严重影响美国所有教育机构的体育项目。 该法律规定，在任何由联邦政府资助的教育项目中，基于性别的歧视都是违法的。 这意味着，根据新法律，男孩和女孩以及男性和女性体育项目必须获得同等的资金和支持。 这项法律是在世界上许多国家的女权主义运动为争取妇女平等而斗争的时候通过的。 虽然第四条是针对教育平等的法律，但最受关注的是体育项目。 这可能是因为体育的知名度和它们在美国高等教育中的突出地位。 最初，对第四修正案的评论褒贬不一。 那些在更大的教育机构对男子体育项目进行了大量投资的人尤其反对这项法律。 此外，那些多年来一直管理男性体育项目的人认为，为了符合第九修正案的标准而进行必要的改变将是困难和昂贵的。 在第九修正案之后，全国大学生体育协会（NCAA）和一个管理女子体育的团体——校际女子田径协会（AIAW）之间爆发了一场战斗。 NCAA多年来一直避免均衡，几乎只专注于男子运动。 事实上，AIAW最初是在反对NCAA的情况下成立的。 然而，由于联邦资金现在合法地用于平等化，NCAA做出了转变，突然支持了平等化。 NCAA吸收了AIAW，这在许多人认为是一个明显的和不幸的权力转移。 这一举措的长期效果是将女性运动的控制权从女性手中夺走。 AIAW是由女性为女性管理；然而，随着AIAW的接管，女性运动的管理权落入男性手中。 第九修正案未能实现男女资金的平等，至少一开始没有。 第九修正案的立法者们可能无法想象对体育平等的抵制会出现。 他们可能也没有意识到在学校体育运动中男性特权的程度，尤其是在更高、更精英的水平上。 在立法将近30年后，尽管越来越多的学校符合法律规定，但在许多情况下仍然没有实现平等。 如今，女性体育在学校获得了更高水平的尊重和支持。 但是，仍然存在着对完全平等的抵制以及支持女性的行政人员继续为支持女孩和妇女参与体育运动而进行法律斗争。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.segregation 种族隔离 2.separate 分开 3.relegate 降级 4.mascot 吉祥物 5.sharecopper 佃农 6.initially 最初 7.solid 可靠的 8.attendance 出席的人 9.rampant 泛滥的 10.prohibited 禁止 11.integrated 融合 12.pitches 投球 13.epitaph墓志铭 原文 Jackie Robinson On April 15,1947，Jackie Robinson（1919-1972）became the first African American to play in the Major Baseball League. On that day，he started for the Brooklyn Dodgers. The so-called“color-line”had existed in baseball and many other sports for decades in American sports：the complete segregation of whites and blacks into separate league and teams. There had been blacks in the sports of baseball for many years. In fact，in the nineteenth century blacks had played alongside whites in several leagues in the U.S. However，an 1896 court case reinforced the segregation baseball players according to the color of their skin. As a result，black players were excluded from Major League Baseball，relegated either to the position of mascot for the Major League team，or forced to organize their own loosely structured “Negro” teams. Robinson，the son of a sharecropper and grandson of a slave，excelled in several sports before serving in the U.S. army. Initially a player in the Negro Leagues，Robinson played in a period when there was increasing support for breaking down the color barrier. The Brooklyn Dodgers' manager took on Robinson mainly because Robinson was a solid player，not because he was interested in challenging the color barrier. Also，he felt it would increase attendance at the Brooklyn games，especially of African American fans. In 1946，Robinson went to Florida to play for the Montreal Royals，the Dodgers' farm team. This move was risky on Robinson's part，as racism was still rampant in the U.S. especially in the South. In Florida，there were segregation laws that prohibited blacks and whites from sharing the same restaurants，hotels and other public places，including the baseball field. Robinson was forced to stay in a “coloreds-only” hotel. It was believed that there would be a greater chance of Robinson being integrated into the minor league in the more liberal and open environment of Canada. Eventually，Robinson played his way into the Major League. However，the transition was not smooth one. In his first year，he had many pitches thrown his way and was regularly taunted by fans and players. However，his season was a successful one，and he was voted Rookie of the Year. Robinson's Major League career lasted 10 years. Despite his initial success in breaking the color line in baseball，it would take many decades before there would be complete acceptance of black players. To this day，there is under-representation of blacks in management and coaching position in baseball. Robinson died in 1972. His headstone bears an epitaph that he wrote：“A life is not important except in the impact it has on other lives”. 翻译 杰基·罗宾逊 1947年4月15日，杰基·罗宾逊（1919-1972）成为第一位参加美国职业棒球大联盟的非裔美国人。 那天，他开始参加布鲁克林道奇队。 几十年来，在美国体育运动中，棒球和许多其他运动中都存在着所谓的“肤色线”：白人和黑人被完全隔离成不同的联盟和球队。 多年来，一直有黑人参与棒球运动。 事实上，在19世纪，黑人曾在美国的几个联赛中与白人并肩作战。 然而，1896年的一个法庭案件加强了棒球运动员肤色的隔离。 结果，黑人球员被排除在美国职业棒球大联盟之外，要么被降级为美国职业棒球大联盟球队的吉祥物，要么被迫组建自己结构松散的“黑人”球队。 罗宾逊是一个佃农的儿子，一个奴隶的孙子，在参军之前，他在几项体育运动中表现出色。 最初，罗宾逊是黑人联盟的球员，当时人们越来越支持打破肤色障碍。 布鲁克林道奇队的主教练之所以选择罗宾逊，主要是因为罗宾逊是一名可靠的球员，而不是因为他对挑战肤色障碍感兴趣。 此外，他认为这将增加布鲁克林比赛的出席人数，尤其是非裔美国球迷。 1946年，罗宾逊前往佛罗里达州为道奇队的农场队蒙特利尔皇家队效力。 这一举动对罗宾逊来说是有风险的，因为种族主义在美国尤其是在南部仍然猖獗。 在佛罗里达州，有种族隔离法，禁止黑人和白人共用同一家餐厅、酒店和其他公共场所，包括棒球场。 罗宾逊被迫住在一家“仅限有色人种”的酒店。 人们相信，在加拿大更自由开放的环境中，罗宾逊有更大的机会融入小联盟。 最终，罗宾逊以自己的方式进入了大联盟。 然而，这一转变并不顺利。 在他的第一年，有很多球扔向他，并且他经常被球迷和球员嘲笑。 然而，他的赛季很成功，他被选为年度新秀。 罗宾逊的职业生涯持续了10年。 尽管他最初成功地打破了棒球界的肤色界限，但要完全接受黑人球员还需要几十年的时间。 时至今日，黑人在棒球管理和教练职位上的代表性仍然不足。 罗宾逊于1972年去世。 他的墓碑上有一句墓志铭，他写道：“生命并不重要，重要的是它对其他生命产生影响。”。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.franchises 特许经营权 2.monopoly 垄断 3.norms 规范 4.possession 占有 5.territory 领土 6.frontiers 边界 7.conquering 占领 8.devised 设计 9.stark 明显 10.crucial 至关重要的 11.conducive 有利于 12.leverage 影响力 13.legitimacy 合法性 14.merger 合并 15.enterprise 企业 16.tailor 定做 原文 National Football League The NFL（National Football League）is one of the wealthiest and most powerful sports organizations in the world. Many of the single franchises or teams are worth 200-300 million dollars each. As such，each team should be thought of as a major corporation. American-style football，of which the NFL maintains a complete monopoly over the elite professional ranks，has its roots in English rugby，which was played in U.S. Eastern colleges and universities in the nineteenth century. However，rugby did not have features in keeping with American cultural norms. So U.S. football arose out of norms consistent with American society，such as clearly measured possession of territory and the expansion of frontiers through conquering new land. Walter Camp，a Yale player，devised the rules of the American game. In 1880，he introduced“downs”into the game，or breaks so that teams could re-assess their position and prepare for the next attack. This was in stark contrast to rugby's non-stop and more flowing play. This move would years later be crucial to the sport's success. With natural breaks in play，the game would be one conducive to American commercial television，which relies on advertisement breaks for the generation of revenue. Equally important was the later inclusion of the forward pass in the game. This made the game appear more offensive，and the famous“Hail Mary”long pass is to this day one of the most dramatic plays in sport. Football's success as a dominant American sport（alongside baseball）was secured in the 1960s with some important contracts with television networks. The ABC television network sponsored a rival “American Football League” to compete with other dominant National Foot League. ABC television did not hide the fact that the rival league was created for the sole purpose or creating more leverage with advertisers. After gaining greater legitimacy and earning more revenue，the up-start AFL was able to negotiate independently with other television networks and sign on big-name players. The most notable was star quarterback Joe Namath. With the AFL rising as a legitimate business competitor，the NFL and AFL negotiated a merger，resulting in the NFL league，as it is known to this day. Since the merger，the NFL has maintained almost a complete monopoly over American professional football. Football's success，then，has been a reflection of the ideals of American society and，more specifically，of American-style commercial enterprise. The league's success has，in no small part，been due to the relationship between the media and the sport. In a sense，football is a perfect example of a modern media-generated sport，successful linking American norms and values with a sport tailor-made for commercial profit. 翻译 国家橄榄球联盟 美国国家橄榄球联盟(NFL)是世界上最富有和最强大的体育组织之一。 许多单一的特许经营权或团队价值2 -3亿美元。 因此，每个团队都应该被看作是一个大公司。 由美国国家橄榄球联盟(NFL)在职业精英中保持着完全垄断地位的美式橄榄球，起源于19世纪在美国东部的大学和学院中进行的英式橄榄球。 然而，英式橄榄球并没有符合美国文化规范的特点。 因此，美国橄榄球源于与美国社会相一致的规范，比如明确衡量领土的占有和通过征服新土地来扩张疆域。 耶鲁大学的运动员沃尔特·坎普制定了美国橄榄球的比赛规则。 1880年，他在比赛中引入了“倒地”战术，即中场休息，以便球队重新评估自己的位置，为下一次进攻做好准备。 这与英式橄榄球的不间断和流畅形成了鲜明对比。 多年后，这一举措对这项运动的成功至关重要。 如果比赛中有自然的休息时间，那么这款比赛将有利于美国商业电视，因为它依靠广告休息时间来产生收入。 同样重要的是后来在比赛中引入了向前传球。 这使得比赛显得更具攻击性，而著名的“万福玛利亚”长传至今仍是体育运动中最具戏剧性的动作之一。 20世纪60年代，由于与电视网络签订了一些重要的合同，美式橄榄球(与棒球一起)成为了美国的一项主要运动，从而获得了成功。 美国广播公司(ABC)电视网赞助了竞争对手——美国橄榄球联盟(American Football League)，与另外占主导地位的美国国家橄榄球联盟(National Foot League)展开竞争。 美国广播公司并没有掩盖这样一个事实，即竞争对手联盟是为了一个目的而创立的，或者是为了增加与广告商之间的影响力。 在获得了更大的合法性和更多的收入后，新贵美国橄榄球联盟（AFL）能够与其他电视网络独立谈判，并与大牌球员签约。 其中最著名的是明星四分卫乔·纳马斯(Joe Namath)。 随着美国橄榄球联盟(AFL)逐渐成为一个合法的商业竞争对手，美国国家橄榄球联盟(NFL)和美国橄榄球联盟(AFL)达成了合并协议，从而形成了如今为人所知的美国橄榄球大联盟。 自合并以来，美国国家橄榄球联盟几乎保持了对美国职业橄榄球的完全垄断。 因此，橄榄球的成功反映了美国社会的理想，更具体地说，是美国式商业企业的理想。 联盟的成功在很大程度上要归功于媒体和体育之间的关系。 从某种意义上说，橄榄球是现代媒体创造创造的一个完美例子，它成功地将美国的规范和价值观与一项为商业利益量身定制的运动联系在一起。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.integrate 融合 2.rigorous 严格的 3.atmosphere 氛围 4.mimic 模仿 5.collapsed 倒下 6.coincide 同时 7.yank 猛拉 原文 Marathon Few sports events integrate the competitive side of sport with social and playful side of sport like marathon running. This might seem like a strange thing to say about what is such a rigorous and physically challenging event. However，major city marathons attract both serious competitors and less serious runners in the same event，and often generate a citywide party atmosphere leading up to and during the event. The competitive marathon was introduced as part of the modern Olympic Games in 1896. The purpose of the event was to mimic the ancient Greek Games，despite the fact that no such event was held in ancient Greece. However，according to legend，in 490 BC，a Greek soldier ran from Marathon to Athens to take news of a Greek military victory over the Persians. The runner collapsed with exhaustion and died. Interestingly，the first winner of the modern-day Olympic marathon in Athens，Greece，was Spiridon Louys，a Greek runner. As the twentieth century unfolded，major track and field meets integrated the marathon into their schedules. However，the marathon grew in popularity due mostly to the emergence of several urban-based marathons. Some，notable the Boston Marathon，had been around for decades；however，many new ones emerged，especially in the 1970s and 1980s. The emergence of these popular races coincided with a late-twentieth century boom in the sports and exercise industry. As a result，the sport of running took off. Also，lasting image from top international competition began to attract people to marathon running. In the Olympic marathon in 1952，Emil Zatopek won the race after having competed-and also won-in the 5000 and 10000 meters races. In 1960 and 1964，Ethiopian Abebe Bikila won the marathon，making himself a national hero. Images of Bikila running barefoot in his first victory in 1960 are engrained in most serious marathoners' minds. Women entered marathon running in the 1960s and 1970s，although their participation was met with great resistance. While women had run marathons for decades（the first time recorded came in 1926 by Violet Percy），it was Kathy Switzer's run in the 1967 Boston marathon that was one of the most important symbolic runs for women. In the middle of the marathon，a Boston official spotted Switzer running and tired to yank her off the course. Switzer and fellow supporters resisted，and she went on to finish the race. Switzer's effort motivated other women to take on marathon running，and the participation rose，although slowly. It was not until 1984 that the women's marathon was included in the Olympic program. Today，major city marathons in Boston，New York，London，Berlin，and cities around the world make the race one of the most attractive participatory and spectator amateur sports events in the world. 翻译 马拉松 很少有体育赛事能像马拉松这样将体育运动的竞争性与社交性和娱乐性结合起来。 这么去说一个如此严格和具有身体挑战的活动，似乎是一件奇怪的事情，。 然而，主要城市的马拉松比赛在同一赛事中既吸引了严肃的选手，也吸引了不那么严肃的选手，通常会在赛事之前和期间产生一种全市性的聚会气氛。 竞技马拉松是1896年现代奥运会的一部分。 这项活动的目的是模仿古希腊运动会，尽管古希腊没有举办过这样的活动。 然而，据传说，公元前490年，一名希腊士兵为了传递希腊军队战胜波斯人的消息，从马拉松跑到雅典。 跑步者因精疲力竭而倒下死亡。 有趣的是，在希腊雅典举行的现代奥林匹克马拉松比赛中，第一位获胜者是希腊选手斯皮里登·卢伊斯。 随着二十世纪的发展，大型田径运动会将马拉松纳入了他们的日程。 然而，马拉松越来越受欢迎，主要是因为一些城市马拉松的出现。 其中一些，尤其是波士顿马拉松，已经存在了几十年；然而，许多新的马拉松出现了，特别是在20世纪70年代和80年代。 这些热门赛事的出现与20世纪末体育运动行业的繁荣相吻合。 因此，跑步运动开始流行起来。 此外，顶级国际赛事的持久形象开始吸引人们参加马拉松比赛。 在1952年的奥林匹克马拉松比赛中，埃米尔·扎托佩克在完成比赛赢得了冠军，并在5000米和10000米比赛中获胜。 1960年和1964年，埃塞俄比亚人阿贝贝·比基拉赢得了马拉松比赛，成为了民族英雄。 比基拉在1960年第一次获胜时赤脚跑步的画面深深地印在大多数马拉松运动员的脑海中。 20世纪60年代和70年代，女性参加了马拉松比赛，尽管她们的参与遇到了巨大阻力。 虽然女性已经跑了几十年的马拉松（第一次记录是在1926年，由Violet Percy记录），但对女性来说，最重要的标志性跑步之一是凯西·斯威策在1967年波士顿马拉松中的跑步。 在马拉松比赛进行到一半时，波士顿的一名官员发现斯威策正在跑步，并试图将她拉离跑道。 斯威策和其他支持者进行了抵制，她继续完成了比赛。 斯威策的努力促使其他女性参加马拉松比赛，参与率上升，尽管速度缓慢。 直到1984年，女子马拉松才被列入奥运会项目。 如今，波士顿、纽约、伦敦、柏林和世界各地的主要城市马拉松比赛使这场比赛成为世界上最具吸引力的参与性和观赏性业余体育赛事之一。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.lesbian 女同性恋 2.municipal 市政 3.voucher 代金券 4.regimen 管理体制 5.umpires 裁判 6.antics 滑稽动作 7.initiative 方案 8.auspices 赞助 9.aligned 使一致 10.pro-abortion 支持堕胎 11.legislation 法规 12.chauvinist 沙文主义 13.allegation 说法，指控 14.justifiably 无可争议的 原文 Billie Jean King During her competitive days，Billie Jean King was one of the most successful players in women's tennis. However，King is probably more recognized for her political support for women's tennis，and her fight to achieve respect for lesbian and gay athletes in tennis，and in sport in general. Born in Long Beach，California in 1943 as Billie Jean Moffatt，she began playing tennis at the age of 11. King learned the game playing on municipal course，rather than the route most successful players take in tennis in private clubs. When King began competing in the elite levels of tennis，the sport was strictly amateur. She first entered Wimbledon in 1961，and only two years later she advanced to the final. She won her first Wimbledon title in 1966，at the young age of 22 Her first place prize for winning was a 60 dollars gift voucher for Harrods department store. By the end of her remarkable career，King would amass a remarkable 30 Grand Slam titles. Although women's tennis was amateur，King and a few other players began arguing for professional status. Indeed，King's competitive performances and training regime took on a very professional tone. In fact，it was King，and not men's player John McEnroe，who started the practice of arguing against umpires' decisions on the court，although it is the latter player who is better known for such antics. King's training and competitive practices made her a truly modern and “professional” player，but they also cost her much public support. King's major initiative was to start a professional tour，which began in 1968. Operating outside the auspices of the “official” tournaments and organizations，the new professional tour had trouble attracting many of the top international players. Interestingly，Wimbledon allowed professional soon after King's tour started. The rest of the world's tours permitted professionals soon after. Among King's other major political initiatives，she aligned herself with the pro-abortion movement，Title IX legislation in the U.S.（the purpose of which was to equalize girls' and women's funding in education），and she negotiated a deal with the Philip Morris Tobacco company to set up the Virginia Slims tour. Finally，the famous match between herself and self-style “male chauvinist pig” Bobby Riggs in 1973，which King won，brought much public attention to King and to the growing women's athletic movement. Finally，in 1981，it was revealed that King had a lesbian relationship with her secretary. At first King denied the allegation，but later she admitted to the relationship. Instead of hiding her sexuality，which is what female lesbian athletes had been doing for years，King was the first major sports superstar to come out. As such，King will be justifiably recognized as one of the first and most important fighters for the sexual rights of gays and lesbians in sport. 翻译 比莉·简·金 在比莉·简·金的竞技生涯中，她是女子网球中最成功的运动员之一。 然而，金更被认可的原因可能是她在政治上对女子网球的支持，以及她为争取网球乃至整个体育领域对同性恋运动员的尊重所做的努力。 1943年，比莉·简·莫法特出生于加州长滩，11岁开始打网球。 金是在市政球场上学会这项运动的，而不是像大多数成功的网球运动员那样在私人俱乐部里学习。 当金开始参加精英级别的网球比赛时，这项运动完全是业余的。 1961年，她第一次进入温布尔登网球公开赛，仅仅两年后，她就进入了决赛。 1966年，22岁的她赢得了自己的第一个温网冠军 她的第一名奖品是一张价值60美元的哈罗德百货公司礼券。 在她非凡的职业生涯结束时，金获得了30个大满贯冠军。 虽然女子网球是业余的，但金和其他一些选手开始争取职业地位。 事实上，金的竞技表现和训练制度呈现出非常专业的风格。 实际上上，是金，而不是男子选手约翰·麦肯罗(John McEnroe)，开始在球场上对裁判的裁决提出异议的做法，尽管后者更出名于此类行为。 金的训练和比赛实践使她成为一个真正的现代“职业”选手，但这也让她失去了很多公众的支持。 金的主要倡议是在1968年开始职业巡回演出。 由于不受“官方”锦标赛和组织的赞助，新的职业巡回赛在吸引许多国际顶级选手方面遇到了困难。 有趣的是，在金的巡回赛开始后不久，温布尔登就允许了职业选手参赛。 不久之后，世界上其他地方的巡回赛也开始允许职业选手参赛。 在金的其他重大政治倡议中，她与支持堕胎的运动、美国的《第九条法案》(其目的是使女孩和妇女在教育上的资金平等)达成一致，她还与菲利普·莫里斯烟草公司(Philip Morris Tobacco company)协商成立了弗吉尼亚斯利姆斯香烟(Virginia Slims)巡回赛。 最后，1973年，她与自称“大男子主义猪”的鲍比·里格斯(Bobby Riggs)进行了一场著名的比赛，金赢得了这场比赛，引起了公众对金和不断发展的女性体育运动的关注。 最终，在1981年，金被揭露与她的秘书有一段同性恋关系。 起初，金否认了这一指控，但后来她承认了这一关系。 她没有隐藏自己的性取向，这是女同性恋运动员多年来一直在做的事，金是第一个出柜的大体育明星。 因此，金将被公认为体育界为同性恋者争取性权利的最早也是最重要的斗士之一。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.breadth 广泛的 2.endorsement 代言 3.executive 高管 4.drafted 选派 5.rookie 新秀 6.distinction 奖赏 7.commodity 有用的商品 8.elevated 提升 9.prominence 出名 10.aided 辅助 11.leisure 休闲 12.memorabilia 纪念品 13.contractually 合同 14.lapels 翻领 15.affiliate 附属机构 16.arguably 可以说是 原文 Michael Jordan Michael Jordan is one of the most recognized sports figures in the world. To understand the breadth of his fame，it is probably best to think of Jordan in two senses：as a person and an athlete with incredible athletic prowess and skill，and as a cultural and media icon. The second way of think about Jordan is probably equal to the first. After all，it was his endorsement of dozens of commercial products，sports in movies，and in general his commercial-and market-produced image that made Jordan so famous worldwide. Jordan was born in 1963，one of three sons of a corporate executive. He attended North Caroline University from 1981-84，and was then drafted to the National Basketball Association's（NBA）Chicago Bulls. During the same year，he co-captained the U.S.A. basketball team to gold in the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles. Jordan's fame was quickly accelerated with the help of his agent and a marketing firm. After winning the NBA's Rookie of the Year distinction，Jordan quickly began signing a series of marketing contracts that would eventually create the iconic image known throughout the world. The most notable marketing endorsement contract came with Nike Corporate. Nike built much of its marketing and commercial strategy around Jordan in the 1980s and early 1990s. With his own line of Nike-Produced basketball shoes and clothing，Jordan established himself as a marketable commodity. The relationship between Nike and Jordan would be a mutually beneficial one. It elevated Jordan to international prominence，while helping push Nike to number one status as world sports merchandiser. Jordan's athletic status was also aided by the fact that his was a career with relatively little controversy，unlike many other superstar athletes. Social and political controversies surrounding Jordan were rare，and when they did occur these were minor. In 1992，he got himself into a bit of trouble when he did not allow his image to be used by the NBA for the licensing of leisure wear and memorabilia in the run-up to the Summer Olympic Games. In addition，once at the Games，Jordan，being contractually committed to Nike，refused to wear the official sponsor Reebok's warm-up suits. The issue was resolved when Jordan and his teammates wore the U.S. flag and extra long lapels to cover the Reebok logo. In 1993，Jordan made a surprise announcement of his retirement from the NBA at the age of thirty. He signed as a free agent to play Major League Baseball with the Chicago White Sox，and played-unsuccessfully as it turned out-with the White SOX minor league affiliate. Jordan then made a brief comeback in the NBA，only to retire soon after. History will recognize Jordan not only for his athletic prowess-arguably the best the sport of basketball has ever seen-and for his iconic status in the later-twentieth century world of sport's marketing and image production. 翻译 迈克尔·乔丹 迈克尔·乔丹是世界上最知名的体育明星之一。 要理解乔丹名声的广度，最好从两个方面来看待乔丹：一是作为一个人和一名运动员，拥有不可思议的运动能力和技巧，二是作为一个文化和媒体偶像。 对乔丹的第二种看法可能与第一种看法相同。 毕竟，正是他对几十种商业产品、电影中的体育运动的代言，以及他在商业和市场上塑造的形象，使乔丹在世界范围内如此出名。 乔丹生于1963年，是一位企业高管的三个儿子之一。 1981年至1984年，他就读于北卡罗琳大学，随后被美国国家篮球协会（NBA）芝加哥公牛队征召入伍。 同年，他担任美国篮球队的联合队长，在1984年洛杉矶夏季奥运会上夺得金牌。 在他的经纪人和一家营销公司的帮助下，乔丹的名声迅速提高。 在赢得NBA年度最佳新秀奖后，乔丹很快开始签署一系列营销合同，最终创造出举世闻名的标志性形象。 最著名的营销代言合同来自耐克公司。 耐克在20世纪80年代和90年代初围绕乔丹制定了许多营销和商业战略。 凭借耐克公司生产的篮球鞋和服装，乔丹使自己成为一种畅销商品。 耐克和乔丹之间的关系将是互利的。 它将乔丹提升到了国际知名度，同时帮助推动耐克成为世界体育用品采购商的头号人物。 乔丹的体育地位也得益于这样一个事实：与其他许多超级明星运动员不同，他的职业生涯争议相对较小。 围绕乔丹的社会和政治争议非常罕见，当它们确实发生时，这些争议都很小。 1992年，当他不允许自己的形象被NBA用于夏季奥运会期间休闲服装和纪念品的授权时，他陷入了一点麻烦。 此外，在奥运会上，乔丹与耐克签订合同，他拒绝了穿官方赞助商锐步的热身服。 当乔丹和他的队友们佩戴美国国旗和超长翻领来遮盖锐步标志时，问题得到了解决。 1993年，乔丹出人意料地宣布他在30岁时从NBA退役。 他以自由球员的身份签约芝加哥白袜队打大联盟棒球赛，但在白袜队小联盟的附属机构打了一场失败的比赛。 乔丹随后在NBA短暂复出，但很快就退休了。 历史将会认可乔丹，不仅因为他的运动能力，可以说他是篮球运动史上最好的运动员，还因为他在20世纪末的体育营销和形象塑造领域的标志性地位。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.stature 声望 2.declare 宣布 3.formidable 令人生畏的 4.enthusiastic 热情 5.nickname 绰号 6.rivaly 竞争 7.taboo 禁忌 8.endorse 代言 9.charity 慈善 10.heterosexual 异性恋 11.tales 故事 12.discourse 讲述 13.exploit 剥削 14.labeled 贴标签 15.slut 荡妇 16.prestigious 有声望的 17.bestow 赋予 原文 Earvin“Magic”Johnson Earvin“Magic”Johnson is recognized as one of the best basketball players in the history of the sport. He will also be remembered as the first sports performer of international stature to declare openly that he had contracted the HIV virus. Magic Johnson was born in the state of Michigan，and quickly rose to fame in the state by becoming an outstanding player for Michigan State. At 6 foot 9 inches，Magic was a formidable player. An enthusiastic sports reporter gave “Magic” the nickname to him during his high school years. During his college years，he developed a rivalry with another future National Basketball Association（NBA）superstar，Larry Bird，then playing for the Indiana State basketball team. Their rivalry would be one of the main forces to generate interest in the NBA in the early 1980s. During his playing days in the NBA，from 1979 to 1991，Johnson was named the league's Most Valuable Player three times. He also became attractive to commercial advertisers during a period when it had become less taboo to use African American athletes to endorse products. Johnson，however，was always guarded about his comments regarding racial issues. However，he was active in charity work，and in general maintained a very positive light in the public's eye through his career. On announcing his retirement，Johnson stated that he had contracted the HIV virus from unprotected heterosexual sex. However，tales and rumors circulated in the press and in popular discourse about Johnson's sexual exploits during his days as a NBA superstar. Ironically，Johnson，upon retirement，became a spokesperson for safe sex. Another famous sports star，tennis player Martina Navratilova，criticized Johnson and pointed out that if the same comments had been made publicly by a female，she would have been labeled a “slut”. Navratilova probably made a good point. Not only was Johnson's public image a positive one，but also he was actually seen as a role model for heterosexual family life. The events and controversies surrounding Johnson's retirement probably raise his status as an athlete in the public eye，making his career that much more notable. There is little question，then，that the combination of incredible athletic prowess and the events surrounding his retirement will bestow upon Magic Johnson a prestigious position in sports history. 翻译 埃尔文“魔术师”约翰逊 埃尔文·约翰逊被公认为这项运动历史上最好的篮球运动员之一。 他还将作为第一位公开宣布自己感染了艾滋病毒的具有国际地位的体育表演者而被铭记。 魔术师约翰逊出生于密歇根州，并迅速在该州成名，成为密歇根州的一名杰出球员。 身高6英尺9英寸，魔术师是一名令人敬畏的球员。 一位热情的体育记者在他高中时给他起了个“魔术师”的绰号。 在大学期间，他与另一位未来的美国篮球协会（NBA）超级巨星拉里·伯德（Larry Bird）展开了竞争，当时他效力于印第安纳州篮球队。 在20世纪80年代早期，他们的竞争是引起人们对NBA兴趣的主要力量之一。 在1979年至1991年的NBA比赛期间，约翰逊三次被评为联盟最有价值球员。 在利用非裔美国运动员代言产品变得不再那么禁忌的时期，他也对商业广告商产生了吸引力。 然而，约翰逊对他有关种族问题的评论总是很谨慎。 但是，他积极参与慈善工作，在整个职业生涯中，他在公众眼中一直保持着非常正面的态度。 约翰逊在宣布退休时表示，他通过无保护的异性性行为感染了艾滋病毒。 然而，关于约翰逊作为NBA超级明星期间性行为的故事和谣言在媒体和大众话语中流传。 讽刺的是，约翰逊退休后成为了安全性行为的代言人。 另一位著名的体育明星、网球运动员玛蒂娜·纳夫拉蒂洛娃批评了约翰逊，并指出，如果一位女性公开发表同样的评论，她会被贴上“荡妇”的标签。 纳夫拉蒂洛娃可能说得很好。 约翰逊的公众形象不仅是积极的，而且他实际上被视为异性恋家庭生活的榜样。 围绕约翰逊退役的事件和争议可能会提高他作为一名运动员在公众眼中的地位，使他的职业生涯更加引人注目。 毫无疑问，不可思议的运动能力和围绕他退役的事件将赋予魔术师约翰逊在体育史上的高声望。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.secretary 秘书 2.conflict 冲突 3.controversies 争议 4.obstacle 障碍 5.dictated 决定 6.procedure 程序 7.prejudice 偏见 8.adamant 坚定 9.rejection 拒绝 10.embodiment 典型 11.indecent 下流 12.inherently 天然 13.demonstration 示威 14.boycott 抵制 15.debt 债务 16.notoriously 臭名昭著 17.negotiating 协商 原文 International Olympic Committee The International Olympic Committee（IOC） was formed in 1896 to govern the organization and development of what were understood to be a modern version of the Greek Olympic Games. Its first president was Dimitros Vikelas，a Greek，and its secretary was Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin. De Coubertin's energy and his vision have been the true inspiration behind the modern Olympic movement. The IOC has effectively governed the Olympic movement for over 100 years. However，that period of time has seen many conflicts and controversies with the IOC and in the Olympic movement as a whole. At first，the main obstacle de Coubertin faced to creating an international Olympic movement was the lack of organization of sport internationally. Early sports organizations-most of them amateur-had trouble organizing their own sports and leagues nationally. As a result，cooperating with the IOC internationally was an extreme challenge. In the early years，de Coubertin's own vision for the Games dictated much of the IOC's policies and procedures. His prejudices also influenced the movement. For example，de Coubertin was adamant in his rejection of female athletes' participation in the Games. An embodiment of Victorian ideals and prejudices，de Coubertin thought women' place was in the home，and bearing and raising children. Indeed，he thought of women's competition as unnatural，immoral，and “indecent”. As a result of de Coubertin's powerful position within the IOC，it would take many years to have women participating in any significant way. The IOC has always claimed a “hands-off” approach to political struggles and controversies surrounding the Games. Claiming，now for over 100 years，that the IOC is not a political organization，and that sport in its purest sense（one represented best by the IOC，of course）is inherently nonpolitical，the IOC has always had trouble answering critics who point out obvious exceptions to claim. At the simplest level，the act of competing under national flags-something the IOC encourages-is a political event. At a higher political level，the Olympic Games have been used for political demonstration through boycotts，and the Olympic movement was probably the most visible means of symbolically fighting the Cold War. The post-World War Two years were lean ones for the Olympic movement. The IOC and hosting cities and nations often had trouble breaking even. At its worst，the Games went into great financial debt，most notoriously in the Summer Games in Montreal in 1976. However，since that time，the Games have taken a more“market friendly”approach，encouraging private sponsorship and negotiating massive television contracts with networks around the world，especially those in the U.S.A. As a result，the IOC is a much more financially solvent organization than it was a few decades ago. However，it is not clear that the IOC is following its founder's original plan for the movement. After all，de Coubertin was a pure amateur at heart. The current commercially oriented Olympic would make de Coubertin concerned，to say the least. 翻译 国际奥委会 国际奥林匹克委员会（IOC）成立于1896年，负责管理现代版希腊奥运会的组织和发展。 第一任总统是希腊人迪米特罗斯·维凯拉斯，秘书是法国人皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦。 顾拜旦的精力和远见是现代奥林匹克运动背后的真正灵感。 100多年来，国际奥委会一直有效地管理着奥林匹克运动。 然而，这段时间里国际奥委会以及整个奥林匹克运动发生了许多冲突和争议。 起初，顾拜旦创立国际奥林匹克运动面临的主要障碍是缺乏国际体育组织。 早期的体育组织——大多数是业余的——在全国范围内组织自己的运动和联盟时遇到了困难。 因此，在国际上与国际奥委会合作是一个极端的挑战。 在早期，顾拜旦自己对奥运会的愿景决定了国际奥委会的许多政策和程序。 他的偏见也影响了这场运动。 例如，顾拜旦坚决反对女运动员参加奥运会。 作为维多利亚时代理想和偏见的体现，顾拜旦认为妇女的地位在于家庭、生育和抚养孩子。 事实上，他认为女性的竞争是不自然、不道德和“不雅的”。 由于顾拜旦在国际奥委会中的强大地位，要让女性以任何重要的方式参与，都需要很多年。 国际奥委会一直主张对围绕奥运会的政治斗争和争议采取“不干涉”的态度。 100多年来，国际奥委会一直声称国际奥委会不是一个政治组织，而且最纯粹的意义上的体育运动（当然，国际奥委会最能代表的运动）本质上是非政治性的，因此国际奥委会一直难以回答那些指出明显例外的批评。 在最简单的层面上，国际奥委会鼓励的在国旗下比赛的行为是一个政治事件。 在更高的政治层面上，奥运会被用来通过抵制进行政治示威，而奥林匹克运动可能是象征性地对抗冷战的最明显的手段。 二战后对奥林匹克运动来说是艰难的几年。 国际奥委会和主办城市及国家经常难以收支平衡。 在最糟糕的情况下，奥运会陷入了巨大的财政债务，最臭名昭著的是1976年蒙特利尔夏季奥运会。 然而，从那时起，奥运会采取了一种更“市场友好”的方式，鼓励私人赞助，并与世界各地的电视台，尤其是美国的电视台协商大量电视合同。 因此，国际奥委会在财政上比几十年前更有偿付能力。 然而，目前尚不清楚国际奥委会是否遵循其创始人最初的运动计划。 毕竟，顾拜旦本质上是个纯粹的业余爱好者。 至少可以说，当前以商业为导向的奥运会将让顾拜旦感到担忧。