在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.lesbian 女同性恋 2.municipal 市政 3.voucher 代金券 4.regimen 管理体制 5.umpires 裁判 6.antics 滑稽动作 7.initiative 方案 8.auspices 赞助 9.aligned 使一致 10.pro-abortion 支持堕胎 11.legislation 法规 12.chauvinist 沙文主义 13.allegation 说法，指控 14.justifiably 无可争议的 原文 Billie Jean King During her competitive days，Billie Jean King was one of the most successful players in women's tennis. However，King is probably more recognized for her political support for women's tennis，and her fight to achieve respect for lesbian and gay athletes in tennis，and in sport in general. Born in Long Beach，California in 1943 as Billie Jean Moffatt，she began playing tennis at the age of 11. King learned the game playing on municipal course，rather than the route most successful players take in tennis in private clubs. When King began competing in the elite levels of tennis，the sport was strictly amateur. She first entered Wimbledon in 1961，and only two years later she advanced to the final. She won her first Wimbledon title in 1966，at the young age of 22 Her first place prize for winning was a 60 dollars gift voucher for Harrods department store. By the end of her remarkable career，King would amass a remarkable 30 Grand Slam titles. Although women's tennis was amateur，King and a few other players began arguing for professional status. Indeed，King's competitive performances and training regime took on a very professional tone. In fact，it was King，and not men's player John McEnroe，who started the practice of arguing against umpires' decisions on the court，although it is the latter player who is better known for such antics. King's training and competitive practices made her a truly modern and “professional” player，but they also cost her much public support. King's major initiative was to start a professional tour，which began in 1968. Operating outside the auspices of the “official” tournaments and organizations，the new professional tour had trouble attracting many of the top international players. Interestingly，Wimbledon allowed professional soon after King's tour started. The rest of the world's tours permitted professionals soon after. Among King's other major political initiatives，she aligned herself with the pro-abortion movement，Title IX legislation in the U.S.（the purpose of which was to equalize girls' and women's funding in education），and she negotiated a deal with the Philip Morris Tobacco company to set up the Virginia Slims tour. Finally，the famous match between herself and self-style “male chauvinist pig” Bobby Riggs in 1973，which King won，brought much public attention to King and to the growing women's athletic movement. Finally，in 1981，it was revealed that King had a lesbian relationship with her secretary. At first King denied the allegation，but later she admitted to the relationship. Instead of hiding her sexuality，which is what female lesbian athletes had been doing for years，King was the first major sports superstar to come out. As such，King will be justifiably recognized as one of the first and most important fighters for the sexual rights of gays and lesbians in sport. 翻译 比莉·简·金 在比莉·简·金的竞技生涯中，她是女子网球中最成功的运动员之一。 然而，金更被认可的原因可能是她在政治上对女子网球的支持，以及她为争取网球乃至整个体育领域对同性恋运动员的尊重所做的努力。 1943年，比莉·简·莫法特出生于加州长滩，11岁开始打网球。 金是在市政球场上学会这项运动的，而不是像大多数成功的网球运动员那样在私人俱乐部里学习。 当金开始参加精英级别的网球比赛时，这项运动完全是业余的。 1961年，她第一次进入温布尔登网球公开赛，仅仅两年后，她就进入了决赛。 1966年，22岁的她赢得了自己的第一个温网冠军 她的第一名奖品是一张价值60美元的哈罗德百货公司礼券。 在她非凡的职业生涯结束时，金获得了30个大满贯冠军。 虽然女子网球是业余的，但金和其他一些选手开始争取职业地位。 事实上，金的竞技表现和训练制度呈现出非常专业的风格。 实际上上，是金，而不是男子选手约翰·麦肯罗(John McEnroe)，开始在球场上对裁判的裁决提出异议的做法，尽管后者更出名于此类行为。 金的训练和比赛实践使她成为一个真正的现代“职业”选手，但这也让她失去了很多公众的支持。 金的主要倡议是在1968年开始职业巡回演出。 由于不受“官方”锦标赛和组织的赞助，新的职业巡回赛在吸引许多国际顶级选手方面遇到了困难。 有趣的是，在金的巡回赛开始后不久，温布尔登就允许了职业选手参赛。 不久之后，世界上其他地方的巡回赛也开始允许职业选手参赛。 在金的其他重大政治倡议中，她与支持堕胎的运动、美国的《第九条法案》(其目的是使女孩和妇女在教育上的资金平等)达成一致，她还与菲利普·莫里斯烟草公司(Philip Morris Tobacco company)协商成立了弗吉尼亚斯利姆斯香烟(Virginia Slims)巡回赛。 最后，1973年，她与自称“大男子主义猪”的鲍比·里格斯(Bobby Riggs)进行了一场著名的比赛，金赢得了这场比赛，引起了公众对金和不断发展的女性体育运动的关注。 最终，在1981年，金被揭露与她的秘书有一段同性恋关系。 起初，金否认了这一指控，但后来她承认了这一关系。 她没有隐藏自己的性取向，这是女同性恋运动员多年来一直在做的事，金是第一个出柜的大体育明星。 因此，金将被公认为体育界为同性恋者争取性权利的最早也是最重要的斗士之一。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.breadth 广泛的 2.endorsement 代言 3.executive 高管 4.drafted 选派 5.rookie 新秀 6.distinction 奖赏 7.commodity 有用的商品 8.elevated 提升 9.prominence 出名 10.aided 辅助 11.leisure 休闲 12.memorabilia 纪念品 13.contractually 合同 14.lapels 翻领 15.affiliate 附属机构 16.arguably 可以说是 原文 Michael Jordan Michael Jordan is one of the most recognized sports figures in the world. To understand the breadth of his fame，it is probably best to think of Jordan in two senses：as a person and an athlete with incredible athletic prowess and skill，and as a cultural and media icon. The second way of think about Jordan is probably equal to the first. After all，it was his endorsement of dozens of commercial products，sports in movies，and in general his commercial-and market-produced image that made Jordan so famous worldwide. Jordan was born in 1963，one of three sons of a corporate executive. He attended North Caroline University from 1981-84，and was then drafted to the National Basketball Association's（NBA）Chicago Bulls. During the same year，he co-captained the U.S.A. basketball team to gold in the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles. Jordan's fame was quickly accelerated with the help of his agent and a marketing firm. After winning the NBA's Rookie of the Year distinction，Jordan quickly began signing a series of marketing contracts that would eventually create the iconic image known throughout the world. The most notable marketing endorsement contract came with Nike Corporate. Nike built much of its marketing and commercial strategy around Jordan in the 1980s and early 1990s. With his own line of Nike-Produced basketball shoes and clothing，Jordan established himself as a marketable commodity. The relationship between Nike and Jordan would be a mutually beneficial one. It elevated Jordan to international prominence，while helping push Nike to number one status as world sports merchandiser. Jordan's athletic status was also aided by the fact that his was a career with relatively little controversy，unlike many other superstar athletes. Social and political controversies surrounding Jordan were rare，and when they did occur these were minor. In 1992，he got himself into a bit of trouble when he did not allow his image to be used by the NBA for the licensing of leisure wear and memorabilia in the run-up to the Summer Olympic Games. In addition，once at the Games，Jordan，being contractually committed to Nike，refused to wear the official sponsor Reebok's warm-up suits. The issue was resolved when Jordan and his teammates wore the U.S. flag and extra long lapels to cover the Reebok logo. In 1993，Jordan made a surprise announcement of his retirement from the NBA at the age of thirty. He signed as a free agent to play Major League Baseball with the Chicago White Sox，and played-unsuccessfully as it turned out-with the White SOX minor league affiliate. Jordan then made a brief comeback in the NBA，only to retire soon after. History will recognize Jordan not only for his athletic prowess-arguably the best the sport of basketball has ever seen-and for his iconic status in the later-twentieth century world of sport's marketing and image production. 翻译 迈克尔·乔丹 迈克尔·乔丹是世界上最知名的体育明星之一。 要理解乔丹名声的广度，最好从两个方面来看待乔丹：一是作为一个人和一名运动员，拥有不可思议的运动能力和技巧，二是作为一个文化和媒体偶像。 对乔丹的第二种看法可能与第一种看法相同。 毕竟，正是他对几十种商业产品、电影中的体育运动的代言，以及他在商业和市场上塑造的形象，使乔丹在世界范围内如此出名。 乔丹生于1963年，是一位企业高管的三个儿子之一。 1981年至1984年，他就读于北卡罗琳大学，随后被美国国家篮球协会（NBA）芝加哥公牛队征召入伍。 同年，他担任美国篮球队的联合队长，在1984年洛杉矶夏季奥运会上夺得金牌。 在他的经纪人和一家营销公司的帮助下，乔丹的名声迅速提高。 在赢得NBA年度最佳新秀奖后，乔丹很快开始签署一系列营销合同，最终创造出举世闻名的标志性形象。 最著名的营销代言合同来自耐克公司。 耐克在20世纪80年代和90年代初围绕乔丹制定了许多营销和商业战略。 凭借耐克公司生产的篮球鞋和服装，乔丹使自己成为一种畅销商品。 耐克和乔丹之间的关系将是互利的。 它将乔丹提升到了国际知名度，同时帮助推动耐克成为世界体育用品采购商的头号人物。 乔丹的体育地位也得益于这样一个事实：与其他许多超级明星运动员不同，他的职业生涯争议相对较小。 围绕乔丹的社会和政治争议非常罕见，当它们确实发生时，这些争议都很小。 1992年，当他不允许自己的形象被NBA用于夏季奥运会期间休闲服装和纪念品的授权时，他陷入了一点麻烦。 此外，在奥运会上，乔丹与耐克签订合同，他拒绝了穿官方赞助商锐步的热身服。 当乔丹和他的队友们佩戴美国国旗和超长翻领来遮盖锐步标志时，问题得到了解决。 1993年，乔丹出人意料地宣布他在30岁时从NBA退役。 他以自由球员的身份签约芝加哥白袜队打大联盟棒球赛，但在白袜队小联盟的附属机构打了一场失败的比赛。 乔丹随后在NBA短暂复出，但很快就退休了。 历史将会认可乔丹，不仅因为他的运动能力，可以说他是篮球运动史上最好的运动员，还因为他在20世纪末的体育营销和形象塑造领域的标志性地位。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.stature 声望 2.declare 宣布 3.formidable 令人生畏的 4.enthusiastic 热情 5.nickname 绰号 6.rivaly 竞争 7.taboo 禁忌 8.endorse 代言 9.charity 慈善 10.heterosexual 异性恋 11.tales 故事 12.discourse 讲述 13.exploit 剥削 14.labeled 贴标签 15.slut 荡妇 16.prestigious 有声望的 17.bestow 赋予 原文 Earvin“Magic”Johnson Earvin“Magic”Johnson is recognized as one of the best basketball players in the history of the sport. He will also be remembered as the first sports performer of international stature to declare openly that he had contracted the HIV virus. Magic Johnson was born in the state of Michigan，and quickly rose to fame in the state by becoming an outstanding player for Michigan State. At 6 foot 9 inches，Magic was a formidable player. An enthusiastic sports reporter gave “Magic” the nickname to him during his high school years. During his college years，he developed a rivalry with another future National Basketball Association（NBA）superstar，Larry Bird，then playing for the Indiana State basketball team. Their rivalry would be one of the main forces to generate interest in the NBA in the early 1980s. During his playing days in the NBA，from 1979 to 1991，Johnson was named the league's Most Valuable Player three times. He also became attractive to commercial advertisers during a period when it had become less taboo to use African American athletes to endorse products. Johnson，however，was always guarded about his comments regarding racial issues. However，he was active in charity work，and in general maintained a very positive light in the public's eye through his career. On announcing his retirement，Johnson stated that he had contracted the HIV virus from unprotected heterosexual sex. However，tales and rumors circulated in the press and in popular discourse about Johnson's sexual exploits during his days as a NBA superstar. Ironically，Johnson，upon retirement，became a spokesperson for safe sex. Another famous sports star，tennis player Martina Navratilova，criticized Johnson and pointed out that if the same comments had been made publicly by a female，she would have been labeled a “slut”. Navratilova probably made a good point. Not only was Johnson's public image a positive one，but also he was actually seen as a role model for heterosexual family life. The events and controversies surrounding Johnson's retirement probably raise his status as an athlete in the public eye，making his career that much more notable. There is little question，then，that the combination of incredible athletic prowess and the events surrounding his retirement will bestow upon Magic Johnson a prestigious position in sports history. 翻译 埃尔文“魔术师”约翰逊 埃尔文·约翰逊被公认为这项运动历史上最好的篮球运动员之一。 他还将作为第一位公开宣布自己感染了艾滋病毒的具有国际地位的体育表演者而被铭记。 魔术师约翰逊出生于密歇根州，并迅速在该州成名，成为密歇根州的一名杰出球员。 身高6英尺9英寸，魔术师是一名令人敬畏的球员。 一位热情的体育记者在他高中时给他起了个“魔术师”的绰号。 在大学期间，他与另一位未来的美国篮球协会（NBA）超级巨星拉里·伯德（Larry Bird）展开了竞争，当时他效力于印第安纳州篮球队。 在20世纪80年代早期，他们的竞争是引起人们对NBA兴趣的主要力量之一。 在1979年至1991年的NBA比赛期间，约翰逊三次被评为联盟最有价值球员。 在利用非裔美国运动员代言产品变得不再那么禁忌的时期，他也对商业广告商产生了吸引力。 然而，约翰逊对他有关种族问题的评论总是很谨慎。 但是，他积极参与慈善工作，在整个职业生涯中，他在公众眼中一直保持着非常正面的态度。 约翰逊在宣布退休时表示，他通过无保护的异性性行为感染了艾滋病毒。 然而，关于约翰逊作为NBA超级明星期间性行为的故事和谣言在媒体和大众话语中流传。 讽刺的是，约翰逊退休后成为了安全性行为的代言人。 另一位著名的体育明星、网球运动员玛蒂娜·纳夫拉蒂洛娃批评了约翰逊，并指出，如果一位女性公开发表同样的评论，她会被贴上“荡妇”的标签。 纳夫拉蒂洛娃可能说得很好。 约翰逊的公众形象不仅是积极的，而且他实际上被视为异性恋家庭生活的榜样。 围绕约翰逊退役的事件和争议可能会提高他作为一名运动员在公众眼中的地位，使他的职业生涯更加引人注目。 毫无疑问，不可思议的运动能力和围绕他退役的事件将赋予魔术师约翰逊在体育史上的高声望。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.secretary 秘书 2.conflict 冲突 3.controversies 争议 4.obstacle 障碍 5.dictated 决定 6.procedure 程序 7.prejudice 偏见 8.adamant 坚定 9.rejection 拒绝 10.embodiment 典型 11.indecent 下流 12.inherently 天然 13.demonstration 示威 14.boycott 抵制 15.debt 债务 16.notoriously 臭名昭著 17.negotiating 协商 原文 International Olympic Committee The International Olympic Committee（IOC） was formed in 1896 to govern the organization and development of what were understood to be a modern version of the Greek Olympic Games. Its first president was Dimitros Vikelas，a Greek，and its secretary was Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin. De Coubertin's energy and his vision have been the true inspiration behind the modern Olympic movement. The IOC has effectively governed the Olympic movement for over 100 years. However，that period of time has seen many conflicts and controversies with the IOC and in the Olympic movement as a whole. At first，the main obstacle de Coubertin faced to creating an international Olympic movement was the lack of organization of sport internationally. Early sports organizations-most of them amateur-had trouble organizing their own sports and leagues nationally. As a result，cooperating with the IOC internationally was an extreme challenge. In the early years，de Coubertin's own vision for the Games dictated much of the IOC's policies and procedures. His prejudices also influenced the movement. For example，de Coubertin was adamant in his rejection of female athletes' participation in the Games. An embodiment of Victorian ideals and prejudices，de Coubertin thought women' place was in the home，and bearing and raising children. Indeed，he thought of women's competition as unnatural，immoral，and “indecent”. As a result of de Coubertin's powerful position within the IOC，it would take many years to have women participating in any significant way. The IOC has always claimed a “hands-off” approach to political struggles and controversies surrounding the Games. Claiming，now for over 100 years，that the IOC is not a political organization，and that sport in its purest sense（one represented best by the IOC，of course）is inherently nonpolitical，the IOC has always had trouble answering critics who point out obvious exceptions to claim. At the simplest level，the act of competing under national flags-something the IOC encourages-is a political event. At a higher political level，the Olympic Games have been used for political demonstration through boycotts，and the Olympic movement was probably the most visible means of symbolically fighting the Cold War. The post-World War Two years were lean ones for the Olympic movement. The IOC and hosting cities and nations often had trouble breaking even. At its worst，the Games went into great financial debt，most notoriously in the Summer Games in Montreal in 1976. However，since that time，the Games have taken a more“market friendly”approach，encouraging private sponsorship and negotiating massive television contracts with networks around the world，especially those in the U.S.A. As a result，the IOC is a much more financially solvent organization than it was a few decades ago. However，it is not clear that the IOC is following its founder's original plan for the movement. After all，de Coubertin was a pure amateur at heart. The current commercially oriented Olympic would make de Coubertin concerned，to say the least. 翻译 国际奥委会 国际奥林匹克委员会（IOC）成立于1896年，负责管理现代版希腊奥运会的组织和发展。 第一任总统是希腊人迪米特罗斯·维凯拉斯，秘书是法国人皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦。 顾拜旦的精力和远见是现代奥林匹克运动背后的真正灵感。 100多年来，国际奥委会一直有效地管理着奥林匹克运动。 然而，这段时间里国际奥委会以及整个奥林匹克运动发生了许多冲突和争议。 起初，顾拜旦创立国际奥林匹克运动面临的主要障碍是缺乏国际体育组织。 早期的体育组织——大多数是业余的——在全国范围内组织自己的运动和联盟时遇到了困难。 因此，在国际上与国际奥委会合作是一个极端的挑战。 在早期，顾拜旦自己对奥运会的愿景决定了国际奥委会的许多政策和程序。 他的偏见也影响了这场运动。 例如，顾拜旦坚决反对女运动员参加奥运会。 作为维多利亚时代理想和偏见的体现，顾拜旦认为妇女的地位在于家庭、生育和抚养孩子。 事实上，他认为女性的竞争是不自然、不道德和“不雅的”。 由于顾拜旦在国际奥委会中的强大地位，要让女性以任何重要的方式参与，都需要很多年。 国际奥委会一直主张对围绕奥运会的政治斗争和争议采取“不干涉”的态度。 100多年来，国际奥委会一直声称国际奥委会不是一个政治组织，而且最纯粹的意义上的体育运动（当然，国际奥委会最能代表的运动）本质上是非政治性的，因此国际奥委会一直难以回答那些指出明显例外的批评。 在最简单的层面上，国际奥委会鼓励的在国旗下比赛的行为是一个政治事件。 在更高的政治层面上，奥运会被用来通过抵制进行政治示威，而奥林匹克运动可能是象征性地对抗冷战的最明显的手段。 二战后对奥林匹克运动来说是艰难的几年。 国际奥委会和主办城市及国家经常难以收支平衡。 在最糟糕的情况下，奥运会陷入了巨大的财政债务，最臭名昭著的是1976年蒙特利尔夏季奥运会。 然而，从那时起，奥运会采取了一种更“市场友好”的方式，鼓励私人赞助，并与世界各地的电视台，尤其是美国的电视台协商大量电视合同。 因此，国际奥委会在财政上比几十年前更有偿付能力。 然而，目前尚不清楚国际奥委会是否遵循其创始人最初的运动计划。 毕竟，顾拜旦本质上是个纯粹的业余爱好者。 至少可以说，当前以商业为导向的奥运会将让顾拜旦感到担忧。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.primitive 原始的 2.affiliation 隶属于 3.formally 正式的 4.separated 分开的 5.accelerated 加速的 6.staged 举行 7.competed 参加赛事 8.notable exception 值得注意的例外 9.fanaticism 狂热 10.inundated 应接不暇 11.opted 选择 12.quintessential 典型的 13.uninterrupted 不中断 14.unqualified 完全的 原文 FIFA Created in 1904 with seven member nations，FIFA（Federal International de Football Associations）is the international governing body of soccer. Soccer is the most widely watched and played game in the world. FIFA organizes the World Cup，which takes place every four years. In many ways，the development of FIFA follows the organization of the sport of football/soccer itself. At the start of the twentieth century，it was primitive in its organization and loosely structured. However，by the end of the century，FIFA had affiliation in all six continents，with over 170 member countries. Alongside the International Olympic Committee，FIFA is the largest sports organization in the world. At the time of FIFA's creation，soccer had gained a followed in several countries，in large part due to British settlements. It was not until 1863 that the sports of soccer and rugby were formally separated in England. While both sports were important in British culture in the nineteen century，it was soccer that took off around the world at a much more accelerated rate. As the twentieth century progressed，countries like Holland，Germany，Spain，Brazil，and many others became as good as，and in many cases better at the game than，the founding country. The World Cup began in 1930 in Uruguay. By then，FIFA had attained enough power and the game was so widespread that a world championship was justified. By the time the 1998 World Cup was staged in France，112 countries competed. Despite the sport originating in England，that country did not win a World Cup until 1966. One notable exception to the soccer fanaticism that is seen in many countries around the world is the U.S.A. There has always been a problem developing soccer in the country that dominated so many other professional and amateur sports. One of the main reasons for this the country is inundated with its professional sports system. For one reason or another，the U.S.A has opted for sports traditionally played in relatively few countries：American-style football，basketball，and what many consider to be the quintessential American sport，baseball. There is also the problem soccer presents for American television networks. Successful sports in the U.S.A. have usually been ones appropriate for commercial television. Soccer，with it two 45-minute halves and long，uninterrupted play，is less than idea for commercials and advertising-based American television. The most recent evolution in soccer has been in the women's game. The 1999 Women's World Cup held in the U.S.A. was an unqualified success. Indeed，FIFA's president proclaimed “the future of football is female ”. 翻译 国际足联 1904年7个成员国成立的国际足联(Federal International de Football Associations)是国际足球管理机构。 足球是世界上最受关注和最受欢迎的运动。 国际足联组织世界杯比赛，每四年举行一次。 在许多方面，国际足联的发展遵循着足球运动本身的组织。 在二十世纪初，它的组织原始，结构松散。 然而，到本世纪末，国际足联在六大洲都有分支机构，有超过170个成员国。 与国际奥委会一样，国际足联是世界上最大的体育组织。 在国际足联成立之初，足球在几个国家获得了关注，这在很大程度上要归功于英国的殖民。 直到1863年，足球和橄榄球运动才在英国正式分开。 尽管这两项运动在19世纪的英国文化中都很重要，但足球在世界范围内的发展速度要快得多。 随着20世纪的发展，荷兰、德国、西班牙、巴西和其他许多国家在这项运动上变得和创始国一样好，在很多情况下甚至比创始国还好。 世界杯始于1930年的乌拉圭。 那时，国际足联已经获得了足够的权力，这项运动已经如此广泛，所以世界锦标赛是合理的。 到1998年法国举办世界杯时，共有112个国家参赛。 尽管这项运动起源于英国，但该国直到1966年才赢得世界杯冠军。 在世界许多国家都能看到的足球狂热中，有一个值得注意的例外是美国 在这个主导了众多职业和业余运动的国家，足球的发展一直是个问题。 其中一个主要原因是这个国家充斥着职业体育系统。 由于这样或那样的原因，美国选择了传统上在相对较少的国家进行的运动:美式足球、篮球，以及许多人认为是美国运动精髓的棒球。 足球还给美国电视网络带来一个问题。 在美国，成功的体育项目通常适合商业电视转播。 足球，两个45分钟的半场，长时间不间断的比赛，不太像商业广告和以广告为基础的美国电视节目。 足球运动的最新发展是女子比赛。 1999年在美国举行的女足世界杯取得了绝对的成功。 事实上，国际足联主席曾宣称“足球的未来是女性”。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.inquiry 调查 2.disqualification 取消资格 3.presided 主持 4.proceeding 诉讼 5.mandatory 强制 6.subsequent 随后 7.rippling 扩散 8.bureaucracy 官僚 9.eagerly antiquated 热切地期望 10.testimony 证据 11.submission 文件 12.disclosed 揭示 13.aftermath 后果 14.combat 解决 15.oriented 导向 16.emphasizing 强调 17.immense 巨大的 18.further indication 进一步的迹象 19.rampart 泛滥 20.cheat 作弊 21.epidemic 流行病 原文 The Dubin Inquiry The Dubin Inquiry was a Canadian federal government inquiry into the state of amateur sport in Canada，more specially into the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Canadian athletes. The inquiry followed in the footsteps of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson's disqualification in the 1988 Seoul Olympics. The inquiry was named after Charles Dubin，a Canadian judge who presided over the proceedings. Johnson won the Olympic men's 100-meter final in world record time of 9.79 seconds. However，his post-race mandatory drug test was positive. Johnson was found to have taken the steroid Stanozolol. The subsequent stripping of Johnson's gold medal turned into probably the most famous case of drug use in the history of sports. It also sent shock waves rippling through the Canadian sports establishment，which various members of government and the sport bureaucracy pointing fingers at each other. Many observers of the sports establishment around the world followed the Dubin Inquiry and the Johnson case. Several countries were dealing with the growing problem of their own athletes using drugs to enhance performance，so the result of the inquiry were eagerly anticipated. The inquiry heard testimony from a large number of athletes，coaches，sports administrators，and others. The most interesting submissions were made by Johnson's coaches Charlie Francis，his physician Jamie Astaphan，and of course from Johnson himself. The inquiry disclosed drug taking on a scale never before suspected. It was discovered that，besides the common practice of coaches encouraging athletes to take drugs，many others were guilty of turning a “blind eye” to the problem and ignoring it. In the aftermath of the inquiry，a new organization，The Canadian Center for Drug-Free Sport，was created to combat the problem. This organization has taken various measures in its attempt to combat drug use by Canadian athletes. However，critics of the Dubin Inquiry have accused the inquiry of being little more than a government inquisition，the real purpose of which was to direct attention towards individual athletes and coaches and away from the government itself. Increasingly in the 1980s，Sport Canada-the governing body responsible for the administration of elite amateur sport in Canada had taken a “success-oriented” approach to Canadian sport：emphasizing winning medal above all other goals. The result，critics have pointed out，was to put immense pressure on Canadian athletes，leading in turn to drug use-among many other extreme measures-to enhance performance. The Dubin Inquiry，in other words，has had mixed reviews. A further indication of the effectiveness of the Dubin Inquiry can be seen in the state of Canadian sport since the inquiry. Despite attempts by The Canadian Center for Drug-Free to educate athletes and coaches on the dangers of drug use，there is little doubt that rampant drug use continues. This has led some observers of the Canadian sport scene to claim that drug use is less a reflection of individual athletes who cheat，but more a reflection of a cultural and institutional epidemic in sport. Drug use has perhaps become so common in the culture of elite sport that dealing with the problem by punishing individual athletes might be ineffective. 翻译 杜宾调查 杜宾调查是加拿大联邦政府对加拿大业余体育状况的调查，尤其是对加拿大运动员使用兴奋剂的情况。 这项调查是在加拿大短跑运动员本·约翰逊被取消1988年首尔奥运会参赛资格之后进行的。 调查以主持诉讼的加拿大法官查尔斯·杜宾的名字命名。 约翰逊以9秒79的世界纪录赢得了奥运会男子100米决赛。 然而，他的赛后强制药检呈阳性。 约翰逊被发现服用了类固醇司坦唑醇。 随后约翰逊的金牌被剥夺，这可能成为体育史上最著名的药物使用案例。 这也给加拿大体育机构带来了冲击，许多政府成员和体育官僚相互指责。 世界各地体育界的许多观察家都在关注杜宾调查和约翰逊案。 有几个国家正在处理本国运动员使用药物提高成绩这一日益严重的问题，因此人们热切期待调查结果。 调查听取了大量运动员、教练、体育管理人员和其他人的证词。 最有趣的是约翰逊的教练查理·弗朗西斯、他的医生杰米·阿斯塔潘，当然还有约翰逊本人。 调查显示药物使用的规模前所未有。 研究发现，除了教练鼓励运动员服用药物的常见做法外，还有许多人对这个问题视而不见。 调查结束后，成立了一个新的组织，即加拿大无药物体育中心，以解决这一问题。 该组织采取了各种措施，试图打击加拿大运动员的药物使用行为。 然而，杜宾调查的批评者指责该调查只不过是一次政府调查，其真正目的是将注意力转移到运动员和教练个人身上，而不是政府本身。 20世纪80年代，加拿大体育部（Sport Canada）这个负责管理加拿大业余精英运动的管理机构对加拿大体育采取了一种“以成功为导向”的方式：将赢得奖牌置于所有其他目标之上。 批评人士指出，其结果是给加拿大运动员施加了巨大的压力，进而导致药物使用和其他许多提高成绩的极端措施。 换言之，杜宾调查的评价褒贬不一。 杜宾调查的有效性可以从调查后加拿大体育界的状况中进一步看出。 尽管加拿大无药物体育中心试图教育运动员和教练吸毒的危险，但毫无疑问，猖獗的吸毒现象仍在继续。 这导致加拿大体育界的一些观察家声称，药物使用与其说是运动员个人作弊的反映，不如说是体育文化和体制流行病的反映。 在精英体育文化中，药物使用可能已经变得如此普遍，以至于通过惩罚个别运动员来处理这个问题可能是无效的。

在喜马拉雅播已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.conventional 依照惯例的 2.flouted 无视 3.notion 观念 4.feminity 女性气质 5.excelling 擅长 6.javelin 标枪 7.shot-put 铅球 8.hurdles 跨栏 9.immensely 极大地 10.innuendo 映射 11.conscious 有意识地 12.donned 穿上 13.controversial 备受争议的 14.underwent 经历 15.stripped 剥夺 16.reinstatement 复位 17.antiquated 过时的 18.prefigured 预言 19.re-examination 重新审视 原文 “Babe” Didrikson Mildred “Babe” Didrikson（1913-1956）was one of the most celebrated female athletes of the first half of the twentieth century. Competing in the 1930s and 1940s，when conventional attitudes regarding women's participation in sport dominated North American culture，Babe Didrikson rose to fame by dominating not just one，but a number of sports. Didrikson flouted conventional notions of femininity and “proper”female activity，by excelling in field events such as javelin and shot-put，in addition to tradition male-dominated sports such as baseball，swimming，and golf. Interestingly，Didrikson would always have to battle popular accounts that attacked or questioned her femininity and sexuality. As a women with a large，muscular and athletic body，Didrikson was often accused of having an “unfair advantage” over other women，and often regarded as not being a “real woman”. Born in the state of Texas，Didrikson rose to athletic fame quick，representing the U.S.A. in the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles where she won and set records in the javelin and 80 meter hurdles. Later in her career，Didrikson turned her athletic attention mainly to golf，s sport in which she was immensely successful. Interestingly，however，Didrikson tired of the popular innuendo regarding her “unfeminine” appearance and made a conscious effort to change her image in favor of a more traditionally feminine one：she donned dresses and make-up in place of her sweat pants and makeupless appearance. Didrikson's controversial career underwent a twist when she fought the American Athletic Union（AAU），which had stripped her of her amateur sports status after she allowed her image to used in endorsements for cars. When offered amateur status reinstatement，Didrikson refused，challenging what she believed to be the AAU's antiqued rules and regulations. Aside from her incredible athletic accomplishments，Didrikson is an important historical figure because of the challenge she made to the male-dominate institution of sport. Didrikson challenged those within the institution of sport to question gender values at a time when the political environment made it difficult to do so. Didrikson prefigured by several decades the challenges to sport made by other female athletes such as Billie Jean King，Martine Navratilova，and Florence Griffith Joyner. Didrikson forced a re-examination of the meaning of sports，making many aware of the social and political importance of an institution typically not thought of as such. 翻译 芭贝·迪德里克森 米尔德雷德·芭贝·迪德里克森（1913-1956）是二十世纪上半叶最著名的女运动员之一。 20世纪30年代和40年代，在关于女性参与体育运动的传统态度还主导北美文化的时候，芭贝·迪德里克森（Babe Didrikson）凭借不仅主导一项体育运动，而且主导多项体育运动而声名鹊起。 迪德里克森藐视传统的女性气质和“适当”的女性活动观念，除了棒球、游泳和高尔夫等传统的男性主导运动外，他还擅长标枪和铅球等田赛项目。 有趣的是，迪德里克森总是要与那些攻击或质疑她女性气质和性取向的流行报道作斗争。 作为一名身材魁梧、肌肉发达、运动型身材的女性，迪德里克森经常被指责比其他女性拥有“不公平的优势”，并经常被认为不是“真正的女性”。 迪德里克森出生于德克萨斯州，在1932年洛杉矶奥运会上代表美国队赢得标枪和80米栏比赛并创造纪录，她很快就在体育界声名鹊起。 在职业生涯的后期，迪德里克森把她的运动注意力主要转向了高尔夫运动，在这项运动中她取得了巨大的成功。 然而，有趣的是，迪德里克森厌倦了关于她“非女性化”外表的流行影射，并有意识地改变了自己的形象，取而代之的是一个更传统的女性形象：她穿裙子和化妆，而不是运动裤和素颜。 迪德里克森备受争议的职业生涯在她与美国运动联盟（AAU）的斗争中发生了转折。在她允许自己的形象用于汽车代言后，AAU剥夺了她业余体育的地位。 当被要求恢复业余身份时，迪德里克森拒绝了，挑战了她认为是AAU过时的规则和规定。 除了她令人难以置信的体育成就，迪德里克森是一个重要的历史人物，因为她对男性主导的体育机构提出了挑战。 迪德里克森向体育机构内部的人发出挑战，质疑性别价值观，而当时的政治环境让他们很难这样做。 几十年来，迪德里克森预言了比莉·让·金（Billie Jean King）、玛蒂娜·纳夫拉蒂洛娃（Martine Navratilova）和弗洛伦斯·格里菲斯·乔伊纳（Florence Griffith Joyner）等其他女运动员对体育的挑战。 迪德里克森迫使人们重新审视体育的意义，让许多人意识到体育这个通常不被认为是社会和政治机构的重要性。

在喜马拉雅播已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.prime 强盛时期 2.inexplicably 莫名其妙地 3.winning streak 连胜 4.spanned 跨越 5.waned 衰弱 6.spotlight 聚光灯 7.emergency hospital procedure 急诊手术 8.poisoning 中毒 9.barbiturate 巴比妥盐酸（用于镇静、催眠等） 10.fail miserably 惨败 11.insistence 坚持要求 12.synthetic fiber 合成纤维 13.commit suicide 自杀 14.obscurity 默默无闻 15.icon 偶像 16.conferred 授予 17.comparable 可比较的 18.adorned 装饰 19.catalyst 催化剂 原文 Bjorn Borg The professional career of tennis player Bjorn Borg was one of the most interesting ones in recent sports history. Borg's success in his sport came at an early age. Borg won Wimbledon when he was only 20 years old. However，by the time he was 26，an in prime of his career，Borg inexplicably retired from professional tennis. Borg，who began playing tennis at the age of nine，was the number one ranked junior player by the age of 14，and had won the Italian and French Open titles at the age of 18. These were the first of several major championships won by Borg in the late-1970s and early-1908s. Probably his greatest achievement was a winning streak at Wimbledon that spanned five years. Between the years 1976 and 1982，Borg enjoyed almost complete dominance in competitive tennis. His retirement in 1983，then，was a bit of puzzle. Although his skills waned somewhat in the previous year，he was still one of the top players on the tour，and only 26 years old. Even stranger was the fact that Borg refused to revealed the reasons for his retirement. Following his retirement，Borg encountered a number of personal problems，which kept him in the media spotlight even though he was no longer playing competitive tennis. Five years after his retirement，an emergency hospital procedure saved his life. While Borg claimed he had food poisoning，it was suspected he had a barbiturate overdoes. In 1991，Borg attempted to make a comeback on the professional tennis tour，only to fail miserably. His insistence on using a wooden racket at the time，when all of the world's top player were using synthetic fiber racket didn't help matters. At the same time，Borg's second wife attempted to commit suicide，and the couple divorced in1993. Eventually，Borg disappeared into obscurity，and there is little news of his life today. These sad stories about the latter part of his career aside，Borg was an important figure in modern tennis history. He was the sport's first modern media star and icon. Teenage girls conferred upon him a status comparable to a rock star. His face adorned T-shirts and other merchandise，making him the most marketable tennis player in history. Borg's career was catalyst for Swedish tennis players. Those who followed in his footsteps and held him up as their hero including tennis stars Mats Wilander and Stephan Edberg. Perhaps most important of all，Borg gave to the sport of tennis a degree of showmanship，visibility，and marketability that was used as a role model for the sport in future decades. 翻译 比约恩·博格 网球运动员比约恩·博格从的职业生涯是近代体育史上最有趣的职业生涯之一。 博格在运动上的成功是在他很小的时候取得的。 博格20岁时就赢得了温布尔登网球公开赛。 然而，在他26岁的时候，在职业生涯的黄金时期，博格莫名其妙地从职业网球退役。 博格9岁开始打网球，14岁时成为排名第一的青少年选手，18岁时赢得意大利和法国网球公开赛冠军。 这是博格在20世纪70年代末和1908年代初赢得的第一个主要锦标赛冠军。 他最大的成就可能是在温布尔登连续五年获胜。 从1976年到1982年，博格在竞技网球领域几乎完全占据主导地位。 1983年，他退休了，这让人有点困惑。 虽然他的技术在前一年有所下降，但他仍然是巡回赛的顶尖球员之一，只有26岁。 更奇怪的是，博格拒绝透露他退休的原因。 退休后，博格遭遇了一些个人问题，这让他成为媒体关注的焦点，尽管他不再打竞技网球。 在他退休五年后，一次急诊手术挽救了他的生命。 博格声称自己食物中毒，但是他被怀疑服用了过量的巴比妥类药物。 1991年，博格试图在职业网球巡回赛中复出，但以惨败告终。 当时，世界顶级球员都在使用合成纤维球拍，但他坚持使用木制球拍，这无助于解决问题。 与此同时，博格的第二任妻子试图自杀，两人于1993年离婚。 最终，博格默默无闻地消失了，他今天的生活几乎没有什么新闻。 抛开这些关于他职业生涯后期的悲惨故事不谈，博格是现代网球史上的重要人物。 他是这项运动的第一位现代媒体明星和偶像。 十几岁的女孩们授予他一个与摇滚明星相当的地位。 他的脸装饰着T恤衫和其他商品，使他成为历史上最受市场欢迎的网球运动员。 博格的职业生涯是瑞典网球运动员的催化剂。 那些追随他的脚步并将他视为英雄的人就包括了网球明星马茨·威兰德和斯蒂芬·埃德伯格。 也许最重要的是，博格赋予网球运动一定程度的表演技巧、知名度和市场性，这在未来几十年被用作这项运动的榜样。

在喜马拉雅播已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.exceptional 杰出的 2.victim 受害者 3.channeling 引导 4.appropriate 适当的 5.discipline 纪律 6.spawned 产生 7.conceal 掩盖 8.revered 尊敬 9.prowess 造诣 原文 Arthur Ashe Arthur Ashe（1943-1993）was one of the most exceptional tennis players in the history of the sport. Born in Richmond，Virginia，Ashe served in the United States Army and had a good early amateur career. By the end of his life in 1993，Ashe was recognized not only for his tennis，but also for his political campaigns on behalf of racial equality in the United States，Haiti，and South Africa. Also，as a victim of AIDS，Ashe campaigned for AIDS research near the end of his life. When Ashe turned professional in 1969，he was an African American player in a sport completely dominated by whites. At the peak of his career in the 1970s，Ashe won the Australian Open，Wimbledon，and doubles titles at the French and Australian Opens. Interestingly，Ashe encouraged young blacks not to waste their energies on sports Instead，he recommended channeling energy into academic and vocation-related studies. His recommendation seems appropriate to this day. While it is the case that sports can provide positive role models and encourage hard work and discipline，it is also the case that many young athletes dream unrealistically of professional careers at the exclusion of school. The odds of successfully making a professional league are statistically next to impossible. Despite his own success，Ashe recognized this. Mindful of racism in American society，Ashe always thought of his own career in terms of the general experience of blacks in America. He wrote several books recounting these ideas. Ashe's historical writing on the history of African American in sport spawned a multimedia series，A Hard Road to Glory. Today，while a few more blacks have been successful in sports traditionally dominated by whites，it is still the case that whites dominate. The recent successes of athletes like the Williams sisters in tennis and Tiger Woods in golf sometimes conceal the fact that these sports are still predominantly white. According to Ashe's thinking，it would be a mistake to take one role model，such as Tiger Woods，and from that conclude that race problems in sport no longer exist. Like any institution，race relations in sport should be thought of for their long-term trends，not individual exceptions. Arthur Ashe contracted the HIV virus through a blood transfusion and died of AIDS in 1993，aged 50. While since his death he has become revered and respected ，in the 1980snear the end of his life he was unpopular for his ideas. However，his combination of political campaigning and athletic prowess has made him a revered figure in American history. 翻译 亚瑟·阿什 阿瑟·阿什（1943-1993）是历史上最杰出的网球运动员之一。 阿什出生于弗吉尼亚州的里士满，曾在美国陆军服役，早期业余生涯很好。 1993年，阿什去世时，他不仅因为网球而获得认可，还因为他在美国、海地和南非为种族平等的政治活动而获得认可。 此外，作为艾滋病的受害者，阿什在生命即将结束时发起了艾滋病研究运动。 1969年，当阿什成为职业选手时，他是一名非裔美国人，参加了一项完全由白人主导的运动。 在20世纪70年代职业生涯的巅峰时期，阿什赢得了澳网、温布尔登网球公开赛以及法国和澳大利亚网球公开赛的双打冠军。 有趣的是，阿什鼓励年轻的黑人不要把精力浪费在体育上 相反，他建议将精力投入学术和职业相关的研究。 他的建议似乎适合今天。 虽然体育运动可以提供积极的榜样，鼓励努力工作和自律，但许多年轻运动员也不切实际地梦想在学校之外从事职业生涯。 从统计数据来看，成功进入职业联赛的几率低到几乎是不可能。 尽管自己取得了成功，阿什还是意识到了这一点。 考虑到美国社会的种族主义，阿什总是从美国黑人的一般经历来思考自己的职业生涯。 他写了几本书来叙述这些想法。 阿什关于非裔美国人体育史的历史著作催生了一个多媒体系列，一条通往荣耀的艰难之路。 今天，虽然又有少数黑人在传统上由白人主导的体育运动中取得了成功，但白人仍然占主导地位。 最近，威廉姆斯姐妹（Williams sisters）和老虎伍兹（Tiger Woods）等运动员在网球和高尔夫上取得的成功有时掩盖了一个事实，即这些运动仍然以白人为主。 根据阿什的想法，以老虎伍兹为榜样，并由此得出体育运动中不再存在种族问题的结论是错误的。 像任何机构一样，体育运动中的种族关系应该考虑其长期趋势，而不是个别例外。 亚瑟·阿什通过输血感染了艾滋病毒，并于1993年死于艾滋病，享年50岁。 虽然自他去世以来，他受到了尊敬和尊重，但在80年代末，他的思想并不受欢迎。 然而，他将政治运动和体育实力的结合使他成为美国历史上受人尊敬的人物。

在喜马拉雅播已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.swoosh 嗖嗖地迅速移动，这里指耐克的对钩标志 2.outlet 批发商 3.apparel 衣服 4.diversified 多元化 5.promotion 推销 6.synonymous 同义词 7.ever-present 永远存在 8.ubiquitous 无所不在 9.checkmark 对钩 10.entrepreneurship 创业 11.competent 有能力的 12.trademark 特征 13.modest 谦虚的 14.ironically 讽刺的 15.merchandising 商品 16.mushroomed 迅速生长 17.subsistence 生存 18.tactics 方法 19.denied 否定 20.extravaganzas 盛会 21.rumored 谣言 22.ego 自负 23.agenda 议程 24.aspiration 志向 25.cathedral 大教堂 原文 Nike Nike and its swooshes corporate symbol are among the most recognized brand names in world，alongside McDonalds，Coca-Cola，and Disney. Starting in 1964 as a sport shoe outlet，the company grew to become the market leader in footwear and apparel. Nike has since diversified into a range of activities，including sports events promotion. Owned by Phil Knight，Nike has become synonymous with world-class sport，especially through its sponsorship of events and elite athletes such as Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods. Nike is so ever-present in the sports consumers' minds，that a survey conducted during the Atlanta Summer Olympic Games in 1996 revealed an extremely high awareness of Nike，despite that fact Nike was not an official sponsor of the Games. Nike's success has，to great extent，been due to the fact the company and its swoosh symbol have become ubiquitous in consumers' minds. Nike has even run television commercials without even mentioning its own name，being confident enough that the checkmark swoosh is more than enough to make the company known. Phil Knight has been the main inspiration behind Nike and its corporate direction. A competent，although not elite，middle distance runner at the University of Oregon，Knight went onto Harvard business school where the Nike idea emerged out of a paper he developed for a class on entrepreneurship. Knight's former coach，Bill Bowerman，developed lightweight running shoes that became the new company's trademark in the early days. From these modest beginnings，Nike eventually grew to become the sports giant it is today. Ironically，part of Nike's statue in the world of competitive sports merchandising has come from the attention it's received by critics. A short article published in the early-1990s in Harper's magazine quickly mushroomed into an international outcry against Nike's practice of placing their factories in underdeveloped countries and paying workers below-subsistence wages. Nike quickly responded to the criticisms with a number of tactics to either divert attention away from the criticisms（ones that Knight，interestingly，at first denied），or by acknowledging the practices but claiming Nike was “cleaning up its act”. In many cases，Nike has made an effort to create better working conditions for those in underdeveloped countries making shoes and other merchandise. However，the overall effect of Nike's changes is not known，and several groups around the world regularly check，and often criticize，Nike's labor practices. Nike's recent marketing extravaganzas including a 200 million dollars（U.S.）deal with the Brazilian National Soccer Federation. It has been rumored that Knight's ego has much to do with Nike's marketing strategies. Some critics have suggested that Knight's hidden agenda is no less than controlling sports marketing and merchandising throughout the world. Nike's corporate headquarters in Oregon reflect these aspirations. Nike's buildings and surrounding grounds are constructed very much like a religious cathedral，only with elite athletes，and Knight himself，as the gods. 翻译 耐克 耐克及其对钩公司标志是世界上最受认可的品牌之一，与麦当劳、可口可乐和迪士尼并列。 从1964年作为一家运动鞋销售点开始，该公司逐渐成为鞋类和服装市场的领导者。 此后，耐克将业务多元化，开展了一系列活动，包括体育赛事推广。 由菲尔·奈特（Phil Knight）拥有的耐克（Nike）已成为世界级运动的代名词，尤其是通过赞助迈克尔·乔丹（Michael Jordan）和老虎·伍兹（Tiger Woods）等赛事和精英运动员。 耐克一直存在于体育消费者的脑海中，以至于1996年亚特兰大夏季奥运会期间进行的一项调查显示，尽管耐克不是奥运会的官方赞助商，但人们对耐克的认知度极高。 耐克的成功在很大程度上归功于该公司及其对钩标志在消费者心目中无处不在。 耐克甚至在电视广告中连自己的名字都不提及，他们自信地认为对钩标志足以让公司出名。 菲尔·奈特（Phil Knight）一直是耐克及其企业方向背后的主要灵感来源。 奈特是一位称职的虽然不是精英的中长跑运动员，但他进入了哈佛商学院，在那里，耐克的想法出现在他为一个关于企业家课程所作的论文。 奈特的前教练比尔·鲍尔曼（Bill Bowerman）开发了轻质跑鞋，在早期成为新公司的商标。 从这些不起眼的起步，耐克最终成长为今天的体育巨头。 具有讽刺意味的是，耐克在竞技体育营销领域的地位有一部分来自批评人士对它的关注。 20世纪90年代初，哈珀杂志发表了一篇短文，这篇短文迅速引发了国际社会的强烈抗议，反对耐克将工厂设在不发达国家，并向工人支付低于最低生活支出的工资。 耐克迅速采取了一系列策略来回应批评，要么转移人们对批评的注意力（有趣的是，奈特最初否认了这些批评），要么承认这些做法，但声称耐克正在“清理自己的行为”。 在许多情况下，耐克努力为欠发达国家的制鞋和其他商品生产商创造更好的工作条件。 然而，耐克变化的整体影响尚不清楚，世界各地的几个团体定期检查并经常批评耐克的劳动实践。 耐克最近的营销盛事包括与巴西国家足球联合会达成2亿美元的交易。 据传，奈特的自负与耐克的营销策略有很大关系。 一些批评人士认为，奈特的隐藏议程不亚于控制全世界的体育营销和商品销售。 耐克在俄勒冈州的公司总部反映了这些愿望。 耐克的建筑和周围的场地非常像一座宗教大教堂，只有精英运动员和奈特本人才是神。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.circulation 发行量 2.symbiotic 共生 3.mutually beneficial 互利 4.approach 方法 5.paved 铺 6.paradox 悖论 原文 Sport and Television There is little question that television has radically changed the sporting world. Television has done more than just make existing sports more accessible to a mass audience. It has been argued that the very nature of sport and spectators' experiences of sport has been shaped by the medium of television. The first televised sporting event took place on May 17,1939. A baseball between two American schools-Princeton and Columbia marked the beginning of a new era in sport. The first broadcast，however，was not of participate high quality. Viewers could hardly see the players on the television screen，the technology at the time being of very low quality. In addition，very few people owned television sets at the time. Only 400 TV sets were in circulation，and the average cost of 600 dollars made owning a set impossible for most people. This situation would soon change. Television as a popular and affordable medium grew rapidly in the 1940s and 1950s By the end of the 1950s，American televised sport entered a “Golden Age”. It was during this period of time that major sporting organizations，such as professional leagues，and major amateur organizations，such as the International Olympic Committee（IOC），realized the benefits of television. Not only could TV make competitions available for a huge number of spectators，it could actually make money for these organizations. Television companies，in turn，could make money by attracting viewers and selling advertising space at increased rates. Television and sport entered what some observers call a “symbiotic”or mutually beneficial relationship. The business relationship developed between the American TV company ABC and the Olympic Games is a clear example of the TV-sport symbiosis. In the 1960s and 1970s，ABC recognized the importance of using international sport to attract viewers. By being recognized as“The Olympic Network”，ABC quickly rose from being the third biggest commercial network in the U.S. to being the leading network. At the same time，ABC paid higher and higher “rights fees” to the IOC，and the IOC，in turn，began to take more commercial and professional to the Olympic Games. The ABC role model has paved the way for other television networks around the world. Today，television rights pay for the majority of Olympic Games expenses. The television and sport relationship has come a long way since the first Princeton/Columbia baseball game. Today，more people experience sport as spectators through the medium of television than they do as regular participants in sport. The television and sports relationship，then，presents a bit of a paradox. While on the one hand it has made sport more visible for more people，it has perhaps done so at the expense of actual participation in sport. 翻译 体育与电视 毫无疑问，电视已经彻底改变了体育界。 电视所做的不仅仅是让大量观众更容易接触到现有的体育项目。 有人认为，体育的本质和观众对体育的体验是由电视媒介塑造的。 第一次电视转播的体育赛事发生在1939年5月17日。 普林斯顿和哥伦比亚两所美国学校之间的棒球比赛标志着体育运动新时代的开始。 然而，第一次转播的质量并不高。 当时的技术质量非常低，观众几乎看不到电视屏幕上的运动员。 此外，当时很少有人拥有电视机。 目前只有400台电视机在流通，并且拥有一台电视机的平均成本是600美元，对大多数人来说是不可能的。 这种情况很快就发生了改变。 20世纪40年代和50年代，电视作为一种受欢迎且价格合理的媒体迅速发展 到20世纪50年代末，美国电视转播的体育运动进入了一个“黄金时代”。 正是在这段时间里，职业联赛等主要体育组织和国际奥委会（IOC）等主要业余组织意识到了电视的好处。 电视不仅可以让大量观众观看比赛，还可以为这些组织赚钱。 反过来，电视公司可以通过吸引观众和以更高的价格出售广告空间来赚钱。 电视和体育进入了一些观察家所说的“共生”或互利关系。 美国电视公司ABC与奥运会之间发展的业务关系是电视体育共生的一个明显例子。 20世纪六七十年代，美国广播公司认识到利用国际体育吸引观众的重要性。 通过被公认为“奥运网络”，美国广播公司迅速从美国第三大商业网络上升为领先网络。 与此同时，美国广播公司向国际奥委会支付了越来越高的“版权费”，国际奥委会也开始为奥运会提供更多的商业和专业服务。 美国广播公司的榜样为世界各地的其他电视网铺平了道路。 如今，电视转播权承担了奥运会的大部分费用。 自从第一场普林斯顿/哥伦比亚棒球赛以来，电视和体育的关系已经走过了漫长的道路。 如今，更多的人通过电视媒介观看体育比赛，而不是作为体育运动的常规参与者。 那么，电视和体育的关系就有点自相矛盾了。 一方面，它让更多的人看到了体育运动，但它这样做可能是以实际参与体育运动为代价的。

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.attain 得到 2.immoral 不道德的 3.masculine 男子气概的 4.forbidden 禁止 5.physicians 医生 6.reproduction 生殖 7.assumption 假设 8.witness 见证 9.superiority 优越性 10.drought 干旱 11.conservative 保守 12.emerged 出现 13.establishment 机构 14.affront 侮辱 原文 Women in Sport The struggle to attain equality for female participation in sport has been a long and hard-fought one. One hundred years ago，a majority of people-many women included would have thought it unnatural，if not immoral，to permit women to participate in sports. Today，women's participation is widespread and accepted by most. However，there are still many sports and sport-related institutions and or organizations that have not achieved full equality. Some sports，such as football or boxing，encourage very little female participation，although even these so-called “masculine” sports are changing. Women's boxing，for example，will probably be included in the Olympic Games by the end of this decade. In the late 1800s and early 1900s，when sports and physical education programs were first organized in North America，women were forbidden from participating for so-called“scientific”or“medical”reasons. Physicians are a group often spoke out against female athleticism，using the argument that physical activity would damage reproductuion. Others claimed that it was quite simply“unnatural”for women to participate in sports. Little real evidence was provided to support these claims. In truth，the so-called“evidence”was more a reflection of physicians' cultural assumptions about women's place in society in general. The 1920s and 1930s witnessed a short“Golden Age”in women's sports. Individual athletes and teams or leagues formed to support female athletics. Track and field，tennis，softball，programs in physical education，and other activities were encouraged，at least for those women lucky enough to have the time and money to participate. There was even a Women's Olympic Games movement in the 1920s and 1930s. At one point，the regular Olympic Games organized by the International Olympic Committee（IOC），became concerned that the Women's Olympics would gain enough power to challenge the superiority of the IOC's Olympics. As a result，the IOC included a few more women's events in their Games，although not many. The Golden Age of women's sports was followed by a long drought. The post-World War Two era was one of very conservative traditional family values in North America. However，in the 1970s the current boom in women's sport began. One of the driving forces in the movement was East Bloc countries，particularly the Soviet Union and East Germany，both of which encouraged female athletes at the highest level-the Olympic Games. Female athletes with strong and muscular bodies emerged on the international sports stage. At first，this raise concern among the male-dominated sports establishment However，after years of struggle，the muscular and strong female athletic body has become common in international sport. In the late-nineteenth century，the founder of the modern Olympic Games，Pierre de Coubertin，said that the sight of women participating in sport as an affront to the human eye，and unnatural. We've come a long way since then. 翻译 女性在运动 争取女性平等参与体育运动是一场长期而艰苦的斗争。 一百年前，包括许多女性在内的大多数人都会认为，允许女性参加体育运动即使不是不道德的，也是不自然的。 今天，妇女的参与是广泛的，并为大多数人所接受。 然而，仍然有许多体育和与体育有关的机构和/或组织没有实现完全平等。 有些运动，如足球或拳击，很少鼓励女性参与，尽管这些所谓的“男性”运动也在发生变化。 例如，到本世纪末，女子拳击很可能会成为奥运会比赛项目。 在19世纪末和20世纪初，当运动和体育项目首次在北美组织时，由于所谓的“科学”或“医学”原因，女性被禁止参加。 医生是一个经常公开反对女性运动的团体，他们认为体育活动会损害生殖功能。 其他人则声称，女性参加体育运动完全是“不自然的”。 几乎没有提供真正的证据来支持这些说法。 事实上，所谓的“证据”更多地反映了医生对女性在整个社会中地位的文化假设。 20世纪二三十年代见证了女子体育的短暂“黄金时代”。 个人运动员和团队或联盟为支持女子运动而出力。 田径、网球、垒球、体育项目和其他活动受到鼓励，至少对那些有时间和金钱参加的幸运女性来说是如此。 在20世纪20年代和30年代，甚至还有一场女子奥林匹克运动。 国际奥委会（IOC）组织的常规奥运会一度担心，女子奥运会将获得足够的力量，挑战IOC奥运会的优越性。 因此，国际奥委会在其奥运会中增加了一些女子项目，尽管并不多。 女子体育的黄金时代之后是漫长的旱灾。 二战后的时代是北美非常保守的传统家庭价值观的时代之一。 然而，在20世纪70年代，目前的女子体育热潮开始了。 这场运动的推动力之一是东欧国家，特别是苏联和东德，这两个国家都鼓励女性运动员参加奥运会的最高级别比赛。 身强力壮的女运动员出现在国际体育舞台上。 起初，这引起了以男性为主的体育机构的担忧 但是，经过多年的努力，肌肉发达、身体强壮的女性运动员已成为国际体育运动中的常态。 19世纪末，现代奥林匹克运动会的创始人皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦（Pierre de Coubertin）说，女性参加体育运动是对人类眼睛的侮辱，是不自然的。 从那以后我们已经走了很长的路。