在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.sexual harassment 性骚扰 2.blatant 明目张胆的 3.sexual favors 性服务 4.comply 服从 5.prospect 展望 6.sexual access 性接触 7.demeaning 贬低的 8.vulgar 粗俗的 9.speculate 猜测 10.pornographic 色情的 11.intimidation 恐吓 12.penalties 惩罚 13.perceived 注意到 14.potential 潜在的 原文 Sexual Harassment When an employee is subjected unwanted sexual advances or comments by a co-worker or an employer，we say that the employee is experiencing sexual harassment. In some workplaces，sexual harassment is a serious problem. In its most blatant form，a boss may demand sexual favors from an employee and threaten to fire the employee if she fails to comply. Similarly，the employer might promise a promotion or raise in exchange for some sexual favor. Whenever an employer uses the prospect of reward or punishment as a way to obtaining sexual access to an employee，sexual harassment has occurred. This is not the only form of sexual harassment. Sometimes，an employee may be subjected to demeaning comments by her employer or co-workers. For example，a boss may make vulgar comments about the physical appearance of the employee. Another example is that a co-worker might make remarks that speculate about the sexual behavior of the employee. In both of these cases，the employee is treated disrespectfully on the basis of her sex，so both cases would represent sexual harassment. Some forms of sexual harassment are more subtle. If a group of workers exchanges offensive jokes of a sexual nature in such a way that they can be easily overheard by other workers，then this is also a form of sexual harassment. Similarly，if workers post pornographic pictures in their workplace，in such a way that they can be seen by other workers，then this also represents sexual harassment. In both cases，the workplace becomes an environment in which the employee is made to feel uncomfortable because of her sex. Sexual harassment usually involves a female employee who is being bothered by a male employer or co-worker. In some cases，a woman might sexually harass a man，or one person might sexually harass another person of the same sex. However，these cases are not as common. Also，in some cases，the person who commits sexual harassment is not a boss or co-worker，but a customer or visitor to the workplace. Sexual harassment is a form of intimidation and abuse of power that causes much stress for many employees. In recently years，many steps have been taken to reduce the occurrence of sexual harassment. Educational campaigns have been designed to teach people that sexual harassment is wrong. Stronger penalties for sexual harassment have been introduced. Another way to reduce the prevalence of sexual harassment is to develop a culture of respect in the workplace. People need to be aware of how their jokes or comments might be perceived by others，and to imagine how they would feel if one of their relatives were subjected to sexual harassment. Employers and employees must recognize that sexual harassment is a serious concern and treat potential cases of sexual harassment very seriously. Each company should have clear policies about sexual harassment，and each should establish a fair and efficient process for dealing with complaints of this kind. In this way，the workplace can be a comfortable environment for all persons.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.obesity 肥胖的 2.triumphs 胜利 3.abundance 充裕的 4.malnutrition 营养不良 5.prevalent 普遍存在的 6.excess 过量的 7.diabetes 糖尿病 8.genetic 遗传的 9.associated 相关的 10.adequate 充足的 11.fad 时尚 12.mineral 矿物质 原文 Obesity and Nutrition For people in many countries，one of the great triumphs of modern life is that there is great abundance of food. In those places，problems such as starvation and malnutrition are no longer prevalent，and people do not worry about going hungry. Despite the fact that there is plenty food in modern countries，people still face many healthy problems that are related to their diet. One problem is that modern technology has made it possible to produce cheap and tasty food that is not very healthy. This leads to the problems that many people are obese，or very overweight. One example of this is the“fast food”that is served in many restaurants. This food is often cooked by frying. Fried food contains a high proportion of fat. Also，fast food meals are often very large. When people frequently eat large amounts of fried“fast food”，they will likely eat too much fat. This excess can lead to weight gain. Of course，many people enjoy the taste of fried fast food and like to eat it occasionally. However，eating this kind of food too often is bad for one's health. Another example of health problems caused by modern food products involves soft drinks and other sweetened beverages. These drinks，sometimes called“pop”，have a sweet taste that many people enjoy on occasion. However，these drinks contain large amounts of sugar. When people drink soft drinks very frequently，they consume a great deal of sugar. This excess sugar can lead to weight gain. The weight gain that can result from consuming too much fast food and too much soft drinks can have several harmful effects. For example，people who are very obese have an increased risk of heart disease and of diabetes. Of course，fast food and soft drinks are not the only causes of obesity. Other eating habits may be involved，and so are lack of exercise and genetic factors. To avoid the health problems that are associated with obesity，it is important that one does not eat too much food. However，this dose not mean that one should try to eat as little as possible. People need an adequate amount of food in order to stay healthy. Also，it is important to avoid new“fad”diets that become popular from time to time，because these are often unsafe. Some of these diets that are recommend in popular books do not contain adequate amounts of nutrients，such as vitamins and minerals. Instead，one should try to eat foods that are nutritious. For example，foods such as fruits，vegetables，grains，and lean meats have many vitamins and minerals that are needed for good health. People whose diet consists mainly of these foods will probably be much healthier，on average，than people whose diet contains too many foods that have high levels of fat or sugar. In addition，many of these nutritious foods are also very tasty and enjoyable to eat！

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.extinctions 灭绝 2.presence 存在 3.eliminated 淘汰 4.disrupt 扰乱 5.emerged 出现 6.prehistoric 史前时期 7.pigeon 鸽子 8.prairie 大草原 9.bison 野牛 10.habitat 栖息地 11.ivory 象牙 12.rhinoceros 犀牛 13.tragic 悲剧地 14.aphrodisiaca 壮阳药 15.stimulants 兴奋剂 原文 Extinctions Ever since human beings appeared on the earth，we have had a serious impact on other living things. One of the most serious of the human presence had been the extinction of other species. Since the arrival of humans，many species of animals and plants have died out as a result of human activity. The extinction of species is a serious problem. When certain species are eliminated，this may disrupt the balance of nature，leading to overpopulation of some species and extinction of others. These changes may have an impact on humans. Also，some of the species that become extinct might have had benefits for human beings. For example，some scientists believe that some of the plants growing in rain forest areas might be valuable for treating human diseases. If these plants become extinct as a result of human activity，then these treatments will never be found. The earliest extinctions caused by humans occurred very long ago. Modern human emerged in Africa over 100000 years ago，and some of those people migrated to other parts of the world. When they reached new areas，they found that it was very easy to hunt the large animals，which had not previously been hunted by humans. As these prehistoric people moved into the Europe，Australia，and the Americas，they killed large numbers of large animals. Within a few hundred years，many species of animals had become extinct. For example，prehistoric people reached New Zealand less than 100 years ago，but they soon hunted a huge bird，called the giant moa，to extinction. With the beginnings of modern technology，several hundred years ago，many other species were driven to extinction. Hunters armed with guns were able to kill vast numbers of animals. In North America，these led to the extinction of bird species such as the passenger pigeon，which has previously been very numerous. Other species were nearly wiped out，such as the large prairie mammals called bison. There were once million of these animals，but now only a few thousand remain. Today，many more species of animals and plants are going extinct. Sometimes this happens because of human expansion into areas that are the habitat of certain species. When people clear a forest，some species may be lost. In the near future，many other extinctions are possible or likely. In some cases，the problem is due to human greed. For example，some people buy ivory that is taken from bodies of animals such as elephants or rhinoceros. Hunters sometimes kill these animals simply to take their ivory，and the result is a tragic decline in populations. Another example involves bears in North America. Some people buy the sexual organs of these animals for use as aphrodisiacs or sexual stimulants. The result is that the hunters kill these animals simply to obtain these organs，and this leads to a reduction in the number of bears. Fortunately，many countries have laws to prevent the hunting of species that are facing extinction，knowns as “endangered species. However，some hunting of these endangered animals continues. Only by refusing to buy the products that are made from endangered species can we prevent this terrible crime.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.torso 躯干 2.accurately 准确 3.tournament 锦标赛 4.participate 参加 5.proceed 前进 原文 Soccer Soccer is the most popular sport in the world. The basic rules of the sport are simple：two teams of eleven players to kick the soccer ball into the opposing team's goal. Only one player on each team，the goal-keeper，is allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms. Perhaps part of the reason for the popularity of the soccer is its simplicity. The game require no expensive equipment，merely ball and a playing surface，preferable a large grassy area. For children in most parts of the world，soccer is the sport that is played most widely Soccer is also known as football，especially in England. However，soccer should not be confused with American Football，Australian Rules Football，and Rugby Football，which are very different sports. Although the basic rules of soccer are easy to learn，it is very difficult to master the skills of the game. The best soccer players have developed，through natural talent and hard work，a remarkable ability to control the soccer ball with their feet，knees，torso and head They can pass the ball very accurately ，or shoot the ball very hard. The most famous soccer tournament is the World Cup. Every four years，teams representing countries from around the world play in a tournament to decide which country has the best soccer team in the world. Because soccer is such a popular sport，it is not possible for every country in the world to be represented at the World Cup tournament. To decide which countries may participate in the World Cup，it is necessary to have tournaments within various regions of the world. The countries that perform well with their parts of the world can then proceed to the World Cup. In the past，most of the available places at the World Cup have been reserved for team from Europe and from South America. The reason for this is that soccer has been extremely popularity in these continents，which have produced the winning teams in previous World Cup tournaments. Recently，however，several African and Asian countries have played quite well at the World Cup，so there are now additional places provided for teams from Africa and Asia. Someday，teams from these areas will win the World Cup. However，there will be no doubt be strong competition from countries that have traditionally had very strong teams，such as Argentina，England，Brazil，France，Germany，Italy and the Netherlands. In many parts of the world，soccer has been an increasingly popular sport for women. There are many soccer leagues and tournaments available for women athletes，and it seem likely that the number of women who play soccer will someday equal the number of men who play soccer. Among children in many parts of the world，soccer is equally popular for boys and girls.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.Empire 帝国 2.emerging 新兴的 3.distinct 明显的 4.cockney 伦敦腔 5.cosmopolitan 世界性的 6.abbey 修道院 7.cathedral 大教堂 8.Gothic architecture 哥特式建筑 9.vibrant 充满活力的 原文 London The city of London is one of the famous cities in the world. In previous centuries，London was the center of the British Empire. Today，it is one of the most important cities of the emerging European Union. London is located in the southeastern England on the Thames River. The greater London area contains about 12 million people，and the surrounding areas contain several million more. London was the first city in the modern world to have a reached a population of one million people. London is a very old city，and many of its neighborhoods maintain their distinct character. One of the most famous parts of London is the East End，where people speak with an accent known as“cockney”. One of the features of the Cockney accent is that the letter“h”is often not pronounced. London's population is very cosmopolitan. The city contains，in addition to people of English background，large communities of South Asian，Chinese，African，and Caribbean people. Most of these people have their origins in countries that belong to the British Commonwealth of Nations. Many of the most famous buildings in London are located in a small central area. This area contains several huge churches，including Westminster Abbey，where many famous people are buried. Another famous church is St. Paul's Cathedral，which was re-built after the original was destroyed by fire in the year 1665. The House of Parliament are also found in the central London. These building are famous for their Gothic architecture and for the sound of the large clock，known as“Big Ben”. The Tower of London，which was formerly used as a prison，is now a popular tourist attraction. Buckingham Palace，the residence of the royal family，was first opened for public viewing during the 1990s. London is also famous for its many impressive museums，art galleries，and theatres. For example，the British Museum contains priceless objects from all parts of the world. The National Gallery holds a great collection of artistic masterpieces. The Globe Theatre has been re-built to appear as it did during the time of Shakespeare. Despite its age，London remains a vibrant and busy city. Most of the cultural and financial institutions in England are located in London，and the city attract many young people from other parts of England and around the world. Of course，London is popular with tourists who come to see many attractions of this city.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.evicted 驱逐 2.fabric 织物 3.pattern 图案 4.tartan 格子呢 5.heritage 遗产 6.bagpipes 风笛 7.parades 游行 原文 Scotland Scotland is the country that located on the northern part of the island of the Great Britain. The Scottish people are one of the four maintain nationalities of the Britain Isles，together with the English，the Welsh，and the Irish. Scotland and its people have played an important part in the history of the English-speaking world. Scotland can be roughly divided into two main regions. The Lowland areas，in the southern part of the Scotland，contain most of the population and the two main cities，Edinburgh and Glasgow. Most of Scotland's agriculture and industry are located in the Lowland areas. The Highland areas，together with the islands that lie off the coasts of Scotland，are not so heavily populated. The lakes and mountain of the highlands are known for their beautiful scenery. One of the themes of Scottish history is conflict with England. During the Middle Ages，the English and Scottish kings were often at war. Around the year 1300，the Scots repelled some invasions from England. During the 1600s，though，Scotland and England had the same king，and the countries were official joined as“the United Kingdom”in 1701. For people in the highlands of Scotland，the eighteenth centuries was very difficult. Most people worked as farmers on land that was owned by a few wealthy landlords. The landlords decided that they could make more money on the land if they evicted the farmers，so many of the farmers were forced to leave. The highlanders rebelled against the king in 1745，but they were defeated. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries，many people left the highlands of Scotland. They moved to the United States，Canada，Australia，and New Zealand. During the nineteenth century，Scotland was the first country to have the universal public education for children. The country produced a great number of famous scientists and inventors during that time. Scotland is famous for its national costume. This costume includes the“kilt”，which is a knee-length skirt worn by both men and women. The kilt is made from a fabric that contains stripes of different colors and widths，which cross over each other produce a pattern that is called a“tartan”. In the Scottish highlands，group of related families，called“clans”，have their own unique tartan. Another famous part of Scottish heritage is the musical instrument known as the bagpipes. The bagpipes have a distinctive sound that is easily recognized. Bagpipes were original played to intimidate enemies in battle，but today Scottish people play the bagpipes at parades and other celebrations. People of Scottish heritage around the celebrate their heritage on January 25thof each year. This day celebrates the birthday of Bobbie Burns，the famous Scottish poet. People celebrate this day at parties，where people eat a famous Scottish food called haggis. Today，Scotland remains part of the United Kingdom，but some Scottish people would like Scotland to became independent. Whatever Scottish people decide，their country will remain a unique and interesting place.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.amateur 业余 2.anabolic steroids 合成代谢类固醇 3.hormone 激素 4.testosterone 睾酮 5.sprinters 短跑运动员 6.irrtability 易怒 7.acne 痤疮 8.testicles 睾丸 9.menstruation 月经 10.endurance 耐力 11.scandal 丑闻 12.interfere 干涉 13.clot 凝块 14.stroke 中风 15.detect 查明 原文 Drug Use Among Athletes Drug use is a common problem in many sports competitions today. In both professional and amateur sports，many athletes use drugs that are designed to improve athletic performance. The use of these drugs may have harmful effects on the future health of athletes，but they also give an unfair advantage in athletic competitions. Some of the most widely-use-performance-enhancing drugs are called“anabolic steroids”. Anabolic steroids are drugs that are very similar to the male hormone，testosterone. These drugs allow athletes to develop larger and stronger muscles，and to increase the intensity of training. For sports that require strength，power，and speed，the use of steroids can provide advantages. In past years，many sprinters and weightlifters have been found to have used steroids. However，anabolic steroids have many negative side effects. To give just a few example，steroids can cause changes in mood，including irritability and anger，and can also cause skin problems such as acne. In men，steroid use can lead to reduction in the function of the testicles. In women，steroid use can interfere with menstruation. In both men and women，long-term side effects include an increased risk of some forms of cancer. Another wild-used drug is known as EPO. EPO is a hormone that helps to produce red blood cells，which carry oxygen to the muscles. When taken by athletes who compete in sports that require great endurance，EPO may provide an advantage by allowing the athletes to maintain their speed，for a longer time and distance. During 1998，there was a scandal at a famous bicycle race，the Tour de France，when it was found that many of these long-distance cyclists were using EPO to gain an advantage to over their competitors. EPO has side effects. For example，it increases the likelihood of developing blood clots，which increase the risk of a stroke or heart attack. One difficulty in preventing the use of performance-enhancing drugs is that it is not always possible to detect the use of the drugs. Tests have been developed to detect the drugs，but new verities of the drugs are often not detected. Also，athletes who stop using the drugs well before a drug test may avoid being detected. Preventing the use of performance-enhancing drugs in athletes is difficult，but it is important. Most athletes want to compete without artificial substances that provide easy advantages，and they do not want to risk of their health by using these substances. If those athlete are to have a fair chance，it is necessary to prevent other athlete from gaining advantages due to the use of these drugs.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.populous 人口众多的 2.diversity 差异化 3.regions 区域 4.exceed 超过 5.slope 山坡 6.priests 交付 7.suburbs 郊区 8.smog 烟雾 9.trolley car 电车 10.vibrant 充满活力 原文 California By far the most populous state of the United States is California. Located in the southwestern corner of the United States，California is home to a great diversity of natural environments and cultural influences. In the year 2000，over 33 million people lived in California. California's many mountains and valleys produce a wide verity of climates and natural regions. In the interior，southeastern parts of the state are many areas of desert. For example，Death Valley，which is so deep that it is below sea level，is extremely dry. Temperatures in Death Valley sometimes exceed 50 degrees Celsius. Other valleys are more pleasant and hospitable places. In the central valley，many farms grow vast amounts of fruits and vegetables. California also contains many tall，snow-covered mountains. On the slopes of some mountains are forests that have many large trees. Some of the giant redwood trees of California reach heights of 100 meters or more Many of the cities in California have Spanish name. This because many of those cities began as religious missions that were started by Spanish priests. Mexico owned California during the early nineteenth century，but few Mexican people lived there. The United States gained control of California during the 1840s，and the discovery of gold brought many Americans and others to California. Today，California contains some of the largest cities in the United States. Within the greater Los Angeles area，one can find Hollywood，known as the movie capital of the world. Many rich people live in suburbs such as Beverly Hills，and many poor people live in other neighborhoods throughout the city. The Los Angeles area is home to over 15 million people，many of whom have immigrated to the United States from Mexico and from many Asian countries. Los Angeles is a very large city that has spread across a great area. As a consequence，the city has many traffic jams and air pollution，or smog，is sometimes a problem. Further north is the city of San Francisco，one of the most beautiful cities of the United States. The image of the Golden Gate Bridge，which crosses the harbor of San Francisco，is famous around the world. Also famous are the hilly streets of San Francisco and the trolley cars that provide transportation along them. San Francisco's Chinese community is one of the largest in North America，and the cities also contains vibrant artistic and cultural life. San Francisco was destroyed by an earthquake in 1906 and was damaged again in 1989. California has always had a special place in the imagination of Americans. This is hardly surprising，given the variety and diversity of this vast state！

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.urban 城市的 2.permanent settlements 永久定居点 3.Jewish 犹太人 4.dramatic skyline 引人注目的天际线 5.architecture 建筑学 6.district 地区 7.headquarters 总部 8.Statue of Liberty 自由女神像 9.bustling 繁忙的 原文 New York City New York City is the largest city in the United States，and one of the largest cities in the world. The city of New York has a population of over seven million people，and the surrounding urban areas bring the total to about twenty million people. However，New York City is not merely a very large city；it is also known as one of the world's leading centers of financial，artistic，and media activities. Compared with most of the great cities of the world，New York is very young. The first permanent settlements were established during the seventeenth century，by settlers from the Netherlands. Those people named their town“New Amsterdam”. Soon，the colony was taken over by English settlers，who re-named the city“New York”. New York grew very quickly，and by the nineteenth century it was the largest city of the United States. New York was usually the place where new immigrants to the United States would arrive. In the nineteenth century，immigrants from Germany and Ireland were numerous in New York. In the early twentieth century，New York City was the home of many Jewish immigrants，and also immigrants from Italy. In addition，many African-American people arrived New York from other parts of the United States，and many persons came to New York form the American territory of Puerto Rico，a Spanish-speaking island in the Caribbean. In more recent decades，immigrants have arrived New York from places all over the world. One of the most famous features of New York City is its dramatic skyline. New York has more tall buildings，called“Skyscrapers”，than any other city in the world. Many of the tallest and most interesting building in New York-including the Woolworth Building，the Chrysler Building，and the Empire State Building were constructed during the early decades of the twentieth century. In addition to these impressive buildings，New York is also known for the huge bridges that join the island of Manhattan to the surrounding areas. The Brooklyn Bridge is the most famous of these remarkable and old bridges. Of course，New York is famous for much more than just its architecture. New York City's financial district，Wall Street，and its theatre district，centered on Broadway，are the most important in the United States. Center Park is one of the world's great urban parks，and the art galleries，museums，and concert halls are among the greatest to be found anywhere. The United Nations has its headquarters in New York City. People around the world recognized the famous Statue of Liberty，which stands on an island in the harbor of New York，and the bustling Time Square ，located in the mid-town Manhattan area. Visitors to New York find it to be an extremely busy，fast-placed city，and are struck by the extremes of wealth and poverty that surround it. Many people love New York City，but even those who would not want to live in New York do agree that it is a very interesting place.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.prosecutors 检察官 2.habeas corpus 人身保护令 3.warrant 许可证 4.detain 扣留 5.Commonwealth 英联邦 6.witness 目击者 7.statement 陈述 8.committed 忠诚的 9.arbitrary invasions 任意入侵 10.tried 被审判 原文 The Rights of the Accused In English-speaking countries，the rights of an accused person are taken very seriously. Over many centuries，laws involved in such a way that people could not be arrested or charged without a very good reason. Of course，every country needs to enforce its laws. This means the police officers are needed，and so are “prosecutors”the lawyers whose job is to make criminal charges against people who break the laws，and to prove those charges are true. However，it is important that people's freedom are not taken away wrongly. People should not be punished unfairly，and people who are accused of crimes must have the opportunity to defend themselves. In some parts of the world，people can be arrested and imprisoned for long periods of time without any criminal charges being made against them. One of the most important principle of justice in English-speaking countries is that a person cannot be held by the police unless that person is charged with a crime. This principle is known by the Latin term“habeas corpus”. According to the idea of habeas corpus，the police are not allowed to detain a person more than a certain period of time(usually twenty-four hours)，unless some charge is made against the person. A judge will order the release of a person who is not charged with a crime. Another important feature of justice systems in most English-speaking countries is that accused individuals have the right to be represented by a lawyer. Most accused people want to hire an expert lawyer. However，even if a person cannot afford to hire a lawyer，the criminal court must provide a lawyer who will represent that person. The lawyer for a accused person is required to defend that person as thoroughly as possible. One of the most important aspects of justice systems in the United States and British Commonwealth is that an accused person must be full informed of any charges made against them. Also，any evidence that will be used to show the accused person's guilt must be shared with that accused person and with that person's lawyer. In this way，accused persons can challenge the truth of any evidence that will be used against them. Similarly，any person who acts as a witness against an accused person can be across-examined by the accused person's lawyer. This means that the statements of a witness can be challenge by the accused person. Another important element of most English-speaking justice systems is that evidence must be obtained fairly. Police officers cannot simply enter a person's home to look for evidence of a crime. They must first have a good reason to believe that a crime has been committed，and they must obtain a permission from a judge to enter the person's property. This permission is called a “search warrant”. Because search warrants are required，people are free from arbitrary invasions of their property by the police. Finally，another important aspect of most English-speaking justice systems is that trails must be held in public，where other citizens can watch the trial. An accused person is not tried secretly. Moreover，as discuss in another passage，the accused person has the right to tried by jury of other free citizens. All of these rules ensure that order can be maintained without taking away the free of innocent people.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.despite adversity 尽管在逆境 2.kidnapped 被绑架 3.intense 强烈的 4.attended 出席 5.rotating 轮换 6.preserve 保存 7.paints 油漆 8.cosmetics 化妆品 9.monument 纪念碑 原文 George Washington Carver George Washington Carver is possible the most famous agricultural scientist of all time. He invented hundreds of products that could be made from crops such as peanuts and sweet potatoes，and he changed the methods of farming in the southern United States. The story of George Washington Carver's life is interesting and inspiring，as it shows how some people can achieve success despite adversity. George Washington Carver was born in a small town in the American state of Missouri，in 1864 or 1865. He was named after the first President of the United States. George's parents were slaves. His father was killed in an accident，and his mother was kidnapped and later died. George and his brother was raised by a married couple，the Carvers，who had owned George's mother. George was often sick during his childhood，but he showed an intense interest in nature. The Carvers taught George to read and write，and he became known locally as an expert on plants. Later，the Carvers sent George to a school for African-American children in a nearby town. After his graduation，George Washington Carver continued his education in the state of Iowa. While a student in Iowa，Carver had very little money and had to work at many jobs to afford the costs of his education. However，his knowledge of plants was very impressive，and after receiving his Master's degree，he became a teacher in the college he had attended as a student. Soon，however，Carver moved south to the state of Alabama，where he worked as a teacher and researcher at a college for African-American students. It was here that Carver stayed for the rest of his life，and was here he performed his important agricultural research. One problem for farmers in the southern United States was that the most widespread crops，cotton and tobacco，tended to remove the nutrients from the soil. Carver realized that this problem could be solved ，to some extent，by“rotating”the cotton and tobacco crops with other kinds of crops，such as peanuts and sweet potatoes，which could help preserve the nutrients in the soil. Carver's discoveries made the peanuts，the sweet potatoes，and the soybean very useful to southern farmers. He invented the food product knowns peanut butter，plus hundreds of other products. For example，Carver found ways to produce plastics，ink，cooking oil，paints，and cosmetics from peanuts and other crops. Carver also developed a new variety of cotton. Carver received many awards for his scientific research，but he never interested in fame or fortune. When Carver died，in 1943，the American government made his birthplace a national monument. Today，Carver are still known as a great agricultural scientist.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.revolves 环绕 2.geocentric 地心的 3.philosophers 哲学家 4.heliocentric 日心的 5.Polish astronomer 波兰天文学家 6.demonstrating 论证 7.Catholic 天主教 8.authorities 当局 9.renounced 宣布放弃 10.elliptical 椭圆形 11.oval 卵形的 原文 The Earth Revolves Around the Sun One year is the time required for the earth to travel around the sun. For most years ，however，people did not know that the earth moved around the sun. Instead，people believed that the sun moved around the earth. The old idea that the sun moved around the earth is known as the“geocentric”theory. This idea was first made famous by an ancient Greek scientist，Ptolemy，who lived in Egypt nearly 2000 years ago. Some other Greek Philosophers had suggested that the earth might travel around the sun. However，this idea，which is known as the“heliocentric”theory，was not widely accepted. For centuries，people in Europe did not seriously question Ptolemy's geocentric theory. During the early fifteenth century，however，a Polish astronomer named Nicolaus Copernicus began to think that the heliocentric idea was right，and that the geocentric idea was wrong. Shortly before his death，Copernicus wrote a book that described the mathematical details of his theory that the earth revolved，or travelled around the sun. Later astronomers came to agree with Copernicus's view. One of the most famous of these was Galileo，an Italian scientist. Galileo was famous for the demonstrating that light and heavy objects fall at exactly the same speed，unless the object is so light that it is slowed by the air. Galileo was also the first astronomer to used a powerful telescope to observe the sky. He discovered many unknown features of the moon，the sun，and the planets. When Galileo announced that he believed in Copernicus's theory that the earth revolved around the sun，some officials of the Roman Catholic Church were angry. They argued that this theory was against the beliefs of the Church. Some church officials disagreed with this view，but the authorities decided Galileo should be punished by“house arrest”（In other words，Galileo was not allowed to leave his house）. Also，Galileo was forced to made a public statement that renounced his belief in the heliocentric theory. At about the same time that Galileo supported the heliocentric idea，another astronomer did some important work that supported Copernicus's view. This astronomer was Johannes Kepler，who lived in Germany. Kepler used the observations of previous scientists to figure out the motion of the planets around the sun. He realized that the planets did not travel in circular paths，but instead in paths that were elliptical，or oval ，in shape. Kepler's discoveries showed mathematically how the planets would revolve around the sun. Today，everyone knows that the earth moves around the sun，but for a long time，it seemed more reasonable to believe that the sun moved around the earth. We can thank the great scientists of the past who discovered the surprising truth.