在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.urban 城市的 2.permanent settlements 永久定居点 3.Jewish 犹太人 4.dramatic skyline 引人注目的天际线 5.architecture 建筑学 6.district 地区 7.headquarters 总部 8.Statue of Liberty 自由女神像 9.bustling 繁忙的 原文 New York City New York City is the largest city in the United States，and one of the largest cities in the world. The city of New York has a population of over seven million people，and the surrounding urban areas bring the total to about twenty million people. However，New York City is not merely a very large city；it is also known as one of the world's leading centers of financial，artistic，and media activities. Compared with most of the great cities of the world，New York is very young. The first permanent settlements were established during the seventeenth century，by settlers from the Netherlands. Those people named their town“New Amsterdam”. Soon，the colony was taken over by English settlers，who re-named the city“New York”. New York grew very quickly，and by the nineteenth century it was the largest city of the United States. New York was usually the place where new immigrants to the United States would arrive. In the nineteenth century，immigrants from Germany and Ireland were numerous in New York. In the early twentieth century，New York City was the home of many Jewish immigrants，and also immigrants from Italy. In addition，many African-American people arrived New York from other parts of the United States，and many persons came to New York form the American territory of Puerto Rico，a Spanish-speaking island in the Caribbean. In more recent decades，immigrants have arrived New York from places all over the world. One of the most famous features of New York City is its dramatic skyline. New York has more tall buildings，called“Skyscrapers”，than any other city in the world. Many of the tallest and most interesting building in New York-including the Woolworth Building，the Chrysler Building，and the Empire State Building were constructed during the early decades of the twentieth century. In addition to these impressive buildings，New York is also known for the huge bridges that join the island of Manhattan to the surrounding areas. The Brooklyn Bridge is the most famous of these remarkable and old bridges. Of course，New York is famous for much more than just its architecture. New York City's financial district，Wall Street，and its theatre district，centered on Broadway，are the most important in the United States. Center Park is one of the world's great urban parks，and the art galleries，museums，and concert halls are among the greatest to be found anywhere. The United Nations has its headquarters in New York City. People around the world recognized the famous Statue of Liberty，which stands on an island in the harbor of New York，and the bustling Time Square ，located in the mid-town Manhattan area. Visitors to New York find it to be an extremely busy，fast-placed city，and are struck by the extremes of wealth and poverty that surround it. Many people love New York City，but even those who would not want to live in New York do agree that it is a very interesting place.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.prosecutors 检察官 2.habeas corpus 人身保护令 3.warrant 许可证 4.detain 扣留 5.Commonwealth 英联邦 6.witness 目击者 7.statement 陈述 8.committed 忠诚的 9.arbitrary invasions 任意入侵 10.tried 被审判 原文 The Rights of the Accused In English-speaking countries，the rights of an accused person are taken very seriously. Over many centuries，laws involved in such a way that people could not be arrested or charged without a very good reason. Of course，every country needs to enforce its laws. This means the police officers are needed，and so are “prosecutors”the lawyers whose job is to make criminal charges against people who break the laws，and to prove those charges are true. However，it is important that people's freedom are not taken away wrongly. People should not be punished unfairly，and people who are accused of crimes must have the opportunity to defend themselves. In some parts of the world，people can be arrested and imprisoned for long periods of time without any criminal charges being made against them. One of the most important principle of justice in English-speaking countries is that a person cannot be held by the police unless that person is charged with a crime. This principle is known by the Latin term“habeas corpus”. According to the idea of habeas corpus，the police are not allowed to detain a person more than a certain period of time(usually twenty-four hours)，unless some charge is made against the person. A judge will order the release of a person who is not charged with a crime. Another important feature of justice systems in most English-speaking countries is that accused individuals have the right to be represented by a lawyer. Most accused people want to hire an expert lawyer. However，even if a person cannot afford to hire a lawyer，the criminal court must provide a lawyer who will represent that person. The lawyer for a accused person is required to defend that person as thoroughly as possible. One of the most important aspects of justice systems in the United States and British Commonwealth is that an accused person must be full informed of any charges made against them. Also，any evidence that will be used to show the accused person's guilt must be shared with that accused person and with that person's lawyer. In this way，accused persons can challenge the truth of any evidence that will be used against them. Similarly，any person who acts as a witness against an accused person can be across-examined by the accused person's lawyer. This means that the statements of a witness can be challenge by the accused person. Another important element of most English-speaking justice systems is that evidence must be obtained fairly. Police officers cannot simply enter a person's home to look for evidence of a crime. They must first have a good reason to believe that a crime has been committed，and they must obtain a permission from a judge to enter the person's property. This permission is called a “search warrant”. Because search warrants are required，people are free from arbitrary invasions of their property by the police. Finally，another important aspect of most English-speaking justice systems is that trails must be held in public，where other citizens can watch the trial. An accused person is not tried secretly. Moreover，as discuss in another passage，the accused person has the right to tried by jury of other free citizens. All of these rules ensure that order can be maintained without taking away the free of innocent people.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.despite adversity 尽管在逆境 2.kidnapped 被绑架 3.intense 强烈的 4.attended 出席 5.rotating 轮换 6.preserve 保存 7.paints 油漆 8.cosmetics 化妆品 9.monument 纪念碑 原文 George Washington Carver George Washington Carver is possible the most famous agricultural scientist of all time. He invented hundreds of products that could be made from crops such as peanuts and sweet potatoes，and he changed the methods of farming in the southern United States. The story of George Washington Carver's life is interesting and inspiring，as it shows how some people can achieve success despite adversity. George Washington Carver was born in a small town in the American state of Missouri，in 1864 or 1865. He was named after the first President of the United States. George's parents were slaves. His father was killed in an accident，and his mother was kidnapped and later died. George and his brother was raised by a married couple，the Carvers，who had owned George's mother. George was often sick during his childhood，but he showed an intense interest in nature. The Carvers taught George to read and write，and he became known locally as an expert on plants. Later，the Carvers sent George to a school for African-American children in a nearby town. After his graduation，George Washington Carver continued his education in the state of Iowa. While a student in Iowa，Carver had very little money and had to work at many jobs to afford the costs of his education. However，his knowledge of plants was very impressive，and after receiving his Master's degree，he became a teacher in the college he had attended as a student. Soon，however，Carver moved south to the state of Alabama，where he worked as a teacher and researcher at a college for African-American students. It was here that Carver stayed for the rest of his life，and was here he performed his important agricultural research. One problem for farmers in the southern United States was that the most widespread crops，cotton and tobacco，tended to remove the nutrients from the soil. Carver realized that this problem could be solved ，to some extent，by“rotating”the cotton and tobacco crops with other kinds of crops，such as peanuts and sweet potatoes，which could help preserve the nutrients in the soil. Carver's discoveries made the peanuts，the sweet potatoes，and the soybean very useful to southern farmers. He invented the food product knowns peanut butter，plus hundreds of other products. For example，Carver found ways to produce plastics，ink，cooking oil，paints，and cosmetics from peanuts and other crops. Carver also developed a new variety of cotton. Carver received many awards for his scientific research，but he never interested in fame or fortune. When Carver died，in 1943，the American government made his birthplace a national monument. Today，Carver are still known as a great agricultural scientist.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.revolves 环绕 2.geocentric 地心的 3.philosophers 哲学家 4.heliocentric 日心的 5.Polish astronomer 波兰天文学家 6.demonstrating 论证 7.Catholic 天主教 8.authorities 当局 9.renounced 宣布放弃 10.elliptical 椭圆形 11.oval 卵形的 原文 The Earth Revolves Around the Sun One year is the time required for the earth to travel around the sun. For most years ，however，people did not know that the earth moved around the sun. Instead，people believed that the sun moved around the earth. The old idea that the sun moved around the earth is known as the“geocentric”theory. This idea was first made famous by an ancient Greek scientist，Ptolemy，who lived in Egypt nearly 2000 years ago. Some other Greek Philosophers had suggested that the earth might travel around the sun. However，this idea，which is known as the“heliocentric”theory，was not widely accepted. For centuries，people in Europe did not seriously question Ptolemy's geocentric theory. During the early fifteenth century，however，a Polish astronomer named Nicolaus Copernicus began to think that the heliocentric idea was right，and that the geocentric idea was wrong. Shortly before his death，Copernicus wrote a book that described the mathematical details of his theory that the earth revolved，or travelled around the sun. Later astronomers came to agree with Copernicus's view. One of the most famous of these was Galileo，an Italian scientist. Galileo was famous for the demonstrating that light and heavy objects fall at exactly the same speed，unless the object is so light that it is slowed by the air. Galileo was also the first astronomer to used a powerful telescope to observe the sky. He discovered many unknown features of the moon，the sun，and the planets. When Galileo announced that he believed in Copernicus's theory that the earth revolved around the sun，some officials of the Roman Catholic Church were angry. They argued that this theory was against the beliefs of the Church. Some church officials disagreed with this view，but the authorities decided Galileo should be punished by“house arrest”（In other words，Galileo was not allowed to leave his house）. Also，Galileo was forced to made a public statement that renounced his belief in the heliocentric theory. At about the same time that Galileo supported the heliocentric idea，another astronomer did some important work that supported Copernicus's view. This astronomer was Johannes Kepler，who lived in Germany. Kepler used the observations of previous scientists to figure out the motion of the planets around the sun. He realized that the planets did not travel in circular paths，but instead in paths that were elliptical，or oval ，in shape. Kepler's discoveries showed mathematically how the planets would revolve around the sun. Today，everyone knows that the earth moves around the sun，but for a long time，it seemed more reasonable to believe that the sun moved around the earth. We can thank the great scientists of the past who discovered the surprising truth.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.Aborigines 土著人 2.spiritual attachment 精神依恋 3.curved 弧形的 4.boomerang 回力标 5.separate colonies 独立殖民地 原文 Australia：People The first people who lived in Australia were known as the Aborigines. The Aborigines came to Australia by boat more than 40000years ago. They are the first people in the world who are known to have used boat for transportation. Even though many parts of Australia were very inhospitable places，the Aborigines survived. They lived by hunting and gathering throughout the continent，even in desert areas where survival is almost impossible. The Aborigines felt a deep spiritual attachment to the land，and they made many beautiful paintings upon the rocks of many parts of the county. Their most famous invention is a curved hunting stick known as the“boomerang”. The design of the boomerang is remarkable，because it can be thrown in such a way that it will turn around and return to the person who threw it. Until about two hundred years ago，the Aborigines had only a very limited amount of contact with people in the outside world. The next people to migrate to Australia were from the British Isles. Beginning in the late eighteen century，Australia was used for a prison colony，where common criminal and political prisoners were sent from Britain. By the middle of the nineteenth century，many British people moved to Australia voluntarily to begin farms or to search for gold. By the late nineteenth century，Britain stopped sending its prisoners to Australia，but migration continued. After the arrival of the British colonists，the Aborigines population declined sharply. This was partly due to disease，partly due to cruel treatment by settlers，and partly due to the loss of their traditional way of life. Today，the Aboriginal population is growing again，and the Australian government has taken some steps to correct the injustices of the past. The various parts of Australia were governed at first as separate colonies，but in 1901 they joined to form a single country. Australia continue to grow during the twentieth century，and after World War Two it attracted many immigrants from countries in Europe. During the past few decades，many people have moved to Australia from various parts of Asia and from other parts of the world. Today，Australia consists of one territory（the Northern Territory）and six states（Western Australia，South Australia，Tasmania，Victoria，New South Wales，and Queensland）. Tasmania is a small island off the southern coast，and Victoria，New South Wales，and Queensland are found in the eastern part of the country. The two largest cities in Australia are Sydney and Melbourne，both of which are in the southeastern part of the country. Sydney has a beautiful harbor that is one of the largest in the world，and Melbourne has many beautiful parks and gardens. The capital city of the country is Canberra，which is located between Sydney and Melbourne. Other large cities in Australia are Brisbane（in the northeast），Perth（in the southwest），and Adelaide（in the south）.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.hemisphere 半球 2.remote 遥远的 3.outback 内陆 4.ranched 牧场 5.harsh 恶劣的 6.thick lush vegetation 茂密的植被 7.exotic 异国风情的 8.coral 珊瑚 9.reef 暗礁 10.barrier 障碍 11.category 类别 12.marsupial 有袋动物 13.pouch 育儿袋 14.hopping 跳跃 15.eucalyptus 桉树 原文 Australia：Nature Australia is the only country in the world that is also a continent. Located in the southern hemisphere，between the Pacific and Indian Oceans，Australia is also one of the largest countries in the world. Despite its vast size，Australia does not have a large population. In the year 2000，there were about 19 million people in Australia. Most Australians live within a short distance of the ocean，because much of the interior of Australia is extremely dry. The remote areas of Australia，known as the“outback”，contains several sandy，rocky deserts. Some parts of the outback receive somewhat rainfall，and can support some grassy vegetables. In these areas，there are many ranches or farms，where sheep and cattle are raised. Although the outback of Australia is a harsh place，some parts of it are quite beautiful. In the middle of the Australia continent，a large red rock known as Uluru stands in the deserts. It is nearly 350 meters tall and is nearly 10 kilometers around. Tourists come from all over the world to see this huge and beautiful rock in the middle of a flat desert. In contrast to the dry interior areas，the northern coast of Australia receive a great deal of rainfall. This area is covered in thick，lush vegetation，with tropic rainforests whose exotic trees and flowers are found nowhere else in the world. Off the north-east coast of the continent，a large coral reef known as the Great Barrier Reef if found. A coral reef is a structure that consists of the bodies of small underwater animal called coral，whose dead bodies created this unusual structure beneath the surface of the water. The reef and the underwater life surrounding it are especially beautiful. Australia was separated from the rest of the world for millions of years. As a result，many of the plants and animals species in Australia are very different those in other parts of the world. For example，many of the animals in Australia belong to a special category called the“marsupials”. Marsupials are mammals，but they are a special kind of mammal，because they give birth to offspring that are not yet well developed. In many marsupials，the offspring continue to develop，after being born，inside a pocket or“pouch”on the mother's body. The most famous marsupial is the kangaroo. Kangaroos can travel at great speeds by hopping on their hind legs and using their large tails for balance. The kangaroo is a rather large animal，with the large individuals sometimes weighing 90 kilograms. Another famous marsupial is the koala. This animal sometimes is called a koala bear，because it looks somewhat like a small bear. The koala lives in branches of trees called eucalyptus trees. Koala eats the leaves of eucalyptus trees. Of course，Australia also has people. We will discuss the people of Australia in the next passage. Australia is the only country in the world that is also a continent. Located in the southern hemisphere，between the Pacific and Indian Oceans，Australia is also one of the largest countries in the world. Despite its vast size，Australia does not have a large population. In the year 2000，there were about 19 million people in Australia. Most Australians live within a short distance of the ocean，because much of the interior of Australia is extremely dry. The remote areas of Australia，known as the“outback”，contains several sandy，rocky deserts. Some parts of the outback receive somewhat rainfall，and can support some grassy vegetables. In these areas，there are many ranches or farms，where sheep and cattle are raised. Although the outback of Australia is a harsh place，some parts of it are quite beautiful. In the middle of the Australia continent，a large red rock known as Uluru stands in the deserts. It is nearly 350 meters tall and is nearly 10 kilometers around. Tourists come from all over the world to see this huge and beautiful rock in the middle of a flat desert. In contrast to the dry interior areas，the northern coast of Australia receive a great deal of rainfall. This area is covered in thick，lush vegetation，with tropic rainforests whose exotic trees and flowers are found nowhere else in the world. Off the north-east coast of the continent，a large coral reef known as the Great Barrier Reef if found. A coral reef is a structure that consists of the bodies of small underwater animal called coral，whose dead bodies created this unusual structure beneath the surface of the water. The reef and the underwater life surrounding it are especially beautiful. Australia was separated from the rest of the world for millions of years. As a result，many of the plants and animals species in Australia are very different those in other parts of the world. For example，many of the animals in Australia belong to a special category called the“marsupials”. Marsupials are mammals，but they are a special kind of mammal，because they give birth to offspring that are not yet well developed. In many marsupials，the offspring continue to develop，after being born，inside a pocket or“pouch”on the mother's body. The most famous marsupial is the kangaroo. Kangaroos can travel at great speeds by hopping on their hind legs and using their large tails for balance. The kangaroo is a rather large animal，with the large individuals sometimes weighing 90 kilograms. Another famous marsupial is the koala. This animal sometimes is called a koala bear，because it looks somewhat like a small bear. The koala lives in branches of trees called eucalyptus trees. Koala eats the leaves of eucalyptus trees. Of course，Australia also has people. We will discuss the people of Australia in the next passage.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.stereos 立体音响 2.improvisation 即兴创作 3.syncopation 切分音 4.spontaneously 自发地 5.modified 修改 6.pattern 模式 7.uneven 不规律的 8.derived 起源 9.incorporated 包含 10.rhythm节奏 11.cornet 角 12.comprising 包括 13.blended 混合 原文 Jazz One of the most popular forms of music is known as jazz. Each year，hundreds of thousands of people attend jazz concerts and festivals in cities around the world. Jazz music，both old and new，is played on the radio and on home stereos. Two of the most important features of jazz music are“improvisation”and“syncopation”. Improvisation means that music is created spontaneously by the musician during a performance. In other words，the musician modifies some existing music in a new and interesting way. Syncopation means that the regular pattern found in music may be broken up with new accents and uneven patterns being created. The features of improvisation and syncopation are difficult to use with skill，and require great creativity on the part of the musician. Jazz music originated in the southern United States，during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It was based on African-American music that was derived in part from rhythms in western Africa. The earliest musicians were influenced by a music style known as“ragtime”which was popular during the late nineteenth century. Jazz music incorporated some aspects of a related kind of music called the“blues”. By the beginning of the twentieth century，a fully developed form of jazz was being played in New Orleans，a city in the southern United States. Jazz musicians played instruments such as the trumpet，saxophone，cornet，and piano. Jazz soon became popular and played on the riverboats that travelled along the Mississippi River. Some jazz musicians moved north to the city of Chicago，and young musicians in the city developed some new forms of jazz music. By the 1920s and 1930s，jazz was popular in many parts of the United States，and some musicians began forming some large bands，comprising many musicians and many different instruments. This began the period known as the“big band”era when a popular form of jazz known as“swing”music was played. During the 1940s and 1950s，other form of jazz，known as“bop”and“cool”jazz were developed. Some people preferred these newer kind of jazz，but others preferred the older varieties. By the 1960s，some jazz musicians began to experiment with different kinds of musical instruments and with other kinds of music. Some musicians incorporated musical styles from other parts of the world，or combined jazz with rock music，and today some musicians have blended jazz with rap music. However，some people prefer the more traditional forms of jazz music. Of course，most of the great jazz musicians of the early twentieth century-people such as Louis Armstrong，Duke Ellington，Count Basie，Dizzy Gillespie，and Billie Holiday-are no longer alive. However，many great jazz musicians are still alive，and many young musicians have continued this form of music. People will continue to enjoy jazz music for a long time to come.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.recommended 推荐 2.beaks 鸟嘴 3.bark 树皮 4.thick 厚的 5.offspring 后代 6.controversial 有争议的 原文 Charles Darwin Charles Darwin made what might be the most important scientific discovery of all time-the theory of evolution by natural selection. It was Darwin who first understood how it was that plants and animals evolved over time to produce new and different species. At first，this theory faced much opposition，but since that time it has been supported by evidence from many areas of science. Darwin was born in a small town in England in 1809. When he was a young man，he went to university，first to study medicine，and later to study religion. However，Darwin found his schoolwork to be very boring. Instead，he preferred outdoor activities，and was very interested in nature. While Darwin was at university，the British navy was planning to send one of its ships，called the Beagle，on a voyage of exploration. As part of the voyage，the ship needed a naturalist，who could study the various plants and animals that might be found. Darwin was recommended for this job by one of his professors，who had been impress by Darwin. Darwin was chosen as the naturalist of the Beagle，and the ship left England in 1831. The ship's voyage took Darwin around the world，and he observed many species of plants and animals on his trip. In one place near South America，Known as Galapagos Islands，Darwin observed many unusual species of birds. Several of these birds seemed close related to each other，but they differed in interesting ways. For example，some birds had long beaks that could reach insects hidden in the bark of trees，but other birds had thick beaks that could break open the shells of nuts. What Darwin realized was that certain characteristics could help an animal（or a plant）to survive and reproduce. Individuals that lacked those characteristics could be more likely to die without reproducing. Over many generations，the useful characteristics would then become more and more common and the surviving individuals passed the characteristics on to their offspring. Eventually，after many generations，the changes would be so great that a new species would exist. In this way，a single species would divide into two and more new ones. This was called the“process of evolution by natural selection”. When Darwin returned to England，he studied plants and animals in more detail. After much research，he began writing a book about his theory of evolution by natural selection. When the book，the Origin of Species，was published in 1859，it was very popular and very controversial. During the next twenty years，Darwin continued his scientific research，and he wrote several more books. By the time of his death，in 1882，many biologists had realized that Darwin had made one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time. For the first time，scientists could understand the origin of many different species of plants and animals.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.volcanic eruptions 火山爆发 2.molten 熔化的 3.spectacular explosions of lava 壮观的熔岩爆炸 4.dormant 休眠的 5.tropics 热带 6.unified 统一 7.sugar cane 甘蔗 8.naval base 海军基地 9.claim a diverse heritage 拥有多样化的遗产 原文 Hawaii Of the fifty states in the United States，forty-nine are located on the mainland of North America. The other state is Hawaii，which consists of several islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is known as an especially beautiful and interesting place. The Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanic eruptions that pushed molten rock，called“lava”，above the surface of the ocean. Some of the islands no longer have any volcanic activity，but there are still active volcanoes on two Hawaiian islands Oahu and the“big island”（which is known as simply as Hawaii）. One of these volcanoes，Mauna Loa，still erupts sometimes，with spectacular explosions of lava. Another volcano，called Mauna Kea，is now dormant. These volcanoes are both very tall and reach over 4000 meters above sea level. The air above Mauna Kea is so clear and thin that scientists use the mountain as a base for observing the stars. The islands of the Hawaii are located in the tropics，and they are known for their beautiful weather. The temperatures are usually in the rage of 20 to 30 degrees Celsius，and the days are usually sunny. This weather allows people to enjoying swimming and surfing on the beautiful beaches of Hawaii. Despite the sunshine，most of the islands also receive enough rainfall to support many beautiful flowers and trees. The first people to live in Hawaii were Polynesian groups who arrived from other islands in Pacific，well over 1000 years ago. The islands were visited by European explorers during the late eighteenth century. During the early nineteenth century，the islands became unified under a single king. However，during this time，many Hawaiians died from diseases that were brought by European and American visitors. The Hawaii islands are excellent places for growing sugar cane and pineapples. In the late eighteenth century，some Americans became large farms，called“plantations”in Hawaii. The Americans eventually gained the control of the government，and Hawaii became a territory of the United States. The United States built a naval base on the island of Oahu，at Pearl Harbor. This base was attacked by Japan in 1941，but it was soon repaired. The naval base is still in use today. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries，there were great demand for labor on the sugar and pineapple plantations. People came to Hawaii from many lands，and Hawaii became a place of many cultures. The native Hawaiians mixed with people from places such as Japan，China，Korea，the Philippines，Portugal，and Puerto Rico，as well as the mainland United States. Today，many Hawaii can claim a diverse heritage . In 1959，Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States，with the city of Honolulu as its capital. Today，there are more than one million people in Hawaii，more than half of whom live in Honolulu. Each year，many people visit Hawaii as tourists，to experience the beauty of these islands.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.coast 海岸 2.assembled 集合 3.dissatisfied 不满意 4.represented 代表 5.settlers 定居者 6.rebel 造反 7.invaded 入侵 8.conquer 占领 原文 The Origins of Canada and The United States Most people are aware of that Canada and the United States are two very large countries in North America. However，most people do not know how these countries came to exist. The story of the creation of these countries is a very interesting one. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries，some people from England and from France moved across the Atlantic Ocean. English people lived on what is now the east coast of the United States，and French people lived on what is now Quebec，in the eastern part of Canada. The kings of England and France were often at war with each other. This meant that there were often fighting in the north America between the soldiers of England and France. By about the year of 1750，there were many more people in the English colonies than in the French colonies. When the next war began，the English king was determined to defeat the French and gain complete control of North America. The English assembled a large force of ships and soldiers and attacked the French at Quebec. The French fought bravely，but they were too few in numbers，and the English won the war. England then gained control of all of North America. After this war，the people of the English colonies in North America began to feel dissatisfied with their government. They were not represented in the English government，but they had to taxes to the English king. The taxes were used to paid for English soldiers who defended the American colonies，but the Americans did not want these soldiers. In 1775，the American settlers began to rebel，and in 1776 the Americans declared their independence. For several years，there were much fighting between the Americans and the English soldiers. For a wile，it appeared that the Americans would lose，even though they fought bravely. Then，the king of France decided to help the Americans. He sent his ships and soldiers to America，and they helped the Americans to defeat the English forces. England recognized the United States of America as an independent country in 1783 However，England kept control of Canada. When the American colonies rebelled against England，some of the people who lived in those colonies did not rebel. These people were called“Loyalists”，because they were loyal to the king. When the war ended，the Loyalists had to leave the country. They moved northward to Canada，where they started new English-speaking colonies. During the year 1812，the Americans invaded Canada，but they were not able to conquer the country. During the nineteenth century，the people of Quebec continued to speak French and to maintain their French culture. Meanwhile，many people moved to the English-speaking areas in Canada. In the year 1867，Quebec and the English-speaking colonies agreed to form a single country，Canada. By this time，there were two large countries in the northern part of North America！

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.beverages 饮料 2.fermentation 发酵 3.yeasts 酵母 4.bacteria 细菌 5.break down 分解 6.convert 转变 7.spirits 烈酒 8.precision 精确 9.category 类别 10.depressants 镇静剂 11.inhibited 抑制 12.restrained 克制 13.co-ordination 协调 14.attempts 企图 15.campaigns 运动 16.punishments 惩罚 原文 Alcohol Alcohol is the oldest drug that is used in Western countries. For thousands of years，people have made alcoholic beverages. These beverages are made by allowing a process fermentation to occur. Alcoholic fermentation happens when yeasts or bacteria break down the sugars that occur in some liquids，and convert some of those sugars into alcohol. Many liquids，such as fruit juices，can ferment. Thousands of years ago，alcoholic drinks were common in the Middle East. However，the Islamic region forbids alcohol，so very little alcohol is consumed in this part of the world. In European countries，and in other parts of the world，many different kinds of alcoholic beverages are produced and consumed. In warmer areas of Europe，people make wine by allowing grape juice to ferment. In cooler areas of Europe，people make beer by fermenting liquids made from water and various grains. The process of fermentation is also used to make stronger drinks known as spirits These drinks include vodka，whisky，and rum. The techniques for making good wine，beer，and spirits have been developed over hundreds of years，and require scientific precision. Some people have developed a great appreciation for well-made wine，beer and spirits，and have become experts about the many different varieties of these beverages. Many people appreciate the taste of alcoholic beverages，but many also enjoy the feeling that alcohol causes. Alcohol belong to a category of drugs called“depressants”，because it“depresses”the central nervous system，causing a person to feel less inhabited or restrained. Many people enjoy this feeling，but when a person drinks a lot of alcohol，he or she loses co-ordination，balance，and judgement. Speech may become unclear，and the person may speak too much. Some people become aggressive or depressed. When a person under the influence of alcohol，the person is said to be drunk. One of the problems that can result from alcohol consumption is known as“drunk driving”. Some people try to drive a car after having consumed alcohol，but this is extremely dangerous. Each year，thousands of people are killed by drunk drivers who lose control of their cars. In recently years，attempts have been made to reduce this problem，by public education campaigns and by strict laws and punishments. If you drink，don't drive！ Another problem associated with alcohol is addiction，and it is known as alcoholism. Some people drink so frequently that they develop a psychological addiction to alcohol. This problem can have terrible consequences for a person's health，personal relationships，and career. Alcoholic beverages are firmly a part of Western culture，and of many other cultures also. On the one hand，drinks provide many people with much enjoyment and appreciation. On the other hand，alcohol is a drug that can be abused，leading to accidents and addiction.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.mammals 哺乳动物 2.whales 鲸鱼 3.sleds 雪橇 4.lamps 灯 5.territory 版图 6.carvings 雕刻 7.sculptures 雕塑 8.depict 描绘 9.sketches 素描 原文 The Inuit Not many people would want to live in the Arctic areas of northern Canada，Alaska，and Greenland. In these places，the summers are very short and the winters are extremely cold and dark. However，there are some people who have made this place their home for many generations. These people are called the Inuit. The word“Inuit”means“person”in the language of Inuit，which is called Inukitiut Before modern times，the Inuit had to survive by hunting. Because their homeland was in such a cold，northern place，the Inuit could not make a living by farming or by gathering plants. Many of the animals that the Inuit hunted are mammals that live in the water. For example，the Inuit used the boats to hunt whales. Also，they hunted seals by waiting for the seals to rise to the surface of the water. Sometimes，the Inuit would hunt the land mammals，such as polar bears. When eating the meat of the animals they had hunted，the Inuit often ate the meat raw. This was necessary because only raw meat could provide them with enough nutrients to survive in a place where fruits and vegetables were not available. In previous times，the Inuit were known as the“Eskimos”，which means“people who eat raw meat”. However，the Inuit did not like this name. The Inuit invented many useful tools for surviving in the cold，northern areas. They sewed warm clothing from the furs and skins of the animals they hunted. For transportation，they used the dogs，which could pull them in sleds across the snow. For making heat and light，they used the lamps that burned the fat and oil of whales. The Inuit were famous for their houses made of snow，which were called igloos. The igloos were made by cutting blocks of snow and then using these blocks to build a small round-shaped house. People could enter or exit the igloo through a narrow tunnel. In recently decades，the Inuit have had much contact with the modern world. Inuit children now attend schools，and Inuit adult work at a variety of occupations. In some ways，the Inuit have found it difficult to adjust to the changes from their traditional ways，but the Inuit are meeting this challenge. In Canada，there is a new territory in the far north，called Nunavut，where most of the people，including the leaders，are Inuit. The Inuit are famous for their beautiful artwork. In particularly，Inuit carvings and sculptures are known for their excellent quality. These carvings，which nowadays are made from a kind of stone called soapstone，depict people or animals such as bears，seals，or whales. In addition to paintings，Inuit artists have produced beautiful sketches and painting of northern scenes.