在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.element 元素 2.cardio-vascular fitness 心血管健康 3.rowing 划船 4.steady 稳定 5.recreational 娱乐 6.strength 力量 7.endurance 耐力 8.palms 手心 原文 Physical Fitness In modern society，many people find that they do not get very much exercise. They travel by bus，train，or car，and they can move up or down in elevators. They have machines that do most of the heavy work that was once done by people. However，exercise is important for staying healthy. A person who exercises frequently will be“physically fit”. There are different aspects of physical fitness. One important element of being physically fit is called cardio-vascular fitness The words“cardio-vascular” refers to the heart and lungs. If one's heart and lungs are good condition，then one can exercise at a steady pace without soon getting tired. To devolve cardio-vascular fitness，it is important to perform some exercise that makes one's heart beat quickly. For example，a person can improve cardio-vascular fitness by riding a bicycle，by running，by swimming，by rowing，or even by walking quickly. Some people go to special places called“health clubs”or“gyms”，where they can use different exercise machines to develop their cardio-vascular fitness. But many people improve their cardio-vascular fitness by playing recreational sports，such as tennis or soccer，or by dancing vigorously. By having good cardio-vascular fitness，one is less likely to suffer from heart disease. Of course，there is one way to improve cardio-vascular fitness that does not involve exercise：stop smoking！ Another important aspect of physical fitness is called flexibility. Flexibility refers to one's ability to stretch comfortably. For example，a healthy person should be able to touch his or her toes without bending the legs. People can perform various stretching exercises to improve flexibility. By being flexible，a person can avoid injuries that might otherwise affect their body. Yet another important aspect of physical fitness is the strength and endurance of one's muscles. Many people suffer from injuries that result，in part，from weakness of the muscles. Muscular strength and endurance can be improved by a variety of exercises. Some of these exercises involve lifting a weight，but other exercises simply involve pushing and pulling against the weight of one's own body. One example is an exercise called the“push-up”. In this exercise，a person lies on the floor，with the face pointing down. The person bends his or her arms，so that palms of the hands are on the floor，next to the shoulders. The person then pushes with his or her arms，lifting the upper part of the body above the ground until the arms are straight. Before starting to do any exercises，it is a good idea to have a medical check-up. Some people do not want to exercise，because they think it will be too much work. However，many people find that they feel very good when they exercise. Exercising can be an enjoyable and fun way to maintain health and fitness.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.extreme 极端 2.anorexia 厌食症 3.disorder 混乱 4.bulimia 贪食症 5.eliminate 消除 6.vomiting 呕吐 7.surgery 外科手术 8.implanted 植入 9.steroids 类固醇 原文 Worries About Physical Appearance Most people would like to have an attractive physical appearance，but some people become very worried about the way they look. This can sometimes lead them to do things that are unhealthy. For example，many women believe that they must be very thin in order to be attractive. They see pictures of fashion models who are very thin and then believe that an attractive woman must look the same way. However，many men prefer the appearance of women who are not so thin. In order to become thin，some try to reduce the amount of food that they eat. When this is taken to an extreme，a woman might eat far too little food to remain healthy. Her weight might become dangerously low，as she tries to be thinner and thinner. This condition is called“anorexia”，and it effects many thousands of women in Western countries. Anorexia is one of several conditions known as eating disorders. Another eating disorder is called“bulimia”. A woman who has bulimia will sometimes eat larger amounts of food，but then will try to eliminate the food，by vomiting. This is intended to prevent to weight gain，but it is also a very unhealthy behavior. Unfortunately，some women are concerned about being very thin，but some women have different concerns related to their appearance of their body. For example，some women believe that their breasts are not larger enough，and undergo surgery to enlarge their breasts. In this surgery，some artificial substance is implanted inside the breast to make it larger. Many women have had this surgery，but many of them have suffered serious health problems as a result. In recently years，many men have also become very concerned about their physical appearance. For example，some men believe that they must become very muscular in order to have an attractive appearance. To achieve this appearance，some men use drug called steroids，which make it possible to gain large amounts of muscle. However，steroids can have a very unhealthy side effects. In addition to drugs，some men have used surgery to changed their physical appearance. For example，some men have had implants to their arms，legs or chest appear larger. It is unfortunate that so many men feel so unhappy about their physical appearance and that they do unhealthy things to change the way they look. Of course，everyone should try to be healthy，but people must also learn to accept their physical appearance. Many different body types can be attractive，and there is no single idea body type There is no need to use unnatural methods of changing one's body.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.tragic 悲剧 2.obtain 获得 3.rival 对抗 4.brutal 残酷 5.abolished 废除 6.Civil War 美国南北战争 7.descendants 后代 8.racial prejudice 种族偏见 原文 African Slavery in the Americas One of the most tragic parts of the history of North and South America is the period of African slavery. For hundreds of years，many people were taken from African，by force，to work in the fields of many different countries in North and South America. When Europeans first came to the Americas，some of them realized that they might make money by growing crops and selling them in Europe. However，in order to make money，they would need a cheap source of labor. Few Europeans would come to the Americas to work for the low wages，so instead，the landowners looks for slaves. In the areas of the great farms，or plantations，there were few Indians，so they used another source of slaves：Africa. The plantation owners usually obtained slaves by buying them from local kings in western Africa. This led to many wars between rival kings within Africa，who tried to capture each other's people to sell them as slaves. A few kings tried to avoid the slave trade，but this was very difficult. During the period of several hundred years，from the 1500s to the 1800s，about 12 million people were taken from western Africa to the Americas. Many more people died as slaves before leaving Africa，and many more died on the ships that took them to the Americas. This was because the conditions on the ships were extremely unhealthy：the ships were far too crowded，and there was little food and water. When the African slaves arrived in the Americas，the plantation owners made them work on the farms that produced goods such as cotton and sugar. In many places，the work was very hard，and many of the slaves died from overwork They were then replaced by other slaves who arrived from Africa. However，many slaves survived despite the brutal conditions. In some places，the African slaves were able to revolt against the plantation owners. However，this was difficult because the slaves who had recently arrived spoke different languages. Some slaves escaped into wilderness areas and were able to remain free from the plantation owners. As time went by，many people in Europe and in Americas realized that slavery was wrong. By the 1830s，slavery had been end ，or abolished in islands owned by the British，and in parts of the United States. In the southern United States，slavery was ended in the 1860s，during the Civil War In some countries，such as Brazil and Cuba，slavery only ended in the 1880s. Today，many millions of people in North and South America are the descendants of slaves who were brought from Africa. The effects of slavery have lasted for many generations，and there was much racial prejudice against African people even when slavery ended. However，some have achieved success despite these disadvantages. Today，the people of African background in North and South America are a very important part in population in many countries.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.Germanic language 日耳曼语 2.Dutch 荷兰人 3.distinct 不同 4.derived 来源 5.conquered 征服 6.ancient 古代 7.Celtic languages 凯尔特语 原文 The History of the English Language Most people know that the English language is spoken by many millions of people around the world. However，few people are aware of the history of the English language. Today，English is one language，but in some ways it is a mixture of many different languages. The English language is most closely related to a group of languages called the Germanic languages. The group also includes languages such as German and Dutch. About 1500 years ago，these languages were not yet distinct from each other. Some of the people of Germany and the Netherlands then moved to England. Those people were called the Anglo-Saxons，and their language then evolved into English. Most of the basic words of English language are derived from these very old Anglo-Saxon languages. For example，the words for the path of the body，for numbers and for animals are mostly Anglo-Saxon languages. Some new words are brought to England over 1000 years ago by people who came from the Scandinavia countries of northern Europe. Many words that begin with the letters“sk”，such as skin and skill，are Scandinavia words. A major change happened in the English language after the year 1066. In that year，England was conquered by a king from the northern part of France. He and his followers spoke French，so French became an important language in England. During the next few hundred years，the England language absorbed a very large number of French words. In fact，today's English dictionaries contain more words of French origin than of Anglo-Saxon origin. Part of the reason why the English language has so many words is that it has two words for each idea，one word of Anglo-Saxon origin and one word of French origin. Many more word entered the English language a few hundred years ago，when science and technology became more widespread. Most scientific and technical words are derived from words of the ancient languages of Latin and Greek. Because there are so many of these scientific and technical words in the English language today，the influence of Latin and Greek has been quite large. Other languages have also contributed many words to the English language. Some word have come from the Celtic languages，spoken in Ireland，Scotland and Wales. Many words have been added to the English language by immigrants who came to North America from various countries of Europe. Also，many words have been adopted from the Native Languages of North America，Australia，and the Pacific，and from the languages of people in Africa and Asia. All of these words have made English a very interesting language！

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.immigration illegal 移民问题 2.prominent 杰出的 原文 Chinese People in North America In recent years，many people have moved to North America from China，but many people do not know Chinese people have a long history in Canada and the United States. During the nineteen century，both Canada and the United States were rapidly expanding to the west，toward to the Pacific Ocean. In those days，there were of course no cars or airplanes to allow people and goods to move across the land. Instead，the best method of long-distance transportation was the railroad. Railway trains could move quickly across the countryside. However，there were one problem：before the railway trains could run，railroads had be built across very long distances. To build the railroads was a very big job. Many men would be needed because the distance was so long and the land was so difficult，with many mountains and rivers to be crossed. For the men who own the railway companies，it would be too expensive to hire Canadian or American men to build the railroads，because those workers only work for high wages. The railroad owners decided to get workers from overseas. Many Chinese men were willing to work for low wages because they were very poor. These men would work very hard and send much of the money to their relatives in China. Thousands of Chinese men were brought to North America to work on the railroads. They did good work，but their employers treated them badly. The work day was very long，and the working conditions were very unsafe. Many Chinese men died in accidents while constructing the railroads. Some Chinese women also came to North America，but there were many more men than women. After the railroads were completed，by about the year 1900，very few Chinese people were allowed to come to North America. Most people in Canada and the United States were not familiar with Chinese people，and did not want strangers to come to their countries. Any Chinese person who came to North America had to pay an expensive tax. This made it difficult for Chinese men to bring their wives and families to join them in North America. Later，the governments of Canada and the United States made Chinese immigration illegal. Eventually，the people of Canada and the United States realized that their laws had been unfair. They changed the rules so that Chinese people could immigrant in the same way that people from other countries could do so. In recent decades，many Chinese people have moved to North America，and formed a very lively and successful community. Many cities，such as Toronto，Vancouver，San Francisco，and New York，have been enriched by Chinese culture. Chinese people now are very prominent in North America，just as they were many years ago.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.rink 溜冰场 2.blades 刀片 3.puck 冰球 4.goaltender 守门员 5.bumping 撞 6.opponents 对手 7.penalty 处罚 8.referee 裁判 原文 Ice Hockey One of the most popular sports in northern countries is the game of ice hockey. Each winter，this sports is played by hundreds of thousands of children and adult in North America and in Europe. Ice hockey is a fast and exciting game that can make winter much more enjoyable. The game of ice hockey is played on a flat surface of ice called a rink. The rink is about 60 meters long，and about 25 or 30 meters wide. At any time，each team has six players on the ice. On their feet，the players wear skates，whose thin metal blades allow fast movement along the ice surface. Learning to skate requires time and practice，but many people can skate very quickly and smoothly. In many ways，ice hockey is similar to soccer. However，unlike soccer，there is no large ball used in hockey. Instead，the players use a hard，black rubber disk，which is called a puck. The players skate around the ice，trying to get the puck. They do not use their hands or their feet to control the puck. Instead，they carry long wooden sticks，which is shaped in such a way that it is easy to push the puck along the ice. The players can pass the puck to each other by sliding it across the ice. To score a goal，a hockey player must shoot the puck into the net of the opposing team，but it is a difficult task. The net is less than two meters wide，and it is protected by a player called the goaltender. However，some player can shoot the puck very suddenly and with great power Sometimes，the sport of ice hockey can be quite rough. Players try to take the puck from their opponents by bumping into them at a high speed. This is called a body check. Players are not allowed to hit each other with their sticks. If a player does this，then the player must be given a penalty by the referee，who enforce the rules of the game. Naturally，the sports of ice hockey is most popular in the countries that have cold winters：Slovakia，the Czech Republic，and Germany. In addition，many people play hockey in the United States. In previous generations，ice hockey was considered a sports for men and boys only. However，in recent years，women and girls have been playing hockey much more frequently than in the past. Not only do many girls enjoy playing hockey for fun，but now women's hockey is officially a sports at the winter Olympics.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.tragedies 悲剧 2.invents 编造 3.phrases 短语 4.quotations 引用 原文 William Shakespeare There have been many great writers in the history of England literature，but there is no doubt about which wither was the greatest. Many people consider William Shakespeare to have been the best writer who ever lived. William Shakespeare was born in the town of Stratford，England，in the year of 1564. When he was a young man，Shakespeare moved to the city of London，where he began writing plays. His plays were soon very successful，and were enjoyed both by the common people of London and also by the rich and famous. In addition to his plays，Shakespeare wrote many short poems and a few long poems. Like his plays，his poems are still famous today. Shakespeare's most famous plays include Romeo and Juliet，Macbeth，Hamlet，King Lear，Othello，and Julius Caesar. Usually，Shakespeare did not invent the stories that he told in his plays. Instead，he wrote his plays using stories that already existed. However，Shakespeare's plays told these stories in a more interesting way than ever before. Some of the stories were tragedies，some were comedies，and some described historical events. In his plays，Shakespeare revealed a very wild knowledge of many areas of life. The characters in his plays discussed many different topics，often with the knowledge of experts. But what is even more impressive about these plays is Shakespeare's use of the English language. His vocabulary was very large，and Shakespeare seem to have introduced many words to the language！ Also，many of the phrases that are said by Shakespeare's characters are now used in everyday conversation. Today，writers often use quotations from Shakespeare's plays in their own works. But perhaps even the most impressive features of Shakespeare's plays are the characters within them. The many characters in his plays seem very different from each other，but they seem very realistic. The emotions they feel，the words they say，and the actions they perform are all easily understood. Many people who watch one of Shakespeare's plays will find they know the people who remind them somewhat of the characters in those plays. Shakespeare died in year 1619，but his writings are still popular today，400 years after they were written. The poems and plays are greatly admired by experts in literature，but also by people in general. Each year，hundreds of thousands of people enjoy attending performances of Shakespeare's plays. No other writer in the English language has remained so popular for such long time.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.vikings 维京人 2.coast 海岸 3.fierce warriors 凶猛的战士 4.oars 桨 5.descended 传宗接代 6.converted 转变 原文 The Vikings About a thousand years ago，people known as the Vikings were known and feared throughout Europe. The Vikings were the people of the northern part of Europe，called Scandinavia，which includes the modern countries of Denmark，Norway and Sweden. The Vikings made their living by farming and fishing. However，by about the year 700，they began to making attacks，or raids，upon towns along the coast of Europe in order to steal the wealth of those towns. The Vikings made their attacks very quickly and without any warning. They were very cruel to the people of the towns they attacked，and they sometimes destroyed the towns by burning down the buildings. In some parts of Europe，the local kings would often fight against the Vikings Sometimes，however，the kings would pay the Vikings in order to persuade them not to attack. Although the Vikings were known as fierce warriors，they also built excellent ships， The wooden Viking ships，called longboats，were able to sail in even very bad weather. Many Viking longboats were about 20 meters long，but some were nearly 90 meters long. The Vikings sailors used both sails and oars to move their ships. The Vikings travelled across a large area. They made many of their attacks in Britain，France and Germany，but sometimes sailed south，into the Mediterranean Sea. Other Vikings moved to the east，and then south along the rivers of Russia. Some even went as far as the area that is now the country of Turkey. In some places，the Vikings decided to stay. Many Vikings settled in the England and in France，and eventually they mixed with the local people. Other people settled in Russia，and also mixed with the people there. The most famous travels of the Vikings were in the Atlantic Ocean. Vikings sailed westward to the island of Iceland where many of them stayed. Today，the people of Iceland were descended from the Vikings. Some Vikings sailed the farther west to the cold island of Greenland. Vikings lived in Greenland for several generations，but eventually they died out. Some Vikings had gone even further west and reached the Canadian island of Newfoundland. The Vikings only stayed for a few years，but they had reached North America about 500 year before Christopher Columbus！ Gradually，the Vikings became converted to be Christian religion. They also stopped raiding the towns of Europe，and instead of fighting，they became trading with their neighbors. Today，the Scandinavia countries are known as very peace-loving nations.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.sculptures 雕塑 2.captivated 着迷 3.disciple 信徒 4.military 军事 5.rough drawing 草图 6.submarines 潜水艇 7.ceiling 天花板 8.faded 褪色 原文 Two Great Artists：Leonardo and Michelangelo Many people admire the paintings and sculptures that artists create. Some very beautiful paintings and sculptures were created by two men who lived in the same country and same time. These men were Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. They both lived in Italy around the year 1500. Leonardo da Vinci is most famous for his painting called the Mona Lisa. This is perhaps the best-known painting in the world. The Mona Lisa shows the head and shoulders of a dark-haired woman. When people look at this painting，they are often captivated by her smile and by her eyes，which have a look of mystery. Another painting of Leonardo's is called The Last Supper. This painting shows a famous scene from the Christian religion. In this painting，Jesus Christ seated at the middle of a long table，with his followers（the disciples）seated around him. Many of the paintings that were created at this time have a religious theme. Leonardo was not only a artist：he was also interested in engineering. He actually worked for some time as a advisor to a military leader，helping him to developing new machines for use in war. Leonard also made rough drawings of machines that are similar to those that were invented much later，such as submarines and helicopters. Obviously，Leonardo was an extremely creative man. Michelangelo was about 23 years younger than Leonardo. In addition to being a painter，Michelangelo was also a sculptor，and many experts consider him the greatest sculptor of all time. One of his most famous sculptures is David，which is a statue of a young man who was a famous figure in the Bible. Another great sculpture of Michelangelo's is called the Pieta. The Pieta shows Mary，the mother of Jesus，holding the body of her son across her lap. Michelangelo is also famous for painting the ceiling of a church known as the Sistine Chapel. The lead of the Roman Catholic Church，Pope Julius，asked Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of this new church. This project required many years of hard work，and the Pope complained that it took too long. However，when the work was finished，the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel was covered with beautiful paintings of many scenes from the Bible. Fortunately，many of the works of Leonardo and of Michelangelo can still be seen today in the art galleries of Europe. During the past 500 years，the color of the paintings had faded somewhat，but in recent years，some work has been done to restore these paintings to their original appearance.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.territories 版图，地区 2.continent 大陆 3.prairie 草原 4.cattle 牛 5.pasta 意大利面 原文 Canada：Provinces and Territories Canada is one of the largest countries in the world. It is located in the north half of the continent of North America，above the United States. Canada is divided into ten provinces and three territories，each of which is different from the others. The province of British Columbia is located at the far western end of Canada. British Columbia stretches from the Pacific Ocean，at the west，to the Rocky Mountains，at the east. British Columbia contains the city of Vancouver，where two million people live. Most of the land of British Columbia is very mountainous，with vast forests covering the mountains. In British Columbia，forestry is an important industry，providing wood for people around world. Moving east from British Columbia，the next provinces are Alberta，Saskatchewan，and Manitoba. These are known as the prairie provinces，because they are mostly made of flat，grassy land called“prairie”. Alberta is the province where the flat prairie meets the tall and beautiful Rocky Mountains. In Alberta，there are many fields where oil and gas are found，and there are many farms where cattle are raised. Saskatchewan is the province that grows most wheat. Wheat from Saskatchewan is sent around the world to make bread and pasta for many people. Manitoba is the other prairie province. Its large city，Winnipeg，is about halfway between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Winnipeg had the coldest winters of any large city in the world，with temperatures sometimes reaching -40 degrees Celsius！ Moving east，the next province is Ontario. The land in the northern part of Ontario is very rocky，and contains many thousands and thousands of lakes. Many mines are found in northern Ontario. In the southern part of Ontario，there is good farmland，and there are also many cities where factories produce cars and steel. Ontario contains Canada's large city，Toronto，as well as the capital city of Canada——Ottawa. In the southern part of Ontario are four of the largest lakes in the world，known as the Great lakes. Next to the Ontario is the province of Quebec. Unlike the other provinces，where most people speak English，most of the people in Quebec speak French. The capital of Quebec is called Quebec City，and this is one of the oldest cities in North America. Quebec City contains many buildings that are hundreds of years old. Also in the province of Quebec is the city of Montreal. Of all the French-speaking cities in the world，only Paris is larger than Montreal. In the eastern part of Canada are the Atlantic province，which are next to the Atlantic Ocean. These provinces are New Brunswick，Nova Scotia，Prince Edward Island，and Newfoundland. In the Atlantic province，fishing is an important industry. Tourism is also important，as many people come to see the beauty of these provinces. The people in these provinces are said to be the friendliest in Canada. in the far north of Canada are the three territories that lie beside the Arctic Ocean：Yukon，Northwest Territories，and Nunavut. Many people in these territories are the native people of Canada，known as the Indians and the Inuit. The northern areas have very cold，dark winters. The summer is short，but the days are very long and bright.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.corruption 腐败 2.bribes 贿赂 3.kickbacks 回扣 4.nepotism 裙带关系 5.embezzlement 贪污 6.accused 控告 7.guilty 有罪 8.qualified 有资格 9.expense 花费 原文 Corruption When an official of a government or business is acting dishonestly，we say that this person is corrupt. Corruption is a serious problem in many countries around the world. There are several different kinds of corrupt practices，including bribes，kickbacks，nepotism and embezzlement. A bribe is a payment of money or some other benefit in exchange for a decision that would not otherwise be made. For example，an accused criminal might bribe a judge so that the judge might make a decision of“no guilty”. Another example is that a business owner might bribe a government official，so that the official would allow the construction of very unsafe buildings. A kickback is similar to a bribe，except that the official receives some part of the money in a dishonest business deal. For example，governments sometimes decide which company should build a road. A company might offer some money to a government official who makes the decision，so that this company will be chosen，even if it is not the best company for the job. Nepotism happens when an official unfairly gives advantages to his or her relatives. For example，a government official might hire a brother or sister to do a job even though other people might be much better qualified for that job. Of course，all of us want to help our relatives，but it is wrong to do this at the expense of the public. Embezzlement happens when an official secretly steals some money from a company or government. For example，a manager at a company might secretly move some of the company's money to his or her own bank account，and that manager might lie about his or her expenses in order to receive more payment from the company. Corruption has very bad effects on people in several ways. Sometimes it can lead to very dangerous situations. One example of this is when unsafe construction projects are approved by officials who have been bribes. Another example is when criminals are freed as a result of bribes. Also，a country's economy can be damaged by corruption. For example，if companies must pay bribes in order to do business，then they may decide to leave the country. Also，if people's tax money is stolen by corrupt officials，this makes the people poorer. In addition，when company officials are corrupt，it makes the company less able to compete with other companies. How can corruption be stopped？ An important step is for each person to decide not to act in ways that are corrupt People must agree to take this problem seriously. Also，each company and each government must have strict rules about corruption It must be very clear to all employees-from the lowest to the highest-that corruption is totally unacceptable.

在喜马拉雅已支持实时字幕 关注公众号“高效英语磨耳朵”获取文稿和音频 词汇提示 1.conformity 从众 2.cognitive psychologists 认知心理学家 3.clinical psychologists 临床心理学家 4.ethologists 动物行为学 5.traits 特点 6.instincts 本能 原文 Psychology Are you interested in the behavior of people and animals？ If you are，then you might enjoy the study of psychology. Psychology is the study of behavior，but this is a very large area of study. There are several different branches of psychology，each of which studies a different aspect of behavior. Social psychologists study interactions among people. For example，a social psychologist might try to learn about the situations that cause people to behave aggressively. Another question studies by social psychologists is why certain people become attracted to each other. One of the interesting problems is in social psychology is conformity：what cause people to behave in the same way，and to follow what others do and say？ Cognitive psychologists study thinking，memory and language. One problem studied by cognitive psychologists is how people to remember numbers. For example，what is the best way to memorize some numbers？ Is it better to repeat the number to oneself，or to try to attach some meaning to these numbers？ A cognitive psychologist might also study language. For example，why can young children learn a second language so quickly and easily？ Cognitive psychologists are also interested in the ways that people learn to solve problems，such as finding a new place. Clinical psychologists study mental illnesses. For example，a clinical psychologists might try to find out the causes of depression，and to figure out the ways to help people who are depressed. Other clinical psychologists might study the behavior of people who suffer from addiction to drugs，so that this problems can be prevented and treated. Another topic of interest to clinical psychologists is violent behavior. It is very important to find ways of preventing violence and to change the behavior of persons who act violently. Some psychologists are interested in the measurement of psychological characteristics. For example，psychologists might develop tests to excess a person's intelligence，personality traits，or interests. These tests can help people to make decisions about education，occupation and clinical treatment. Psychologists who study the behavior of animals are called ethologists. Ethologists often go into wilderness areas to watch the activity of birds，fish or other animals. These psychologists try to figure out why it is that some animals have“instincts”for various behaviors such as parenting，mating or fighting. Some ethologists have learned very much about the unusual behaviors observe in many animals. These are only a few of the many areas of psychology. Truly，psychology is one of the most interesting areas of knowledge！